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OFFICIAL LETTERS 



OF THB 



MIIAT&B.X AXU NAY All OY¥ICETR% 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES, 



BCHI^O THE 



SSJny toitt) &vtat ttvitain 



IN THE YEARS 1812, 13, 14, & 15. 



WITH SOME ADDITIONAL LETTERS AND DOCUMENTS 
ELUCIDATINO THE HISTORT «F THAT PERIOD. 



0OL1KCTID A.VD ARRANGED 

BY JOHN BRANNAN, 



ffiEJasijinflton (tits i 

'•RIOTED IT yrxt 8t GIDKOS, FOR TBE IDTT'-H 

1823. 



i 






DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, to wit. 



r 



,♦»*++*++♦* RE IT REMEMBERED, That on the sixth day of Januarr. 
L. S. j in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-three, 
*********** and of the Independence of the United States of America, the forty - 
•eventh, JOHN BRANNAN, of the said District, hath deposited in the ofliee of the 
Clerk of the District Court for the District of Columbia, the title of a book, the right 
■whereof he claims as proprietor in the words following, to wit : 

" Official Letters of (he Military and Naval Officers of the United States during 
the War with Great Britain in the years 1812, 1813, 1814, and 1815, with some ad- 
ditional Letters and Documents, elucidating the hisloty of that period, collected and 
arranged by JOHN BUANNAN." ' 

In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, entitled " An Acf 
for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts and 
books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies during the times therein men- 
tioned," and also to the act, entitled " An Act supplement an, to an act, entitled 
•'An Act for the encouragement of. learning, by securing the copies of maps, 
charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies during the times 
therein mentioned." anil extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, 
engraving, and etching historical and other prints.'' 

IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I hare hereunto set my hand, and 
affixed the public seal of my office, the day and year aforesaid. 

EDMUND I. LEE, 

Clerk of tie District Court for the District of Columbia 



buta®] 



w 



'm£S* 



At the termination of the late war between the United States 
and Great Britain, it frequently occurred to the editor that it would 
be performing a useful service to his country, to collect and pub- 
lish all the important official letters of the American officers, to 
preserve them to the rising and to future generations; having 
himself frequently regretted the i - ibility of obtaining access 
to the letters of the officers of our revolution, with very few 
exceptions. He delayed the task from time to time, in conse 
»]'ience of the threat labour attending it ; he has, at length, com- 
pleted the work which is now presented to the patronage of the 
public. 

A part of these letters were copied from, and many of the 
others compared with, the originals on tile in the War and Navy 
Departments; those taken from the official public documents and 
the National Intelligencer, were found to be uniformly correct 

It was deemed proper to commence the work with the Presi- 
dent's message and the report of the committee of foreign rela- 
tions, showing the causes of the war; to embody in the work 
?ome historical documents ; and conclude with the treaty of peace, 
forming in a measure, a documentary history from its commence- 
ment to its termination. 

The young men of America now advanced, and advancing, to 
manhood, must be highly gratified in perusing this volume; they 
will there see their fathers, their brothers, and their friends, in 
their true colours, in the most trying times. The names of those 
valuable men who have shed their blood in defence of their 
country, in whatsoever station, ought to be inscribed on the roll 
of fame, held up to general imitation, and handed down to pos- 
terity for their admiration. The highest honours are due to 
those whose bravery repelled the savage and the civilized foe, 
both by sea and land ; whose undaunted valour and heroism was 
never excelled in the proudest days of the ancient republics. 

To the officers of the army and navy, (to whom it is most 
respectfully dedicated) it is presumed this volume will prove truly 
acceptable. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



1812. 

Fa £ «. 

June. President Madison's message to Congress, 9 

Report of the Committee of Foreign Relations, , * 15 

Act declaring war, with the Yeas and Nays, 25 

Peter B. Porter, Q. M. G. to Major Mullany, 29 

Major Mullany to Major General Hall, 30 

July. General Hull's proclamation at Sandwich, 30 

General Wilkinson's general order at New Orleans,. ._ 32 

Colonel Cass to general Hull, Sandwich, , 32 

Capture of Michilimackinac [British account,].., S3 

August, Lieutenant Hanks' account of ditto, i'< 

General Hull to Secretary of War,..,...., 86 

General Hull — Surrender of Detroit, Sic , .-. 39 

General Brock's general order, 42 

General Hull's account of the Surrender of Detroit, 44 

Colonel Cass' account of ditto, , 56 

Captain Porter — Capture of the Alert 44 

Captain Hull — Capture of the Guerriere, 49 

ieptem. Commodore Rodger's Cruise, 52 

Governor Meigs to the Cftizens of Ohio, 54 

General Harrison to ditto, ,,....,...,, 55 

General Harrison to Governor Shelby,..., £f> 

Captain Taylor — Defence of Fort Harrison,...., 61 

Lieutenant Hamilton — Defence of Fort Madison,..., 63 

Octob. Commodore Barney — Cruise in Schooner Rossie, 65 

Lieutenant Elliot — Capture of the Detroit and Caledouia, 66 

Secretary of the Navy to Lieutenant Elliot, 87 

General Tupper to General Harrison 69 

General Van Rensselaer — Battle of Queenstown, 74 

Colonel Newman's Indian Expedition, , 78 

Captain Heald — massacre at Chicago,..,,..., 84 

Major Young — affair at St. Regis, 86 

Commodore. Decatur — Capture of the Macedonian 87 

Colonel Russelfs Indian Expedition, 88 

^epie/n. Commodore Rodgers — Capture of the Swallow, &c 89 

Commodore Chauncey attacks the Royal George, 90 

~- Captain Jones —Capture of the Frolic, 92 

Colonel Mc. Feely — attack on Fort Niagara,......., , 93 

General Hopkins — expedition on the Wabash,., 95 

Decern. General Smyth — affairs at Buffalo, ,., 97 — ]0l 

Colonel Campbell — Mississineway Campaign, 104 

General Harrison and Colonel Campbell on ditto, 109, 110 

General Peter B- Porter to the Public ,.... lOj 

1813. 

Jan'ry. Commodore Bainbridge — Capture of the Java, , 118 

Minutes of the Action with the Java, 499 

Major Mullany and General Van Rensselaer, H9 &; 121 

General Harrison — Capture of General Winchester, 122 iz l?f- 



CONTENTS. j| 

Jan'y. Isaac Day to General Harrison 124 

Colonel Lewis — Battle near Frenchtown, 128 

Major M'Clanehan — Battle at the River Raisin, 13Q 

General \\ inchester's account of his capture, 132 

Febi'y. Secretary of War's Plan of the Northern Campaign, 133 

Massacre at Frenchtown, 135 

Major Forsyth — Capture of Ogdensburg, 136 

President Madison's Messsage to Congress,.. - 136 

March. General Dearborn — expected attack on Sackett's Harbour, 137 

General Harrison — affairs in the North-West, 138 

objects to the Plan of the Campaign, 139 

Captain Lawrence — Capture of the Peacock , 14l 

April. General Pike's General OHer, 144 

Commodore Chauncey and General Dearborn — Capture of York 146 

May. General Harrison — Capture of General Clay's Detachment,.... 149 

' .lptain S. H. Moore on the Capture of York, 151 

General Harrison — Attack on Fort Meigs, General Order and 

Siege of Fort Meigs, 149 & 152 

General Clay's account of his disaster, 1 58 

Genera] Boyd's Brigade Orders, 160 & 162 

General Dearborn — Capture of Fort George, 161 

General Brown — Attack on Sackett's Harbour, 163 

June. General Dearborn— Capture of Generals Chandler and Winder, I64 

Lieutenant Allen— frorn L'Oricnt, (France,) 16* 

General Lewis— Capture of Generals Chandler and Winder,.... 165 

Lieutenant Budd — Capture of the Chesapeake, ]6T 

Midshipmen Berry and Weaver on ditto, 179 

lieutenant Chauncey — Capture of the Lady Murray, 169 

General Chandler on the Affair at Stony Creek, 169 

Captain Cessin— Attack on Craney Island, 171-2 

rteral Deaiborn — Affair at the Beaver Dams, 173 

Captain Angus — Flotilla in the Delaware, , 174 

July. Commodore Porter — Affairs in the Pacific, 175 

August. General Harrison and Major Croghan — Defence of Fort Sandusky 181-4 

Plan ot Campaign submitted to General Wilkinson, 186 

Correspondence with General Wilkinson on ditto, 187 

cretary of War at Sackett's Harbour to Genera] Wilkinson,.. 193 

General Hirrison to Governor Meigs on the Campaign, 194 

Commodore Chauncey attempts to bring Sir James to action,.... 195 

bailing Master Shea ds' account of his Capture, , 193 

General Boyd — skirmishing with the Enemy, , 199 

Captain Dent— Capture of the Dominico, .Jcc 201 

General Boyd — skirmishing with the enemy, 201 

septeni. Major Beasley defeated and killed by the Indians, 202 

Lieutenant M'Call — Capture of the Boxer 501 

Commodore M'Donough— Affairs on Lake Champlain, 205 

Commodore Perry — Victory on Lake Erie, 205 

Commodore Chauncey chases Sir James round the Lake, 208 

Citizens of Ontario offer their services,... 209 

Gen. P. B. Porter & others offer their services At are accepted, 210&213 

General Wilkinson on Affairs of the Campaign, 212 

tjeneral Harrison's arrival at Amhcrstburg, 214 

Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy, 215 

Governor Blount's Orders to General Jackson,! 215 

Commodore Chauncey— Affairs on Lake Ontario, 215 

General Harrison's General Order, 21G 

General Wilkinson on embarking for Sackett's Harbour, 21 9 

t'viiumodore Perry — Harrison's arrival at Maiden, £20 



8 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Septem. President Madison's Message to Congress 431 

General Brown and General P. B. Porter — Sortie at Fort Erie, 444,43.5 

Octob. Captain Reid — Privateer General Armstrong 445 

Governor Wright — Brutality of the enemy at Chaptico.... 449 

General Izard — Affair at Lyons Creek, 450 

Novem. General Jackson— Pensacola taken 451 

General Jackson — Battle below New Orleans, 453 

1815. 

Jan'ry. Great victory of New Orleans, 455,to46l 

Commodore Patterson's account of ditto.......... 461 

Major Overton — attack on Fort St. Philip, 464 

General Jackson to the Troops on the right bank,.. 465 

Rev. W. Dubourg to General Jackson and his reply, 466 

March. C. K. Blanchard — Traitors in New Orleans...... 468 

General Jackson's farewell to his Army 469 

Captain Massias — affair at point Petre, 470 

General Jackson's Address and General Orders, 474,477 

January.Commodore Decatur — Capture of the President...... 481 

Feb'ry General Winchester and Maj Lawrence — Loss of Fort Bowyer, 483 

March. Lieutenant Watson — Capture of the Argus, 485 

Lt. Thomas Ap. Catesby Jones — Gun Boats and Flotilla,. 487 

Captain Biddle — Capture of the Penguin, 490 

May. Captain Stewart — Capture of the Cyane and Levant, 492 

June. Captain Biddle's escape from a Ship of the line, 494 

Extract from the journal of an officer of the Hornet, 496 

Lt. Nicholson — Cruelty of the enemy, 498 

Treaty of Peace with Great Britain , 504 



PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE, 



.Time 1, 1813. 



la ihe Senate and House of Representatives of the United State*. 



I communicate to Congress certain documents, being a conti- 
nuation of those heretofore laid before them, on the subject of 
our affairs with Great Britain. 

Without <i<iin^ back beyond the renewal, in 1803, of the war in 
which Great Britain is engaged, and omitting unrepaired wrongs 
of inferior magnitude, the conduct of her government presents a 
series of acts hostile to the United States as an independent and 
neutral nation. 

British cruisers have been in the continued practice of violating 
the American flag on the great highway of nations, and of seizing 
and carrying off persons sailing under it; not in the exercise of a 
belligerant right founded on the law of nations against an enemy, 
but of a municipal prerogative over British subjects. British ju- 
risdiction is thus extended to neutral vessels in a situation where 
no laws can operate but the law of nations and the laws of the 
country to which the vessels belong; and a self-redress is assumed, 
which, if British subjects were wrongfully detained and alone 
concerned, is that substitution of force, for a resort to the res- 
ponsible sovereign, which falls within the definition of war. 
Could the seizure of British subjects in such cases be regarded 
as within the exercise of a belligerant right, the acknowledged 
laws of war, which forbid an article of captured property to be 
adjudged without a regular investigation before a competent 
tribunal, would imperiously demand the fairest trial, where the 
sacred rights of persons were at issue. In place of such a trial, 
these rights are subject to the will of every petty commander. 



12 

belligerant rights of Great Britain — not as supplying the wants of 
her enemies, which she herself supplies ; but as interfering with 
the monopoly which she covets for her own commerce and navi* 
gation. She carries on a war-against the lawful commerce of a 
friend, that she may the better carry on a commerce with an ene- 
my — a commerce, polluted by the forgeries and perjuries which 
are, for the most part, the only passports by which it can succeed. 

Anxious to make every experiment short of the last resort of 
injured nations, the United States have withheld from Great Bri- 
tain, under successive modifications, the benefits of a free inter- 
course with their market, the loss of which could not but outweigh 
the profits accruing from her restrictions of our commerce with 
other nations. And to entitle these experiments to the more 
favourable consideration, they were so framed as to enable her to 
place her adversary under the exclusive operation of them. To 
these appeals her government has been equally inflexible, as if 
willing to make sacrifices of every sort, rather than yield to the 
claims of justice, or to renounce the errors of a false pride. Nay, 
so far were the attempts carried to overcome the attachment of the 
British cabinet to its unjust edicts, that it received every encou- 
ragement within the competency of the executive branch of our 
government, to expect that a repeal of them would be followed by 
a war between the United .States and Fiance, unless the French 
edicts should also be repealed. Even this communication, 
although silencing forever the plea of a disposition in the United 
States to acquiesce in those edicts, originally the sole plea for 
them, received no attention. 

If no other proof existed of a predetermination of the British 
government against a repeal of its orders, it might be found in the 
correspondence of the minister plenipotentiary of the United 
States at London, and the British secretary for foreign affairs, 
in 1810, on the question whether the blockade of May, 1806, was 
considered as in force, or as not in force. It had been ascer- 
tained that the French government, which urged this blockade as 
the ground of its Berlin decree, was willing, in the event of it* 
removal, to repeal that decree ; which, being followed by alternate 
repeals of the other offensive edicts, might abolish the whole sys- 
tem on both sides. This inviting opportunity for accomplishing 
an object so important to the United States, and professed so 
often to be the desire of both the belligerents, was made known 
to the British government. As that government admits that an 
actual application of an adequate force is necessary to the exist- 
ence of a legal blockade, and it was notorious, that if such a 
force had ever been applied, its long discontinuance had annulled 
the blockade in question, there could be no sufficient objection 
on the part of Great Britain to a formal revocation of it; and 
no imaginable objection to a. declaration of the fact that the 
blockade did not exist. The declaration would have been con- 
sistent with her avowed principles of blockade, and would have 



n 



rnnhlfd the United States to demand from France the pledged 

repeal of her decrees ; either with success, in which case the 
wav would have been opened for a general repeal of the belli' 
reran! edicts; or without success, in which case the United 
Mates would have been justified in turning their measure* 
exclusively against France. The British government would, 
however, neither rescind the blockade, nor declare its non-exist- 
ence ; nor permit itl non-existence to be interred and affirmed by 
the Aim mi. an plenipotentiary. On the contrary, by representing 
the blockade to be comprehended in the orders in council, the 
United States were compelled so to regard it in their subsecpient 

proceedings. 

There was a period when a favourable chance in the policy of the 
British cabinet was justly considered as established. The minis- 
ter plenipotentiary of his Britannic majesty here proposed an 
adjustment of the differences more immediately endangering the 
harmony of the two countries. The proposition was accepted with 
a promptitude and cordiality corresponding with the invariable 
professions of this government A foundation appeared tobe laid 
for a Bincere and Lasting reconciliation. The prospect, however, 
quickly vanished. The whole proceeding, was disavowed by the 
British government, without any explanations which could at that 
tune repress the belief, that the disavowal proceeded from a spi- 
rit of hostility to the commercial rights and prosperity of the 
United States. And it has since come into proof, that at the very 
moment when the public minister was holding the language ot 
friendship and inspiring confidence in the sincerity of the nego- 
tiation with which he was charged, a secret agent of his govern- 
ment was employed in intrigues, having For their object a subver- 
sion of our government, and a dismemberment of our happy union. 
In reviewing the conduct of Great Britain toward the United 
States, our attention is necessarily drawn to the warfare just re- 
newed bv the savages on one of our extensive frontiers : a war- 
fare which is known to spare neither sex nor age, and to be dis- 
tinguished by features peculiarly shocking to humanity. It is 
difficult to account for the activity and combinations which 
have for some time been developing themselves among tribes in 
the constant intercourse with British traders and garrisons, 
without connecting their hostility with that influence ; and with- 
out recollecting the authenticated examples of such interposi- 
tions heretofore furnished by the officers and agents of that 
government. 

Such is the spectacle of injuries and indignities which have 
been heaped on our country ; and such the crisis which its unex- 
ampled forbearance and conciliatory efforts have not been able 
to avert. It might at least have been expected, that an enlight- 
ened nation, if less urged by moral obligations, or invited by 
friendly dispositions on the part of the United States, would 
Jiave found, in i<> true interest alone, a sufficient motive to ro- 



14 

sjtcct their rights and their tranquillity on the high seas ; that an 
enlarged policy would have favoured that free and general cir- 
culation of .commerce, in which the British nation is at all times 
interested, and which in times of war, is the hest alleviation ol 'its 
calamities to herself as well as the other belligerants ; and more 
especially that the British cabinet would not, for the sake of a 
precarious and surreptitious intercourse with hostile markets, 
have persevered in a course of measures which necessarily put at 
hazard the invaluable market of a great and growing country, 
disposed to cultivate the mutual advantages of an active com- 
merce. 

Other councils have prevailed. Our moderation and concilia- 
tion have had no other ett'ect than to encourage perseverance, and 
to enlarge pretensions. We behold our seafaring citizens still 
the daily victims of lawless violence committed on the great 
common and highway of nations, even within sight of the country 
which owes them protection. We behold our vessels, freighted 
with the products of our soil and industry, or returning with the 
honest proceeds of them, wrested from their lawful destinations, 
confiscated by prize-courts, no longer the organs of public law, 
but the instrument of arbitrary edicts ; and their unfortunate 
crews dispersed and lost, or forced or inveigled, in British ports, 
into British fleets : whilst arguments are employed in support of 
these aggressions which have no foundation but in a principle 
equally supporting a claim to regulate our external commerce in 
all cases whatsoever. 

AVe behold, in fine, on the side of Great Britain, a state of war 
against the United States: on the side of the United States, a 
state of peace towards Great Britain. 

Whether the United States shall continue passive under these 
progressive usurpations, and these accumulating wrongs; or, 
opposing force to force in defence of their natural rights, shall 
commit a just cause into the hands of the Almighty Disposer of 
events, avoiding all connections which might entangle it in the 
contests or views of other powers, and preserving a constant rea- 
diness to concur in an honourable re-establishment of peace and 
friendship, is a solemn question, which the constitution wisely 
confides to the legislative department of the government. In 
recommending it to their early deliberations, I am happy in the 
nance that the decision will be worthy the enlightened and 
patriotic councils of a virtuous, a free, and a powerful nation. 

Having presented this view of the relations of the United States 
with Great Britain, and of the solemn alternative growing out of 
them, 1 proceed to remark, that. the communications last made to 
Congress on the subject of our relations with France, will have- 
shown, that since the revocation of her decrees as they violated 
the neutral rights of the United States, her government has au- 
thorized illegal captures, by its privateers and public ships, and 
that other outrages have been practiced on our vessels and our 



15 

citizens. It will have been seen also, that no indemnity had 
been provided, or satisfactorily pledged, for the extensive spolia- 
tions committed under the violent and retrospective orders of the 
French government against the property of our citizens seized 
■within the jurisdiction of France. I abstain at this time from 
recommending to the consideration of Congress definitive mea- 
sures with respect to that nation, in the expectation, that the 
result of unclosed discussions between our minister plenipoten- 
tiary at Paris and the French government, will speedily enable 
Congress to decide, with greater advantage, on the course due to 
the rights, the interests and the honour of our country. 

JAMES MADISON. 

Washington, June 1, 1812. 



June a, lsis. 

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to whom was referred the 
Message of the President of the United States, of the 1st of 
June, 1812, 

REPORT— 

That, after the experience which the United States have 
had of the great injustice of the British government towards them, 
exemplified by so many acts of violence and oppression, it will be 
more difficult to justify to the impartial world their patient for- 
bearance, than the measures to which it has become necessary to 
resort, to avenge the wrongs, and vindicate the rights and honour 
of the nation. Your committee are happy to observe, on a dis- 
passionate review of the conduct of the United States, that they 
see in it no cause for censure. 

If a long forbearance under injuries ought ever to be consider- 
ed a virtue in any nation, it is one which peculiarly becomes the 
United States. No people ever cherished it with greater sinceri- 
ty and zeal. 

But the period has now arrived, when the United States must 
support their character and station among the nations of the earth, 
or submit to the most shameful degradation. Forbearance has 
ceased to be a virtue. War on the one side, and peace on the 
other, is a situation as ruinous as it is disgraceful. The mad 
ambition, the lust of power, and commercial avarice of Great 
Britain, arrogating to herself the complete dominion of the ocean, 
and exercising over it an unbounded and lawless tyranny, have 
left to neutral nations an alternative only, between the base sur- 
render of their rights, and a manly vindication of them. Happily 
for the United States, their destiny, under the aid of Heaven, is 



1G 

in (heir own hands. The crisis is formidable only by their love 
of peace. As soon as it becomes a duty to relinquish that situa- 
tion, danger disappears. They have suffered no wrongs, they 
have received no insult, however great, for which they cannot 
obtain redress. 

More than seven years have elapsed since the commencement 
of this system of hostile aggression by the British government, on 
the rights and interests of the United States. The manner of its 
commencement was not less hostile, than the spirit with which 
it has been prosecuted. The United States have invariably done 
every thing in their power to preserve the relations of friendship 
with Great Britain. Of this disposition, they gave a distinguished 
proof at the moment when they were made the victims of an 
opposite policy. The wrongs of the last war had not been for- 
gotten at the commencement of the present one. They warned 
us of dangers, against which it was sought to provide. As early 
as the year 1804, the minister of the United States, at London, 
was instructed to invite the British government to enter into a 
negotiation on all the points on which a collision might arise be- 
tween the two countries in the course of the war, and to propose 
to it an arrangement of their claims on fair and reasonable condi- 
tions. The invitation was accepted. A negotiation had com- 
menced and was depending, and nothing had occurred to excite 
a doubt that it would not terminate to the satisfaction of both 
parties. It was at this time, and under these circumstances, that 
an attack was made by surprise, on an important branch of the 
American commerce, which affected every part of the United 
States, and involved many of their citizens in ruin. 

The commerce on which this attack was so unexpectedly made, 
was between the United States and the colonies of France, Spain, 
and other enemies of Great Britain. A commerce just in itself; 
sanctioned by the example of Great Britain in regard to the trade 
with her own colonies ; sanctioned by a solemn act between the 
two governments in the last war, and sanctioned by the practice 
of the British government in the present war, more than two years 
having then elapsed, without any interference with it. 

Th<- injustice of this attack could only be equalled by the ab- 
surdity of the pretext alleged for it. It was pretended by the 
British government, that in case of war, her enemy had no right 
to modify its colonial regulations, so as to mitigate the calamities 
of war to the inhabitants of its colonies. This pretension, pecu- 
liar to Great Britain, is utterly incompatible with the rights of 
sovereignty in every independent state. If we recur to the well 
established and universally admitted law of nations, we shall find 
no sanction to it in that venerable code. The sovereignty of 
ever? state is co-extensive with its dominions, and cannot be abro- 
gated or curtailed in its rights, as to any part, except by conquest. 
Neutral nations have a rigW to every port of either bclligerant, 
which is not legally blockaded, and in all articles which are not 



17 

contraband of war. Such is the absurdity of this pretension, that 
your committee are aware, especially after the able manner in 
which it has been heretofore refuted and exposed, that they would 
offer an insult to the understanding of the house, if they enlarged 
on it ; and if any thing could add to the high sense of the injus- 
tice of the British government in this transaction, it would be the 
contrast which her conduct exhibits in regard to this trade, and in 
regard to a similar trade by neutrals with their own colonies. It 
is known to the world, that Great Britain regulates her own trade 
in war and in peace, at home and in her colonies, as she finds for 
her interest — that in war she relaxes the restraints of her colo- 
nial system in favour of the colonies, and that it never wa9 
suggested that she had not a right to do it ; or that a neutral, in 
taking advantage of the relaxation, violated a belligerant right of 
her enemy. But with great Britain every thing is lawful. It 
is only in a trade with her enemies that the United States can 
do wrong : with them all trade is unlawful. 

In the year 1793, an attack was made by the British govern- 
ment on the same branch of our neutral trade, which had nearly 
involved the two countries in war. That difference, however, was 
amicably accommodated. The pretension was withdrawn, and 
reparation made to the United States for the losses which they 
had suffered by it. It was fair to infer, from that arrangement, 
that the commerce was deemed by the British government lawful, 
and that it would not be again disturbed. 

Had the British government been resolved to contest this 
trade with neutrals, it was due to the character of the British 
nation that the decision should be made known to the govern- 
ment of the United States. The existence of a negotiation 
which had been invited by our government, for the purpose of 
preventing differences by an amicable arrangement of their res- 
pective pretensions, gave a strong claim to the notification, while 
it afforded the fairest opportunity for it. But a very different 
policy animated the then cabinet" of England. Generous senti- 
ments were unknown to it The liberal confidence and friendly 
overtures of the United States were taken advantage of to ensnare 
them. Steady to its purpose, and inflexibly hostile to this coun- 
try, the British government calmly looked forward to the moment 
when it might give the most deadly wound to our interests. A 
trade, just in itself, which was secured by so many strong and 
sacred pledges, was considered safe. Our citizens, with their 
usual industry and enterprise, had embarked in it a vast propor- 
tion of their shipping, and of their capital, which were at sea, 
under no other protection than the law of nations, and the confi- 
dence which they reposed in the justice and friendship of the 
British nation. At this period the unexpected blow was given. 
Many of our vessels were seized, carried into port, and con- 
demned by a tribunal, which, while it professes to respect the 
law of nations, obeys the mandate of ite own government in op- 

3 



18 

position to all law. Hundreds of other vessels were driven from 
the ocean, and the trade itself, in a great measure, suppressed. 
The effect produced by this attack on the lawful commerce of the 
United States, was such as might have been expected from a vir- 
tuous, independent, and highly injured people. But one sentiment 
pervaded the whole American nation. No local interests were 
regarded ; no sordid motives Felt. Without looking to the parts 
which suffered most, the invasion of our rights was considered a 
common cause, and from one extremity of our union to the other, 
was heard the voice of an united people, calling on their govern- 
ment to avenge their wrongs, and vindicate the rights and 
honour of the country. 

From this period the British government has gone on in a con- 
tinued encroachment on the rights and interests of the United 
States, disregarding in its course, in many instances, obligations 
which have heretofore been held sacred by civilized nations. 

In May, 1806, the whole coast of the continent, from the Elbe 
to Brest inclusive, was declared to be in a state of blockade. By 
this act, the well established principles of the law of nations, 
principles which have served for ages as guides, and fixed the 
boundary between the rights of belligerants and neutrals, were 
violated : by the law of nations, as recognized by Great Britain 
herself, no blockade is lawful, unless it be sustained by the ap- 
plication of an adequate force, and that an adequate force was 
applied to this blockade, in its full extent, ought not to be pretended. 
Whether Great Britain was able to maintain, legally, so exten- 
sive a blockade, considering the war in which she is engaged, 
requiring such extensive naval operations, is a question which it 
is not necessary at this time to examine. It is sufficient to be 
known, that such force was not applied, and this is evident from 
the terms of the blockade itself, by which, comparatively, an 
inconsiderable portion of the coast only was declared to be in a 
state of strict and rigorous blockade. The objection to the mea- 
sure is not diminished by that circumstance. If the force was 
not applied, the blockade was unlawful, from whatever cause the 
failure might proceed. The belligerant who institutes the block- 
ade, cannot absolve itself from the obligation to apply the force 
under any pretext whatever. For a belligerant to relax a block- 
ade, which it could not maintain, with a view to absolve itself 
from the obligation to maintain it, would be a refinement in in- 
justice, not less insulting to the understanding than repugnant 
to the law of nations. To claim merit for the mitigation of an 
evil, which the party either had not the power, or found it inconve- 
nient to inflict, would be a new mode of encroaching on neutral 
rights. Your committee think it just to remark, that this act of 
the British government does not appear to have been adopted in 
the sense in which it has been since construed. On considera- 
tion of all the circumstances attending the measure, and particu- 
larly the character of the distinguished statesman who announced. 



19 

it, we are persuaded that it was conceived in a spirit of concilia- 
tion, and intended to lead to an accommodation of all dirt'erences 
between the United States and Great Britain. His death disap- 
pointed that hope, and the act has since become subservient to 
other purposes. It has been made by his successors a pretext 
for that vast system of usurpation, which has so long oppressed 
and harrassed our commerce. 

The next act of the British government which claims our 
attention, is the order of council of Januarv 7, 1807, by which 
neutral powers are prohibited trading from one port to another 
of France or her allies, or any other country with which Great 
Britain might not freely trade. By this order the pretension of 
England, heretofore claimed by every other power, to prohibit 
neutrals disposing of parts of their cargoes at different ports of 
the same enemy, is revived, and with vast accumulation of injury; 
Every enemy, however great the number or distant from each 
other, is considered one, and the like trade even with powers at 
peace with England, who from motives of policy had excluded 
or restrained her commerce, was also prohibited. In this act the 
British government evidently disclaimed all regard for neutral 
rights. Aware that the measures authorized by it could find no 
pretext in any belligerent right, none was urged. To prohibit 
the sale of our produce, consisting of innocent articles, at any 
port of a belligerant, not blockaded, to consider every belligerant 
as one, and subject neutrals to the same restraints with all, as if 
there was but one, were bold encroachments. But to restrain or 
in any manner interfere with our commerce with neutral nations 
with whom Great Britain was at peace, and against whom she 
had no justifiable cause of war, for the sole reason that they 
restrained or excluded from their ports her commerce, was utter- 
ly incompatible with the pacific relations subsisting between the 
two countries. 

We proceed to bring into view the British order in council of 
November 11th, 1807, which superseded every other order, and 
consummated that system ot hostility on the commerce of the 
United States which has been since so steadily pursued. By this 
order all France and her allies, and every other country at war 
with Great Britain, or with which she was not at war, from which 
the British flag was excluded, and all the colonies ot her enemies, 
were subjected to the same restrictions as if they were actually 
blockaded in the most strict and rigorous manner, and all trade 
in articles the produce and manufacture of the said countries and 
colonies, and the vessels engaged in it, were subjected to capture 
and condemnation as lawful prize. To this order certain ex- 
ceptions were made, which we forbear to notice, because they 
were not adopted from a regard to neutral rights, but were dic- 
tated by policy to promote the commerce of England, and so far 
as they related to neutral powers, were said to emanate from the 
clemency of the British government. 



no 

It would be superfluous in your committee to state, that by 
this order the British government declared direct and positive 
war against the United States. The dominion of the ocean was 
completely usurped by it, all commerce forbidden, and every flag 
driven from it, or subjected to capture and condemnation, which 
did not subserve the policy of the British government by paying- 
it a tribute and sailing under its sanction. From this period the 
United States have incurred the heaviest losses and most morti- 
fying humiliations. They have borne the calamities of war with- 
out retorting them on its authors. 

So far your committee has presented to the view of the house 
the aggressions which have been committed under the authority 
of the British government on the commerce of the United States. 
We will now proceed to other wrongs, which have been still more 
severely felt. Among these is the impressment of our seamen, a 
practice which has been unceasingly maintained by Great Britain 
m the wars to which she has been a party since our revolution. 
Your committee cannot convey, inadequate terms, the deep sense 
which they entertain of the injustice and oppression of this pro- 
ceeding. Under the pretext of impressing British seamen, our 
fellow-citizens are seized in British ports, on the high seas, and 
in every other quarter to which the British power extends, are 
taken on board British men of war and compelled to serve there 
as British subjects. In this mode our citizens are wantonly 
snatched from their country and their families, deprived of their 
liberty and doomed to an ignominious and slavish bondage, com- 
pelled to fight the battles of a foreign country, and often to perish 
in them. Our flag has given them no protection ; it has been 
unceasingly violated, and our vessels exposed to danger by the 
loss of the men taken from them. Your committee need not re- 
mark, that while this practice is continued, it is impossible for 
the United States to consider themselves an independent nation. 
Every new case is a new proof of their degradation. Its continu- 
ance is the more unjustifiable, because the United States have 
repeatedly proposed to the British government an arrangement 
which would secure to it the controul of its own people. An 
exemption of the citizens of the United States from this degrad- 
ing oppression, and their flag from violation, is all that they have 
sought. 

This lawless waste of our trade, and equally unlawful im- 
pressment of our seamen, have been much aggravated by the 
insults and indignities attending them. Under the pretext of 
blockading the harbours of France and her allies, British squad- 
rons have been stationed on our own coast, to watch and annoy 
our own trade. To give eft'ect to the blockade of European ports, 
the ports and harbours of the United States have been blockaded. 
In executing these orders of the British government, or in obey- 
ing the spirit which was known to animate it, the commanders 
of these squadrons have encroached on our jurisdiction, seized 



21 

our vessels, ami carried into effect impressments within our 
limits, and done other acts of great injustice, violence and op- 
tion. The United States have seen, with mingled indigna- 
tion and surprise, that these acts, instead of procuring to the 
perpetrators the punishment due to unauthorized crimes, have 
not (ailed to recommend them to the favour of their government. 

Whether the British government has contributed bv active 
measures to excite against us the hostility of the savage tribes 
on our frontiers, your committee are not disposed to occupy 
much time in investigating. Certain indications of general noto- 
riety may supply the place of authentic documents ; though 
these have not been wanting to establish the fact, in some in- 
stances. It is known that symptoms of British hostility towards 
the United States have never failed to produce corresponding 
symptoms among those tribes. It is also well known, that on all 
such occasions, abundant supplies of the ordinary munitions of 
war have been afforded by the agents of British commercial 
companies, and even from British garrisons, wherewith they 
were enabled to commence that system of savage warfare on our 
frontiers, which has been at all times indiscriminate in its effect, 
on all ages, sexes, and conditions, and so revolting to humanity. 

Your committee would be much gratified if they could close 
here the detail of British wrongs ; but it is their duty to 
recite another act of still greater malignity, than any of those 
which have been already brought to your view. The attempt to 
dismember our union and overthrow our excellent constitution, 
by a secret mis-ion, the object of which was to foment discontents 
and excite insurrection against the constituted authorities and 
laws of the nation, as lately disclosed by the a»;ent employed in 
it, affords full proof that there is no bound to the hostility of the 
British government towards the United States — no act, however 
unjustifiable, which it would not commit to accomplish their 
ruin. This attempt excites the greater horror from the consi- 
deration that it was made while the United States and Great 
Britain were at peace, and an amicable negotiation was depend- 
ing between them, for the accommodation of their differences, 
through public ministers regularly authorized for the purpose. 

The United States have beheld, with unexampled forbearance, 
this continued series of hostile encroachments on their rights 
and interests, in the hope, that, yielding to the force of friendly 
remonstrances, often repeated, the British government might 
adopt a more just policy towards them ; but that hope no longer 
exists. They have also weighed impartially the reasons which 
have been urged by the British government in vindication of 
those encroachments, and found in them neither justification nor 
apology. 

The British government has alleged, in vindication of the 
orders in council, that they were resorted to as a retaliation on 
France, for similar aggressions committed by her on our neutral 



22 

trade with British dominions. But how has this plea been sup- 
ported f The dates of British and French aggressions are well 
known to the world. Their origin and progress have been marked 
with too wide and destructive a waste of the property of our 
fellow-citizens, to have been forgotten. The decree of Berlin 
of November 21, 1806, was the first aggression of France in the 
present war. Eighteen months had then elapsed after the 
attack made by Great Britain on our neutral trade with the 
colonies of France and her allies, and six months from the date 
of the proclamation of May, 1806. Even on the seventh of 
January, 1807, the date of the first British order in council, so 
short a term had elapsed, after the Berlin decree, that it was 
hardly possible that the intelligence of it should have reached the 
United States. A retaliation which is to produce its effect, by 
operating on a neutral power, ought not to be resorted to, 'till 
the neutral had justified it by a culpable acquiescence in the un- 
lawful act ot the other belligerant. It ought to be delayed until 
after sufficient time had been allowed to the neutral to remon- 
strate against the measures complained of, to receive an answer 
and to act on it, which had not been done in the present instance ; 
and when the order of November 11, was issued, it is well 
known that a minister of France had declared to the minister 
plenipotentiary of the United States at Paris, that it was not 
intended that the decree of Berlin should apply to the United 
States. It is equally well known, that no American vessel had then 
been condemned under it, or seizure been made, with which 
the British government was acquainted. The facts prove incon- 
testibly, that the measures of France, however unjustifiable in 
themselves, were nothing more than a pretext for those of Eng- 
land. And of the insufficiency of that pretext, ample proof has 
already been afforded by the British government itself, and in 
the most impressive form. Although it was declared that the 
orders in council were retaliatory on France for her decrees, it 
was also declared, and in the orders themselves, that owing to 
the superiority of the British navy, by which the fleets of France 
and her allies were confined within their own ports, the French 
decrees were considered only as empty threats. 

It is no justification of the wrongs of one power, that the like 
were committed by another, nor ought the fact, if true, to have 
been urged by either, as it could afford no proof of its love of 
justice, of its magnanimity, or even of its courage. It is more 
worthy the government of a great nation, to relieve than to assail 
the injured. Nor can a repetition of the wrongs by another power 
repair the violated rights or wounded honour of the injured party. 
An utter inability alone to resist, would justify a quiet surrender 
of our rights, and degrading submission to the will of others. To 
that condition the United States are not reduced, nor do they fear 
it. That they ever consented to discuss with either power the 
misconduct of the other, is a proof of their love of peace, of their 



23 

moderation, and of the hope which they still indulged, that. 
friendly appeals to just and generous sentiments would not be 
made to them in vain. But the motive was mistaken, if their 
forbearance was imputed, either to the want of a just sensibility 
to their wrongs, or a determination, if suitable redress was not 
obtained, to resent them. The time has now arrived when this 
system of reasoning must cease. It would be insulting to repeat 
it. It would be degrading to hear it. The United States must 
act as an independent nation, and assert their rights and avenge 
their wr&ngs, according to their own estimate of them, with the 
party who commits them, holding it responsible for its own 
misdeeds, unmitigated by those of another. 

For the difference made between Great Britain and France, by 
the application of the non-importation act against England only, 
the motive has been already too often explained, and is too well 
known to require further illustration. In the commercial restric- 
tions to which the United States resorted as an evidence of their 
sensibility, and a mild retaliation of their wrongs, they invariably 
placed both powers on the same footing, holding out to each in 
respect to itself, the same accommodation, in case it accepted the 
condition offered, and in respect to the other, the same restraint, 
if it refused. Had the Britisn government confirmed the arrange- 
ment which was entered into with the British minister in 1809, 
and France maintained her decrees with France would the 
I'nited States have had to resist, with the firmness belonging to 
their character, the continued violation of their rights. The 
committee do not hesitate to declare that France has greatly in- 
jured the United States, and that satisfactory reparation has not 
yet been made for many ot those injuries. But that is a concern 
which the United States will look to and settle for themselves. 
The high character of the American people, is a sufficient pledge 
to the world, that they will not fail to settle it, on conditions 
which they have a right to claim 

More recently the true policy of the British government 
towards the United States has been completely unfolded. It 
has been publicly declared by those in power that the orders in 
council should not be repealed until the French government had 
revoked all its internal restraints on the British commerce, and 
that the trade of the United States with France and her allies, 
should be prohibited until Great Britain was allowed to trade with 
them. By this declaration it appears, that to satisfy the preten- 
sions of the British government, the United States must join 
Great Britain in the war with France, and prosecute the war, 
until France should be subdued, for without her subjugation, it 
were in vain to presume on such a concession. The hostility of 
the British government to these states has been still further dis- 
closed. It has been made manifest that the United States are 
considered by it as the commercial rival of Great Britain, and that 
their prosperity and growth are incompatible, with her welfare; 



24 

When all these circumstances are taken into consideration, 
it is impossible for your committee to doubt the motives which 
have governed the British ministry in all its measures towards 
the United States since the year 1805. Equally is it impossible 
to doubt, longer, the course which the United States ought to 
pursue towards Great Britain. 

From this view of the multiplied wrongs of the British govern- 
ment since the commencement of the present war, it must be 
evident to the impartial world, that the contest which is now 
forced on the United States, is radically a contest for their 
sovereignty and independence. Your committee will not enlarge 
on any of the injuries, however great, which have had a transitory 
effect. They wish to call the attention of the house to those of a 
permanent nature only, which intrench so deeply on our most im- 
portant rights, and wound so extensively and vitally our best in- 
terests, as could not fail to deprive the United States of the princi- 
pal advantages of their revolution, if submitted to. The controul of 
our commerce by Great Britain, in regulating at pleasure and ex- 
pelling it almost from the ocean ; the oppressive manner in which 
these regulations have been carried into effect, by seizing and con- 
fiscating such of our vessels with their cargoes, as were said to 
have violated her edicts, often without previous warning of 
their danger ; the impressment of our citizens from on board 
our own vessels, on the high seas, and elsewhere, and hold- 
ing them in bondage until it suited the convenience of their 
oppressors to deliver them up, are encroachments of that high 
and dangerous tendency which could not fail to produce that 
pernicious effect, nor would these be the only consequences that 
would result from it. The British government might, for a 
while, be satisfied with the ascendency thus gained over us, but 
its pretensions would soon increase. The proof, which so com- 
plete and disgraceful a submission to its authority would afford 
of our degeneracy, could not fail to inspire confidence that there 
was no limit to which its usurpations and our degradation might 
not be carried. 

Your committee believing that the free born sons of America 
are worthy to enjoy the liberty which their fathers purchased at 
the price of so much blood and treasure, and seeing, in the mea- 
sures adopted by Great Britain, a course commenced and persist- 
ed in, which must lead to a loss of national character and 
independence, feel no hesitation in advising resistance by 
force, in which the Americans of the present day, will prove to 
the enemy and to the world, that we have not only inherited that 
liberty which our fa (hers gave us, but also the will and power 
to maintain it. Reiving on the patriotism of the nation, and 
confidently trusting that the Lord of Hosts will go with us to 
battle in a righteous cause, and crown our efforts with success — 
your committee recommend an immediate appeal to arms. 



25 

AN ACT, 

Declaring War between the United Kingdom of Great Britain 
and Ireland and the dependencies thereof, and the United States 
of America and their territories. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
the United States of America in Congress assembled, That War 
be, and the same is hereby declared to exist between the United 
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the dependencies 
thereof, and the United States of America and their territories ; 
and that the President of the United States be, and he is hereby 
authorized to use the whole land and naval force of the United 
States to carry the same into eftect, and to issue to private armed 
vessels of the United States commissions or letters of maroue 
and general reprisal, in such form as he shall think proper, and 
under the seal of the United States, against the vessels, goods 
and effects of the government of the same United Kingdom of 
Great Britain and Ireland, and the subjects thereof. 
June 18, 1812. 

Approved, 

JAMES MADISON. 



On the passage of the preceding Jict, the vote, in the House of 
Representative* was as follows, viz. 

IN THE AFFIRMATIVE. 

lirq-itua — Burwell Bassett, William 
A. Burwell, John Clopton, John 
Dawson, Thomas Gholson, Peterson 
Goodwyn, Aylctt Hawcs, William 
M'Coy, Hugh" Nelson, Thomas New- 
ton, James Pleasants, jr. John Roane, 
John Smith, John Taliaferro, 14. 

North- Carolina — Willis Alston, jr. 
William Blackledge, James Cochran, 
William It. King 1 , Nathaniel Macon, 
Israel Pickens, 6. 

South- Carolina — Win. Butler, John 
C. Calhoun, Langdon Cheves, Elias 
Earle, William Lowndes, Thomas 
Moore, David R. Williams, Richard 
Winn, 8. 

Georgia— William W. Bibb, Boi- 
ling Hall, George M. Troup, 3. 

Kentucky — Joseph Desha, Richard 
M. Johnson, Samuel M'Kee, Anthony 
New, Stephen Ormsby, 5. 

Tennessee-Felix Grundy, John Rhea, 
John Sevier, 3. 

Ohio — Jeremiah Morrow, I. 

Yeas, 79. 



New-Hampshire — Samuel Dinsmoor, 
Obed Hall, John A. Harper, 3. 

Massachusetts — Francis Carr, Isaiah 
L. Green, William M. Richardson, Eb- 
enezer Seaver, Charles Turner, jun. 
William Widgery, 6. 

Rhode-Island — None. 

Connecticut — None. 

Vennont — James Fisk, Saml. Shaw, 
William Strong, 3. 

JVtnu-Yorh — Daniel Avery, Benja- 
min Pond, Ebenczer Sage, 3. 

JVew-Jersey — Lewis Condict, James 
Morgan, 2. 

Pennsylvania — William Anderson, 
David Bard, Robert Brown, William 
Crawford, Roger Davis, William Find- 
ley, John M. Ilyneman, Abner La- 
cock, Joseph Lefevre, Aaron Lyle, 
William Piper, Jonathan Roberts, 
Adam Sevbert, John Smilie, George 
Smith, Robert Whitchill, 16. 

Delaiva re — None . 

JYfaryland — Stevenson Archer, Jo- 
seph Kent, Peter Little, Alexr. M'Kim, 
Saml. Ringgold, Robt. Wright, 6. 

4 



26 



IN THE NEGATIVE. 



New Hampshire — Josiah Bartlett, 
George Sullivan, 2 
Massachusetts-Elijah Brigham, Wm. 

Ely, Josiah Quincy, Reed, Samuel 

Taggart, Peleg Tallman, Laban Whea- 
ton, Leonard White, 8. 

Rhode Island — Richard Jackson, jr. 
Elisha R. Potter, 2. 

Connecticut — Epaphroditus Cham- 
pion, John Davenport, jr. Lyman Law, 
Jonathan O. Moseley, Timothy Pitkin, 
Lewis B. Sturges, Benjamin Tall- 
madge, 7. 

Vermont — Martin Chittenden, 1. 

New York — Hermanus Bleeker, 
Thomas B. Cooke, James Emot, Asa 
Fitch, Thomas R. Gold, Arunah Met- 
calf, Samuel L. Mitchell, Thomas Sam- 
mons, Silas Stow, Uriah Tracy, Pierre 
Van Cortlandt, jr. 11. 

New Jersey — Adam Boyd, Jacob 
Hufty, George C. Maxwell, Thomas 
Newbold, 4. 



Pennsylvania — James Milnor, Wil- 
liam Rodman, 2. 

Delaware — Henry M. Ridgely, 1. 
Maryland — Charles Goldsborough, 
Philip B. Key, Philip Stuart, 3. 

Virginia — John Baker, James Breck- 
enridge, Joseph Lewis, jr. John Ran- 
dolph, Thomas Wilson, 5. 

North Caro/ma-Archibald M'Bride, 
Joseph Pearson, Richard Stanford, 3. 
South Carolina — None. 
Georgia — None. 
Kentucky — None. 
Tennessee — None . 
Ohio — None. 



Yeas, . 

Nays, 

Majority for War, 



79 
49 

30 



IN THE SENATE. 



YEAS. 



New Hampshire — Charles Cutts, 

Massachusetts — Joseph B. Varnum, 

Vermont — J onathan Robinson, 

New York — John Smith, 

New Jersey — John Condit, 

Pennsylvania — Andrew Gregg, Mi- 
chael Leib> 

Maryland — Samuel Smith, 

Virginia — Richard Brent, William B. 
Giles, 

North Carolina — Jesse Franklin, 
James Turner, 

South Carolina — John Gaillard, John 

Taylor, 
Georgia — Wm. H. Crawford, Charles 
Tait, 

Kentucky — George M. Bibb, 
Tennessee — Joseph Anderson, George 
W. Campbell. 



NAYS. 



New Hampshire — Nicholas Gilman, 

Massachusetts — James Lloyd, 

Connecticut — Sand. W. Dana, Chaun- 
cey Goodrich, 

Rhode Island— Jeremiah B. Howell, 
William Hunter, 

New York — Obadiah German, 

New Jersey — John Lambert, 

Delaware — James A. Bayard, Outer- 
bridge Horsey, 

Maryland — Philip Reed, 

Kentucky — John Pope, 

Olrio— Thomas Worthington. 



Yeas, 

Nays, 



19 

13 



Majority for War, 



27 



DECLARATION OF WAR ANNOUNCED. 

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

A PROCLAMATION. 

"Whereas die Congress of the United States, by virtue of the 
constituted authority vested in them, have decided by their act, 
bearing date the eighteenth day of the present month, that war 
exists between the I United kingdom of (ii eat Britain and Ireland, 
and the dependencies thereof, and the United States of America 
and their territories: Now therefore, I, James Madison, Presi- 
dent of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim the 
same to all whom it mav concern ; and 1 do especially enjoin on 
all persona holding offices, i ivil or military, under the authority 
of the United States, that they be vigilant and zealous in dis- 
charging the duties respectively incident thereto; and I do more- 
ox er exhort all the good people of the United States, as they love 
their countr\ ; is they value the precious heritage derived from 
the virtue and valor of their fathers; as they feel the wrongs 
which have forced on them the last resort of injured nations; 
and as they consult the best means, under the blessings of Divine 
Providence, of abridging its calamities ; that they exert them- 
selves in preserving order, in promoting concord, in maintaining 
the authority and the efficacy of the laws, and in supporting and 
invigorating all the measures which may be adopted by the con- 
stituted authorities, for obtaining a speedy, a just, and an honour- 
able peace. 

Ix testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my 
hand, and caused the seal of the United States 
to be affixed to these presents. Done at the city 
of Wai-hin^ton, the nineteenth day of June, one 
thousand eight hundred and twelve, and of the 
Independence of the United States the thirty- 
sixth. 

JAMES MADISON. 

By the President, 

JAMES MONROE, 

Secretary of State. 



|sE\L.| 



OFFICIAL 



BLACK ROCK, June 28, 1812. 

SIR, 

THERE is every reason to believe that the British meditate 
an attack on Fort Niagara, and that it may be attempted within 
twenty-four hours from this time. If they once pass the river 
it is impossible to say how far they may proceed. Under these 
very urgent circumstances, I despatch an express to request that 
you will immediately march the men under your command to our 
assistance. Although you may not have received orders autho- 
rizing you to comply with this request, I am persuaded the oc- 
casion will justify you, as your men can be of no possible use 
at Canandaigua, or any other place along the south shore of 
the lake, and are undoubtedly intended, ultimately, for this 
place. Bring with you all the arms and ammunition in the 
Canandaigua arsenal. 

In great haste, yours respectfully, 

PETER B. PORTER, q. M. G. 

of the State of New -Fork* 

Maj. Mullany, commanding at Canandaigua. 

[Major General Hall addressed Major Mullany by the same conveyance, 
and equally urgent, with an assurance that the people would bear him harm- 
less in the event of his being censured by the government for marching for 
their protection, &c. &c] 



30 

CANANDAJGUA, June 29, 1812, 

9 o'clock A. M. 

SIR, 

I avail myself of the same express which conveyed me the 
letter of general Porter and yours of yesterday, to inform you 
that I will not hesitate in assuming the responsibility of marching 
for the defence and protection of the Niagara frontier under ex- 
isting circumstances ; should I be fortunate in preventing or 
repelling invasion, and inspiring our frontier settlers with con- 
fidence, I shall feel well rewarded. 

It is only two months since I arrived in the district, and com- 
menced the recruiting service, and with the blessing of Provi- 
dence I will march by two o'clock to day, three companies of 
infantry and one of artillery, and I trust I will quarter with 
them in fort Niagara on the 4th of July. Be pleased to make this 
known to general Porter, and inform him that the arms and am- 
munition will accompany my command. 

Respectfully yours, 

JS. ROBT. MULLANY, 

Major U. S. Infantry. 

To Major Genl. Hall, Batavia. 



BY WILLIAM HULL, 

Brigadier general and commander in chief of the North-western 
army of the United States. 

A PROCLAMATION. 

Inhabitants of Canada ! 

After thirty years of peace and prosperity, the United States 
have been driven to arms. The injuries and aggressions, the in- 
sults and indignities of Great Britain, have once more left them 
no alternative but manly resistance or unconditional submission. 
The army under my command has invaded your country, and the 
gtandard of union now waves over the territory of Canada. To 
the peaceable, unoffending inhabitant, it brings neither danger nor 
difficulty. I come to find enemies, not to make them ; I come to 
protect, not to injure you. 

Separated by an immense ocean and an extensive wilderness 
from Great Britain, you have no participation in her councils, no 
interest in her conduct; you have felt her tyranny, you have seen 
her injustice, but I do not ask you to revenge the one, or to redress 
the other. The United States are sufficiently powerful to afford 
every security consistent with their rights and your expectations. 



31 

I tender vou the invaluable blessing of civil, political and religious 
liberty, and their necessary result, individual and general prospe- 
rity. That liberty which gave decision to our councils and en- 
ergy to our conduct, in a struggle for independence, and which 
conducted us Bafe and triumphantly through the stormy period 
of the revolution, That liberty which has raised us to an elevated 
rank among the nations of the world, and which afforded us a 
greater measure of peace and security, of wealth and improve- 
ment, than ever fell to the lot of any country. 

In the name of my country, and by the authority of govern- 
ment, I promise you protection to your persons, property and 
rights ; remain at your homes, pursue your peaceful and customary 
avocations, raise not your hands against your brethren. Many 
of your fathers fought for the freedom and independence we now 
enjoy. IJeing children, therefore, of the same family with us, and 
heirs to the same heritage, the arrival of an army of friends 
must be hailed by you with a cordial welcome, You will be eman- 
cipated from tyranny and oppression, and restored to the dig- 
nified station of freemen. Had I any doubt of eventual success, 
I miulit ask your assistance, but I do not. I come prepared for 
everv contingency. I have a force which will look down all op- 

fosition. And that force is but the van-guard of a much greater, 
f, contrary to vour own interest and the just expectation of my 
country, you should take part in the approaching contest, you 
will be considered and treated as enemies, and the horrors and 
calamities of war will stalk before you. If the barbarous and 
savage policy of Great Britain be pursued, and the savages be let 
loose to murder our citizens, and butcher our women and children, 
this war will be a war of extermination. The first stroke of the 
tomahawk, the first attempt with the scalping knife, will be the 
signal of one indiscriminate scene of desolation No white man 
found fighting by the side of an Indian will be taken prisoner; 
in-tart destruction will be his lot. If the dictates of reason, 
duty, justice and humanity, cannot prevent the employment of a 
force which respects no rights, and knows no wrong, it will be 
prevented by a severe and relentless system of retaliation. I 
doubt not your courage and firmness. I will not doubt your at- 
tachment to liberty. The United States offer you peace, liberty 
and security — your choice lies between these and war, slavery 
and destruction. Choose then, but choose wisely; and may He 
who knows the justice of our cause, and who holds in his hands 
the fate of nations, guide you to a result the most compatible 
with your rights and interests, your peace and happiness. 

By the General, 

A. P. HULL, 

Captain of the loth U. S. reg. of Infantry and Aid de-camp, 

HEAD QUARTERS, 

Sandwich, July 12, 1812. 



33 
WILKINSON'S GENERAL ORDER. 

HEAD-Q T ARTERS, NEW-ORLEANS, July 15, 181C. 

Brigadier General Wilkinson resumes his command of the 
district of the Mississippi. 

The eventful moment in which he enters on the arduous and 
eritical duties of his station, will, he trusts, justify the deviation 
from ordinary rule, when he appeals to the pride, the spirit, honour, 
zeal and patriotism of those who may be placed under his orders. 

After a series of long continued aggressions, which the love of 
peace only could have induced the American people to tolerate ; 
after reiterated wrongs without remedy or relief; after having 
drained the cup of conciliation to its very dregs ; the govern- 
ment of the United States of America have been driven to the 
last appeal of nations in support of its independence, and to 
assert those inalienable rights which are derived from God and 
nature. The patience and forbearance which have marked the 
course of the public councils furnisli the strongest assurance of 
the firmness and inflexibility with which that course will be 
maintained until its objects are accomplished. 

The crisis is imperative, and the call to arms must alike 
animate every citizen and every soldier. But we owe still more 
to the public service and the common safety of our beloved 
country. Let political feuds and personal animosities be buried 
at the shrine of patriotism, and let our only contest be for per- 
sonal glory and the national weal. 

The respect in which the general holds his own humble fame, 
presents to his subordinates a safe guarantee for the justice and 
impartiality of the commander in the exercise of his functions; 
and while he requires from his officers a candid and manly co- 
operation for the support of those principles of subordination 
and discipline, without which military bodies become worse than 
useless, while he demands from them harmony, zeal, discretion, 
constancy, valour, as the best security for personal repute and 
efficient service. Considerations of delicacy require that he 
should draw an impenetrable veil over the scenes which have 
ensued during his absence ; and he pledges himself to make even 
handed justice the rule of his conduct, rewarding merit accor- 
ding to its worth, and awarding punishments with inflexible ri- 
gour when the laws may impose them. 



SANDWICH, UPPER CANADA, July 17, 1812. 

SIR, 

In conformity with your instructions, I proceeded with a 
detachment of 280 men, to reconnoitre the enemy's advanced 
posts. We found them in possession of a bridge over the river 



33 

('anas, at the distance of four miles from Maiden. After ex- 
amining their position, I left one company of riflemen, to conceal 
themselves near the briil and upon our appearance on the 
opposite side of the river, '* commence firing, in order to divert 
their attention, and to thro. v them into confusion. I then pro- 
ceeded with the remainder of the force about five miles, to a 
ford over the Canas, and down on the southern bank of the river. 
About sun-set we arrived within sight of the enemy. Being 
entirely destitute of guides, we marched too near the bank of 
the river, and found our progress checked by a creek, which Mas 
then impassable. We were then compelled to march up a mile, 
in order to effect a passage over the creek. This gave the enemy 
time to make their arrangements, and prepare for their defence. 
On coming down the creek we found them formed ; they com* 
menced a distant fire of musketry. The riflemen of the detach- 
ment were formed upon the wings, and the two companies of 
infantry in the centre. The men moved on with great spirit 
and alacrity. After the first discharge the British retreated — 
we continued advancing. Three times they formed, and as 
often retreated. We drove them about half a mile, when it be- 
came so dark that we were obliged to relinquish the pursuit. 
Two privates in the 41st regiment were wounded and taken 
prisoners. We learn from deserters, that nine or ten were 
wounded, and some killed. We could gain no precise infor- 
mation of the number opposed to us. It consisted of a consider- 
able detachment from the 41st regiment, some militia, and a 
body of Indians. The guard at the bridge consisted of fifty men. 
Our riflemen stationed on this side the Canas, discovered the 
enemy reinforcing them during the whole afternoon. There is 
no doubt but their number considerably exceeded ours. Lieu- 
tenant colonel Miller conducted in the most spirited and able 
manner. 1 have every reason to be satisfied with the conduct 
of the whole detachment. 

Very respectfully, sir, I have the honour, &c. 

LEWIS CASS, 
Col. 3d reg. 0. vol. 

His Excellency Brigadier General Hull. 



British account of the capture of Fort Michilimackinac. 

MACKINAC, 18th July, 1812. 

DEAR SIR, 

I am happy to have it in my power to announce to you 
that Mackinac capitulated to us on the 15th instant, at 11 
o'clock, A. M. Captain Roberts at our head, with a part of the 
10th B. V. battalion. Mr. Crawford had the command of the 

5 



34 

Canadians, which consisted of about 200 men ; Mr. Dickensoa 
143 Sioux, Forlavians, and Winebagoes ; and myself about 280 
men, Attawas and Chippewas, part of Attawas of L'harb Croche 
had not arrived. It was a fortunate circumstance, the fort capi- 
tulated without firing a single gun, for had they done so, I firmly 
believe not a soul of them would have, been saved.* My son, 
Charles Longdale, Augustin Nolin, and MachelloBadotte, jr.have 
rendered me great service in keeping the Indians in order, and 
in executing, from time to time, such commands as were deliver- 
ed by the commanding officer. I never saw so determined a set 
of people as the Chippewas and Attawas. 

Since the capitulation they have not drank a single drop of 
liquor, nor even killed a fowl belonging to any person, (a thing 
never known before) for they generally destroy every thing they 
meet with. 

I am, dear sir, your most obedient servant, 

JOHN ASKIN, Jun. 
Store keeper's DepL 
The hon. col. W. Claus, &c. Fort George. 



DETROIT, 4th August, 1812. 

SIR, 

I take the earliest opportunity to acquaint your excellency 
of the surrender of the garrison ot Michilimackinac, under my 
command, to his Britannic majesty's forces under the command 
of captain Charles Roberts, on the 17th ultimo, the particulars of 
which are as follows : — On the 16th, I was informed by the Indian 
interpreter, that he had discovered from an Indian that the several 
nations of Indians then at St. Joseph, (a British garrison, distant 
about forty miles) intended to make an immediate attack on 
Michilimackinac. I was inclined, from the coolness I had dis- 
covered in some of the principal chiefs of the Ottawa and Chip- 
pewa nations, who had but a few days before professed the greatest 
friendship for the United States, to place confidence in this re- 
port. I immediately called a meeting of the American gentlemen 
at that time on the island, in which it was thought proper to des- 
patch a confidential person to St. Joseph to watch the motions of 
the Indians. Captain Daurman, of the militia, was thought the 
most suitable for this service. He embarked about sun -set, and 
met the British forces within ten or fifteen miles of the island, by 
whom he was made prisoner and put on his parole of honor. He 
was landed on the island at day-break, with positive directions 
to give me no intelligence whatever. He was also instructed to 
take the inhabitants of the village indiscriminately to a place on 
the west side of the island, where their persons and property 

* British magnanimity. 



.35 

should be protected by a British guard ; but should they go to the 
fort, they would be subject to a general massacre by the savages, 
which would be inevitable it" the garrison fired a gun. This in- 
formation I received from doctor Day, who was passing through 
the village when every person was Hying for refuge to the enemy. 
Immediately on being informed of the approach of the enemy, I 
placed ammunition, &c. in the block-houses; ordered every gun 
charged, and made every preparation for action. About 9 o'clock 
I could discover that the enemy were in possession of the heights 
that commanded the fort, and one piece of their artillery directed 
to the most defenceless part of the garrison. The Indians at this 
time were to be seen in great numbers in the edge of the woods. 
At haLf past 11 o'clock, the enemy sent in a flag of truce, de- 
manding a surrender of the fort and island to his Britannic ma- 
jesty's forces. This, sir, was the first information I had of the 
declaration of war ; I, however, had anticipated it, and was as 
well prepared to meet such an event as I possibly could have 
been with the force under my command, amounting to 57 effective 
men, including officers. Three American gentlemen, who were 
prisoners, were permitted to accompany the flag: from them I 
ascertained the strength of the enemy to be from nine hundred 
to one thousand strong, consisting of regular troops, Canadians 
and savages ; that they had two pieces of artillery, and were 
provided with ladders and ropes for the purpose of scaling the 
works if necessary. After 1 hail obtained this information, I 
consulted my officers and also the American gentlemen present, 
who were very intelligent men ; the result of which was, that it 
was impossible for the garrison to hold out against such a superior 
force. In this opinion 1 fully concurred, from the conviction that 
it was the only measure that could prevent a general massacre. 
The fort and garrison were accordingly surrendered. 

The enclosed papers exhibit copies of the correspondence be- 
tween the officer commanding the British forces and myself, and 
of the articles of capitulation. This subject involved questions 
of a peculiar nature ; and I hope, sir, that my demands and pro- 
tests will meet the approbation of my government. I cannot 
allow this opportunity to escape without expressing my obligation 
to doctor Day for the service he rendered me in conducting this 
correspondence. 

In consequence of this unfortunate affair, I beg leave, sir, to 

demand that a court of inquiry may be ordered to investigate all 

the facts connected with it ; and I do further request, that the 

court may be specially directed to express their opinion on the 

merits of the case. 

I have the honour to be, sir, &c 

P. HANKS, 

Lieutenant of ArtilUry. 

His Excellency Gen. Hull, 

Commanding the N. W. Ansy. 



36 

P. S. The following particulars relating to the British force 
Were obtained after the capitulation, from a source that admits 

of no doubt. 

Regular troops, 46 (including 4 officers.) 

Canadian Militia, 260 

Total, 306 



SAVAGES— Sioux, 56 

"Winnebagoes, 48 

Tallesawains, 39 
Chippewas and 

Ottawas, 572 



715 Savages, 
306 'Whites. 



1021 



It may also be remarked, that one hundred and fifty Chippewas 
and Ottawas joined the British two days after the capitulation. 

P. H. 



SANDWICH, August 7, 1812. 

SIR, 

On the 4th instant major Van Horn, of colonel Findlay's re- 
giment of Ohio volunteers, was detached from this army, with the 
command of 200 men, principally riflemen, to proceed to the 
river Raisin, and further, if necessary, to meet and reinforce 
captain Brush, of the state of Ohio, commanding a company of 
volunteers, and escorting provisions for this army. At Browns- 
town, a large body of Indians had formed an ambuscade, and the 
major's detachment received a heavy fire, at the distance of fifty- 
yards from the enemy. The whole detachment retreated in dis- 
order. Major Van Horn made every exertion to form, and pre- 
vent the retreat, that was possible for a brave and gallant officer, 
but without success. By the return of killed and wounded, it 
will be perceived that the loss of officers was uncommonly great. 
Their efforts to rally their companions was the occasion of it. 
1 am, very respectfully, 

Your most obedient servant, 

WM. HULL. 

Hon. Wm. Eustis, Secretary of War. 

Killed, 7 officers — 10 privates: — number of wounded unknown. 

DETROIT, August 13, 1812. 

SIR, 

The main body of the army having re-crossed the river to De- 
troit, on the night and morning of the 8th instant, 600 men were 
immediately detached under the command of lieutenant colonel 
Miller, to open the communication to the river Raisin, and 



37 

protect the provisions under the escort of captain Brush. Tina 
detachment consisted of the 4th United States' regiment, and 
two small detachments under the command of lieutenant Stans- 
bury, and ensign M'Labe of the 1st regiment, detachments 
from the Ohio and Michigan volunteers, a corps of artillerists, 
with one six pounder and an howitzer under the command of 
lieutenant Eastman, and a part of captains Smith and Sloan's 
cavalry, commanded by captain Sloan of the Ohio volunteers. 

Lieutenant colonel Miller inarched from Detroit on the after- 
noon of the 8th instant, and on the 9th, about 4 o'clock, P. M. the 
van guard, commanded by captain Snelling of the 4th United 
States' regiment, was fired on by an extensive line of British 
troops and Indians at the lower part of the Magaugo, about 14 
miles from Detroit. At this time the main body was marchin°- in 
two columns, and captain Snelling maintained his position in a 
most gallant manner, under a very heavy fire, until the line was 
formed and advanced to the ground he occupied, when the 
whole, excepting the rear guard, was brought into action. 

The enemy were formed behind a temporary breast-work of 
logs, the Indians extending in a thick wood on their left. Lieu- 
tenant colonel Miller ordered his whole line to advance, and when 
within a small distance of the enemy made a general discharge, 
and proceeded with charged bayonets, when the British line and 
Indians commenced a retreat. They were pursued in a most vi- 
gorous manner about two miles, and the pursuit discontinued onlj 
on account of the fatigue of the troops, the approach of evening, 
and the necessity of returning to take care of the wounded. The 
judicious arrangements made by lieutenant colonel Miller, and the 
gallant manner in which they were executed, justly entitle him to 
the highest honour. From the moment the line commenced the 
fire, it continually moved on, and the enemy maintained their posi- 
tion until forced at the point of the bayonet. The Indians on the 
left, under the command of Tecumseh, fought with great obstinacy, 
but were continually forced and compelled to retreat. The vic- 
tory was complete in every part of the line, and the success 
would have been more brilliant had the cavalry charged the ene- 
my on the retreat, when a most favorable opportunity presented. 
Although orders were given for the purpose, unfortunately they 
were not executed. Majors Van Horn and Morrison, of the 
Ohio volunteers, were associated with lieutenant colonel Miller, 
as field officers in this command, and were highly distinguished 
by their exertions in forming the line, and the firm and intrepid 
manner they led their respective commands to action. 

Captain Baker of the 1st United States' regiment, captain 
Brevoort of the 2d, and captain Hull of the 13th, my aid-de- 
camp, and lieutenant Whistler of the 1st, requested permission 
to join the detachment as volunteers. Lieutenant colonel Miller 
assigned to captain Baker and lieutenant Whistler, separate 
commands; and captains Brevoort and Hull, at his request 



3S 

attended his person and aided him in the general arrangements. 
Lieutenant colonel Miller has mentioned the conduct of those 
officers in terms of high approbation. In addition to the captains 
who have been named, lieutenant colonel Miller has mentioned 
captains Burton and Fuller of the 4th regiment, captains Saun- 
ders and Brown of the Ohio volunteers, and captain Delandre 
of the Michigan volunteers, who were attached to his command, 
and distinguished by their valour. It is impossible for me, in 
this communication, to do justice to the officers and soldiers, 
who gained the victory which I have described. They have 
acquired high honour to themselves, and are justly entitled to 
the gratitude of their country. 

Major Muir of the 41st regiment, commanded the British in 
this action. The regulars and volunteers consisted of about 400, 
and a large number of Indians. Major Muir and two subalterns 
were wounded, one of them since dead. About forty Indians 
were found dead on the field, and Tecumseh, their leader, was 
slightly wounded. The number of wounded Indians who escaped 
has not been ascertained. Four of major Muir's detachment 
have been made prisoners, and fifteen of the 41st regiment killed 
and wounded. The militia and volunteers attached to his com- 
mand, were in the severest part of the action, and their loss must 
have been great — it has not yet been ascertained. 

I have the honour to be, yours, &c. 
WM. HULL, 
Brig. Gen. commanding J\T. W. Army. 
Hon. Wm. Eustis, Secretary of War. 

Killed and wounded in the action near Maguago, Aug. 9, 1812. 

4th U.S. regiment — 10 non-commissioned officers and privates 
killed, and 45 wounded. 

Ohio and Michigan volunteers — 8 killed and 12 wounded. 

■♦■ 

GENERAL HULL'S CAPITULATION. 

DETROIT, August 12, 1812. 

DEAR SIR, 

I have several times written to you since I heard you were on 
your march, but I find that my letters have never reached you. 
Two detachments have been sent to meet you, but both returned 
with loss. We have abandoned Canada, and the British force is 
now opposite this place pointing their artillery ; the firing will 
commence shortly. I fear you will not be able to see us. If 
possible take care of yourself and party. The enemy may not 
nave force to see you and attend to us. 

The bearer will, or can give you a hint of our situation. Adieu* 
I have not time to write. 

Respectfully yours, 

DUNCAN M'ARTHUR. 
Captain H. Bntsh. 



39 

DETROIT, 14th August, 1812. 
SIR, 

The state of the communication between this and the river 
Raisin, is such that a sufficient detachment cannot be sent at 
■resent to bring on the provisions with safety. You will there- 
fore remain at the river Raisin, and in conjunction with Le 
Croix's corps and your own, protect the provisions and yourselves 
until further orders'. The detachment sent for the purpose of 
opening the communication are so fatigued after a severe and 
victorious battle that it will return here. 

1 am, respectfully, 

W. HULL, Gen. Commanding. 
Captain Brush, or the commanding 

officer at the river Raisin. 

P. S. If consulting with colonel Anderson and captain Jobart, 
the bearer of this, and from all the information you can obtain, 
it should be the opinion, you can come an upper road crossing 
the river Huron, at Godfrey's trading establishment, you are 
authorised to proceed that route, in which case you will give me 
an immediate notice. No person must know this excepting 
colonel Anderson, captain Jobart, and yourself. Take captain 
Jobart for a guide, and if he recommends other guides, with him, 
they shall be paid. Captain Le Croix, with his company, will 
proceed on with you. 

Itespectfullv, 

W. HULL, 

Captain Brush. 

RIVER RUSH, August 16th, 1812. 

SIR, 

By the within letter you will see that the army under general 
Hull has been surrendered. By the articles you will see that 
provision has been made for the detachment under your com- 
mand ; you will, therefore, I hope, return to Ohio with us. 

DUNCAN M'ARTHUR. 

Captain Henry Brush. 

HEAD QUARTERS, AT DETROIT, August 16th, 1812. 
SIR, 

I have signed articles of capitulation for the surrender of this 
garrison in which you and your detachment are prisoners of war. 
Such part of the Ohio militia as have not joined the army, will 
be permitted to return to their homes, on condition that they will 
not serve during the war. Their arms, however, will be delivered 
up if belonging to the public. 

I am, very respectfully, &c. 

W. HULL, Brig. Gen. 
Commanding tlie N. IV. army. 
Colonel Duncan M'Arthur. 



40 
HEAD QUARTERS, DETROIT, August 16, 1812. 

GENERAL ORDERS. 

It is with pain and anxiety that brigadier-general Hull an- 
nounces to the North-western army, that he has been compelled, 
from a sense of duty, to agree to the following articles of capi- 
tulation : 

CAMP AT DETROIT, 16th August, 1812. 

Capitulation for the surrender of Fort Detroit, entered into 
betwen major general Brock, commanding his Britannic majes- 
ty's forces, on the one part, and brigadier-general Hull, com- 
manding the North-western army of the United States, on the 
other part — 

Art. 1. Fort Detroit, with all the troops, regulars as well as 
militia, will be immediately surrendered to the British forces, 
under the command of major general Brock, and will be con- 
sidered as prisoners of war ; with the exception of such of the 
militia of the Michigan territory who have not joined the army. 

£. All public stores, arms and all public documents, including 
every thing else of a public nature, will be immediately given up. 

3. Private persons and property of every description will be 
respected. 

4. His excellency brigadier-general Hull having expressed a 
desire that a detachment from the state of Ohio, on its way to 
join his army, as well as one sent from Detroit, under the com- 
mand of colonel M'Arthur, shall be included in the above capi- 
tulation, it is accordingly agreed to ; it is however to be under- 
stood that such part oi the Ohio militia as have not joined the 
army, will be permitted to return to their homes, on condition 
that they will not serve during the war. Their arms, however, 
will be delivered up, if belonging to the public. 

4. The garrison will march out at the hour of twelve o'clock 
this day, and the British forces will take immediate possession of 
the fort. 

J. MAC DONALD, Lieut. Col. 

MilWa, P. Jl. D. C. 

J. B. GLEGG, Major, Ji. I). C. 

JAMES MILLER, Lieut. Col. 

5 th U. S. Infantry. 

E. BRUSH, Col. 1st regt. 

Michigan militia. 
Approved, 

\VM. HULL, 

Brigadier -general commanding the «7V*. W. Army. 
Approved, 

ISAAC BROCK, 

Major General. 



41 



The army, at 12 o'clock this day, will march out of the east 
gate, where they will stack their arms, and then be subject to the 
articles of capitulation. 

WM. HULL, 
Brigadier general commanding the JV*. TV. Army. 



HEAD QUARTERS, SANDWICH, August 15, 1812. 
SIR, 

The force at my disposal authorizes me to require of you 
the immediate surrender of fort Detroit. It is far from my in- 
clination to join in a war of extermination, but you must be aware, 
that the numerous body of Indians who have attached themselves 
to my troops, will be beyond my controul the moment the contest 
commences. You will find me disposed to enter into such condi- 
tions as will satisfy the most scrupulous sense of honour. Lieute- 
nant colonel Macdonald and major Glegg are fully authorized 
to conclude any arr&ngemeirt that may lead to prevent the unne- 
cessary effusion of blood. 

I have the honor to be, sir, 

Your most obedient servant, 

ISAAC BROCK, 

Major General* 
His Excellency brigadier general Hull, 

commanding at Fort Detroit. 



HEAD QUARTERS, DETROIT, August 15, 1812, 
SIR, 

I have received your letter of this date. I have no other reply 
to make, than to inform you, that 1 am prepared to meet any force, 
which may be at your disposal, and any consequences which may 
result from any exertion of it you may think proper to make. 

I avail myself of this opportunity to inform you that the flag 
of truce under the direction of captain Brown, proceeded con- 
trary to the orders, and without the knowledge of colonel Cass 
who commanded the troops which attacked your picket, near the 
river Canardbridge. 

I likewise take this occasion to inform you that Cowie's house 
was set on fire contrary to my orders, and it did not take place 
until after the evacuation of the fort. From the best informa- 
tion I have been able to obtain on the subject, it was set on fire 
by some of the inhabitants on the other side of the river. 

I am, very respectfully, 

Your excellency's most obedient servant, 
W. HULL, 
Brig. Gen. Commanding the «/V. TV. Army U. & 

His excellency major general Brock, 

commanding his Britannic majesty's 
forces, Sandwich, Upper Canada. 
6 



4,2 

An article supplemental to the articles of capitulation, concluded 
at Detroit, 16th August, 1812. 

It is agreed that the officers and soldiers of the Ohio militia 
and volunteers shall be permitted to proceed to their respective 
homes on this condition, that they are not to serve during the pre- 
sent war, unless they are exchanged. 

W. HULL, 
Brig. Gen. Commanding J\T. W. army U. S. 

ISAAC BROCK, 

Major General. 



A» article in addition to the supplemental article of the capitu- 
lation, concluded at Detroit, 16th August, 1812. 

It is further agreed that the officers and soldiers of the Michi- 
gan militia and volunteers, under the command of major 
Wetherell, shall be placed on the same principles as the Ohio 
volunteers and militia are placed by the supplemental article of 
the 16th instant. 

W. HULL, 
Brig. Gen. Commanding J\T. W. army U. S. 

ISAAC BROCK, 

Major General. 



Return of ordnance taken in the fort and batteries at Detroit, 

August iQth, 1812. 

Iron pieces of ordnance, 25 

Brass do. 8 

Total, 33 

FELIX TROUGHTON, 

Lieutenant commanding Roy. Arfy. 

Major general Brock, commanding' 

the forces of Upper Canada. 



GENERAL ORDER OF GENERAL BROCK 

HEAD QUARTERS, DETROIT, August 16th, 1812. 

Major general Brock has every reason to be satisfied with 
the conduct of the troops he had the honour to lead this morning; 
against the en«my. The state of discipline which they so emi • 
nently displaced, and the determination they evinced, to under- 



take (he most hazardous enterprise, decided the enemy, infinitely 
more numerous in men and artillery, to propose a capitulation, 
the terms of which are herewith inserted for the information of 
the troops. 

The major general requests colonel Proctor will accept his 
thanks for the assistance he derived from his experience and in- 
telligence. 

The Readiness and discipline of the 41st regiment and the 
read in >ss of the militia to follow so good an example, were high- 
ly conspicuous. 

Tin.- ability manifested by captain Dixon of the royal engi- 
neers in the choice and construction of the batteries, and the 
hi^h state of the royal artillery under lieutenant Troughton, af- 
forded the major general much gratification, and reflects great 
credit on those officers. 

The willing assistance given by captain Hall and the marine 
department during the whole course of the service has been very 
conspicuous, and the manner the batteries were served this morn- 
ing evinced a degree of steadiness highly commendable. 

Lieutenant Dewar, deputy assistant quarter master general, 
afforded strong proof of the local knowledge he has acquired of the 
country, of an unremitting attention to his duty; and the care 
and regularity with which the troops were transported across the 
river, must in a like degree be ascribed to his zeal for the service. 

To lieutenant colonel St. George, majors Tallon and Chambers, 
who commanded brigades, every degree of praise is due for their 
unremitting zeal and attention to their respective commands. 
The detachment of the royal Newfoundland regiment, under the 
command of major Moekler, is deserving every praise for their 
steadiness in the field, as well as when embarked in the king's 
vessels. 

The major general cannot forego this opportunity of express- 
ing his admiration at the conduct of the several companies of 
militia who so handsomely volunteered to undergo the fatigues of 
a journey of several hundred miles to go to the rescue of an inva- 
ded district ; and he requests major Salmon, captains Hatt, Stew- 
ard, Boswick and Robinson, will assure the officers and men under 
their respective commands, that their services have been duly 
appreciated and will never be forgotten. 

The major general is happy to acknowledge the able assistance 
he has derived from the zeal and local information of lieutenant 
colonel Nicholl, acting quarter master general of militia. 

To his personal staff the major general feels himself under much 
obligation ; and he requests lieutenant colonel Macdonald, majors 
Glegg and Givens, will be assured that their zealous exertions 
have made too deep an impression on his mind ever to be forgot- 
ten. 

The conduct of the Indians under colonel Elliot, captain M' 
Kee, and the others of that department, joined to that of the 



44 

gallant and brave chiefs of their respective tribes, has since the 
commencement of the war been marked with acts of true heroism, 
and in nothing can they testify more strongly their love to the 
kin°", their great father, than in following the dictates of honour 
and humanity, by which they have been hitherto actuated. Two 
fortifications have already been captured from the enemy with- 
out a drop of blood being shed by the hand of the Indian ; the 
nstant the enemy submitted, his lite became sacred. 

By order of jSjajor General Brock. 

J. B. GLEL.G, capt. A. D. C. 



CAPTURE OF THE ALERT. 

AT SEA, August 17, 1812. 

SIR, 

I have the honour to inform you that upon the 13th, his Bri- 
tannic majesty's sloop of war Alert, Captain T. L. P. Langhorne, 
ran down on our weather quarter, gave three cheers and com- 
menced an action (if so trifling a skirmish deserves the name,) 
and after eight minutes firing struck her colours with seven feet 
water in her hold, much cut to pieces, and three men wounded. 

I need not inform you that the officers and crew of the Essex 
behaved as I trust all Americans will in such cases, and it is only 
to be regretted that so much zeal and activity could not have 
been displayed on an occasion that would have done them more 
hoaour. The Kssex has not received the slightest injury. The 
Alert was out for the purpose of taking the Hornet. 

1 have the honour, &c. 

D. PORTER. 
Hon. Paul Hamilton. 



FORT GEORGE, August 26, 1812. 

SIR, 

Enclosed are the articles of capitulation, by which the Fort 
of Detroit has been surrendered to major general Brock, com- 
manding his Britannic majesty's forces in Upper Canada, and 
by which the troops have become prisoners of war. My situation 
at present forbids me from detailing the particular causes which 
have led to this unfortunate event. I will, however, generally 
observe, that after the surrender of Michilimakinac, almost every 
tribe and nation of Indians, excepting a part of the Miamies 
and Delawares, north from beyond Lake Superior, west from 
beyond the Mississippi, south from the Ohio and Wabash, and 
east from every part of Upper Canada, and from all the inter- 
mediate country, joined in open hostility, under the British 



45 

standard, against the army I commanded, contrary to the most 
solemn assurances of a large portion of them to remain neutral: 
even the ()rt;t\\;i chiefs from Arbecrotch, who formed the delega- 
tion to Washington the last summer, in whose friendship I know 
you had great i -onfidence, are among the hostile tribes, and seve- 
ral of them distinguished leaders. Among the vast number of 
chiefs who led the hostile bands, Tecumseh, Marpot, Logan, 
Walk-in-the-water, Split Log, 8oc. are considered the principals. 
This numerous assemblage of savages, under the entire influence 
and direction of the British commander, enabled him totally to 
obstruct the onlv communication which 1 had with my country. 
This communication had been opened from the settlements in 
the state of Ohio, two hundred miles through a wilderness, by 
the fatigues of the army, which I inarched to the frontier on the 
river Detroit. The body of the lake being commanded by the 
British armed ships, and the shores and rivers by gun boats, the 
army was totally deprived of all communication by water. On 
tli i ^ extensive road it depended for transportation of provisions, 
military stores, medicine, clothing, and every other supply, on 

pack hoist all its operations were successful until its arrival 

at Detroit, and in a few days it passed into the enemy's country, 
and all opposition Seemec U) drop before it. One month it re- 
mained in possession of this country, and was fed from its re- 
sources. In different directions, detachments penetrated sixty 
miles in the settled part of the province, and the inhabitants 
seemed satisfied with the change 01 situation, which appeared to 
be taking place ; the militia from Amherstburg were daily de- 
serting, and the whole country, then under the controul of the 
army, was asking for protection. The Indians, generally, in the 
first instance, appeared to be neutralized, and determined to 
take no part in the contest. The fort of Amherstburg was eigh- 
teen miles below my encampment. Not a single cannon or mor- 
tar was on wheels suitable to carry before this place. I consult- 
ed my ollicers, whether it was expedient to make an attempt on 
it with the bayonet alone, without cannon, to make a break in 
the first instance. The council I called was of the opinion it 
was not. The greatest industry was exerted in making prepara- 
tion, and it was not until the 7th of August, that two 24 poun- 
ders, and three howitzers were prepared. It was then my inten- 
tion to have proceeded on the enterprise. While the operations of 
the army were delayed by these preparations, the clouds of 
adversity had been for some time and seemed still thickly to be 
gathering around me. The surrender of Michilimackinac open- 
ed the northern hive of Indians, and they were swarming down in 
every direction. Reinforcements from Niagara had arrived at 
Amherstburg under the command of colonel Proctor. The de- 
sertion of the militia ceased. Besides the reinforcements that 
came by water, I received information of a very considerable 
force under the command of major Chambers, on the river Le 



46 

French, with four field pieces, and collecting the militia on his 
route, evidently destined for Amherstburg ; and in addition to 
this combination, and increase of force, contrary to all my ex- 
pectations, the Wyandots, Chippewas, Ottawas, Pottawatamies, 
Munsees, Delawares, &c. with whom I had the most friendly 
intercourse, at once passed over to Amherstburg, and accepted 
the tomahawk and scalping knife. There being now a vast 
number of Indians at the British post, they were sent to the river 
Huron, Brownstown, and Maguago to intercept my communica- 
tion. To open this communication, I detached major Van Horn 
of the Ohio volunteers, with two hundred men, to proceed as far 
as the river Raisin, under an expectation he would meet captain 
Brush with one hundred and fifty men, volunteers from the state 
of Ohio, and a quantity of provision for the army. An ambuscade 
was formed at Brownstown, and major Van Horn's detachment 
defeated and returned to camp without effecting the object of 
the expedition. 

In my letter of the 7th instant you have the particulars of that 
transaction, with a return of the killed and Mounded. Under 
this sudden and unexpected change of things, and having received 
an express from general Hall, commanding opposite the British 
shore on the Niagara river, by which it appeared that there was 
no prospect of a co-operation from that quarter, and the two se- 
nior officers of the artillery having stated to me an opinion that 
it would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to pass the 
Turkey river and river Aux Cannard, with the 24 pounders, and 
that they could not be transported by water, as the Queen Char- 
lotte, which carried eighteen 24 pounders, lay in the river Detroit 
above the mouth of the river Aux Cannard ; and as it appeared 
indispensibly necessary to open the communication to the river 
Raisin and the Miami, I found myself compelled to suspend the 
operation against Amherstburg, and concentrate the main force 
of the army at Detroit. Fully intending at that time, after the 
communication was opened, to re-cross the river, and pursue the 
object at Amherstburg, and strongly desirous of continuing pro- 
tection to a very large number of the inhabitants of Upper Cana- 
da, who had voluntarily accepted it under my proclamation, I 
established a fortress on the banks of the river, a little below 
Detroit, calculated for a garrison of 300 men. On the evening of 
the 7th, and morning of the 8th instant, the army, excepting the 
garrison of 250 infantry, and a corps of artillerists, all under the 
command of major Denny of the Ohio volunteers, re-crossed the 
river, and encamped at Detroit. In pursuance of the object of 
opening the communication, on which I considered the existence 
of the army depending, a detachment of GOO men, under the 
command of lieutenant colonel Miller, was immediately ordered. 
For a particular account of the proceedings of this detachment, 
and the memorable battle which was fought at Maguago, which 
reflects the highest honour on the American arms, I refer you to 



47 

my letter of the IStfa of August instant, a duplicate of which is 
enclosed, marked G. Nothing however but honour was acquired 
bi this victor) ; and it is a painful consideration, that the blood 
of Beventy-five gallant men could only open the communication, 
u tar as the points of their bayonets extended. The necessary 
gare of the u< k and wounded, and a very severe storm of rain, 
rendered their return to camp indispensibly necessary for their 
own comfort. Captain Brusn, with his small detachment, and 
the provisions being still at the river Raisin, and in a situation to 
be destroyed by the savages, on the 13th instant in the evening, 
I permitted colonels M'Arthur and Cass to select from their 
regiment lour hundred of their most effective men, and proceed 
an upper route through the woods, which I had sent an express 
to captain Brush to take, and had directed the militia of the river 
Rai>in to accompany him as a reinforcement. The force of the 
enemy continually increasing, and the necessity of opening the 
communication, and acting on the defensive, becoming more ap- 
parent, I had, previous to detaching colonels M'Arthur and Cass 
on the 1 1th instant, evacuated and destroyed the fort on the op- 
posite bank. On the loth, in tin evening, general .Brock arrived 
at Amherstburg about the hour that colonel-. M'Arthur and Cass 
marched, of which at that time 1 had received no information. 
On the loth 1 received a summons from him to surrender fort 
Detroit, of which the paper marked A is a copy. My answer 
is marked 1$. At this time I had received no information from 
colonels M'Arthur and Cass. An express was immediately 
sent, stronglv escorted, with orders for them to return. On the 
13th, as soon a- general Brock received my letter, his batteries 
opened on the town and fort, and continued until evening. In the 
evening all the British ships of war came nearly as far up the 
river as Sandwich, three miles below Detroit. At dav light on 
the l6th (at which time 1 had received no information from colo- 
nels M'Arthur and Cass, my expresses, sent the evening before, 
and in the night having been prevented from passing by numerous 
bodies of Indians) the cannonade re-commenced, and in a short 
time I received information, that the British army and Indians, 
were landing below the Spring Wells, under the cover of their 
ships of war. At this time the whole effective force at my dis- 
posal at Detroit did not exceed eight hundred men. Being new 
troops, and unaccustomed to a camp life ; having performed a la- 
borious inarch ; having been engaged in a number of battles and 
skirmishes, in which many had fallen, ami more had received 
wounds, in addition to which a large number being sick, and un- 
provided with medicine, and the comforts necessary for their sit- 
uation ; are the general causes by which the strength of the 
army was thus reduced. The fort at this time was filled with 
women, children, and the old and decrepid people of the town 
and country ; they were unsafe in the town, as it was entirely 
Open and exposed to the enemy's batteries. Back of the tort. 



48 

above or below it, there was no safety for them on account of the 
Indians. In the first instance the enemy's fire was principally 
directed against our batteries ; towards the close, it was directed 
against the fort alone, and almost every shot and shell had their 
effect. 

It now became necessary either to fight the enemy in the field ; 
collect the whole force in the fort ; or propose terms of capitula- 
tion. 1 could not have carried into the field more than six hun- 
dred men, and left any adequate force in the fort. There were 
landed at that time of the enemy a regular force of much more 
than that number, and twice the number of Indians. Consider- 
ing this great inequality of force I did not think it expedient to 
adopt the first measure. The second must have been attended 
with a great sacrifice of blood, and no possible advantage, be- 
cause the contest could not have been sustained more than aday 
for the want of powder, and but a very few days for the want of 
provisions. In addition to this, colonels M' Arthur and Cass would 
have been in a most hazardous situation. I feared nothing but 
the last alternative. I have dared to adopt it. I well know the high 
responsibility of the measure, and take the whole of it on my- 
self. It was dictated by a sense of duty, and a full conviction of 
its expediency. The bands of savages which had then joined the 
British force were numerous beyond any former example. Their 
numbers have since increased, and the history of the barbarians 
of the north of Europe does not furnish examples of more gree- 
dy violence than these savages have exhibited. A large portion 
of the brave and gallant officers and men I commanded would 
cheerfully have contested until the last cartridge had been ex- 
pended, and the bayonets worn to the sockets. I could not con- 
sent to the useless sacrifice of such brave men, when I knew it 
was impossible for me to sustain my situation. It was impossi- 
ble in the nature of things that an army could have been fur- 
nished with the necessary supplies of provision, military stores, 
clothing and comforts for the sick, or pack horses, through a 
wilderness of two hundred miles, filled with hostile savages. 
It was impossible, sir, that this little army, worn down by fa- 
tigue, by sickness, by wounds, and deaths, could have supported 
itself not only against the collected force of all the northern 
nations of Indians ; but against the united strength of Upper 
Canada, whose population consists of more than twenty times 
the number contained in the territory of Michigan, aided by the 
principal part of the regular forces of the province, and the 
wealth and influence of the north-west and other trading estab- 
lishments among the Indians, which have in their employment, 
and under their entire controul, more than two thousand white 
men. Before I close this despatch, it is a duty I owe to my 
respectable associates in command, colonels M' Arthur, Findlay, 
Cass, and lieutenant colonel Miller, to express my obligations to 
them for the prompt and judicious manner they have performed 



49 

their respective duties. If aught has taken place during the 
campaign, which is honourable to the army, these officers are 
entitled to a large share of it. If the last act should be disap- 
proved, no part of the censure belongs to them. I have likewise 
to express my obligation to general Taylor, who has performed 
the duty of quarter master general, for his great exertions in 
procuring every thing in his department which it was possible to 
furnish For the convenience of the army; likewise to brigade 
major Jessup for the correct and punctual manner in which he 
has discharged his duty; and to the army generally for their 
exertions, and the zeal they have manifested for the public in- 
terest. The death of Dr. Foster soon after he arrived at Detroit, 
was a severe misfortune to the army; it was increased by the 
capture of the Chachago packet, by which the medicine and hos- 
pital stores were lost. He was commencing the best arrange- 
ments in the department of which he was the principal', with the 
very small means he possessed. 1 was likewise deprived of the 
necessary services of captain Partridge by sickness, the only 
officer of the corps of engineers attached to the army. All the 
officers and men have gone to their respective homes, excepting 
the 4th United States' regiment, and a small part of the 1st, 
and captain Dyson's company of artillery. Captain Dyson's 
company was left at Amherstburg, and the others are with me 
prisoners — they amount to about three hundred and forty. I have 
only to solicit an investigation of my conduct, as early as my 
situation and the state ol tilings will admit ; and to add the 
further request, that the government will not be unmindful of my 
associates in captivity, and of the families of those brave men 
who have fallen in the contest. 

I have the honour to be, very respectfully, 

Your moslt obedient servant, 

WM. HULL, 

Brig. Gen. commanding the JV. JV. Army U. 8. 

Hon. W. Eustis, Secretary of 

the Department of War. 



UNITED STATES* FRIGATE CONSTITUTION, 

off" Boston Light, August 30, 1812. 

*SIR, 

I have the honour to inform you, that on the 19th instant, 
at 2 P. M. being in latitude 41, 42, longitude 55, 48, with the 
the Constitution under my command, a sail was discovered from 
the mast-head bearing E. by S. or E. S. E. but at such a distance 
we could not tell what she was. All sail was instantly made in 
chase, and soon found we came up with ner. At 3 P. M. coul«i 
* 7 



50 

plainly see that, she was a ship on the starboard tack, under easy 
Bail, close on a wind; at half past 3 P. M. made her out to be a 
frigate ; continued the chase until we were within about three 
miles, when I ordered the light sails taken in, the courses hauled 
up, and the ship cleared for action. At this time the chase had 
backed his main top-sail, waiting for us to come down. As soon 
as the Constitution was ready for action, I bore down with an 
intention to bring him to close action immediately; but on our 
coming within gun-shot she gave us a broadside and filled away, 
and wore, giving us a broadside on the other tack, but without ef- 
fect; her shot filling short. She continued wearing and man- 
oeuvring for about three quarters of an hour, to get a raking 
position, but finding she could not, she bore up, and run under 
top-sails and gib, with the wind on the quarter. Immediately 
made sail to bring the ship up with her, and 5 minutes before 6 
P. M. being along side within half pistol shot, we commenced a 
heavy tire from all our guns, double shotted with round and grape, 
and so well directed were they, and so warmly kept up, that in 
15 minutes his mizen-mast went by the board, and his main -yard 
in the slings, and the hull, rigging and sails very much torn to 
pieces. The fire was kept up with equal warmth for 15 minutes 
longer, when his main-mast and fore -mast went, taking with them 
every spar, excepting the bowsprit ; on seeing this we ceased 
firing, so that in 30 minutes after we got fairly along side the 
enemy she surrendered, and had not a spar standing, and her hull 
below and above water so shattered, that a few more broadsides 
must have a rried her down. 

After informing you that so fine a ship as the Guerriere, com- 
manded by i.,i able and experienced officer, had been totally dis- 
masted, and otherwise cut to pieces, so as* to make her not worth 
towing into port, in the short space of 30 minutes, you can have 
no doubt of the gallantry and good conduct of the officers and 
ship's company I have the honour to command. It only remains, 
therefore, for mc to assure you, that they all fought with great 
bravery; and it gives me great pleasure to say, that from the 
smallest boy in the ship to the oldest seaman, not a look of fear 
was seen. They a'l went into action, giving three cheers, and 
requesting to be laid close along side the enemy. 

Enclosed 1 have the honour to send you a list of killed and 
wounded on board the Constitution, and a report of the damages 
she has sustained ; also, a list of the killed and wounded on board 
the enemy, with his quarter bill, &c. 

I have the honour to be, 

With very great respect, 

Sir, your obedient servant, 

ISAAC HULL. 

The Hon. Paul Hamilton, &c. 



51 

Killed and wounded on board the United States* frigate Consti- 
tution, Isaac Hull, Esqr. Captain, in the action icitli his Bri- 
tannic majesty's frigate Guerriere, James Ji. Dacres, Esqr. 
Captain, on the 26th of August, 1812. 

Kill' -il — W. S. Bush, lieutenant of Marines, and six seamen, 7 

Wounded — lieutenant C. Morris, Master J. C. A\ hvin, four seamen, one 

murine, 7 



Total killed and wounded, 14 



U. S. frigate Constitution, Aug. 21, 1812. 

ISAAC HULL, Captain, 
T. I. CHEW, Purser. 

Killed and wounded on board the Guerriere. 

Killed — 3 officers, 12 seamen and marines, 15 

Wounded — .1. A D -. captain, 4 officers, 57 seamen and marines, 62 
Missing, — lieutenants Pullman and Roberts, and 23 seamen and marines, 

supposed to have gone overboard with tlie masts, 24 



Totul killed, wounded and missing, 101 



The Constitution rates 44 guns, and mounted 55, her comple- 
ment 450 men. The Guerriere rates 38 guns, and mounted 49, 
her complement S00 men. 

Three daya before the engagement with the Constitution, the 
Guerriere spoke the John Adams, captain Fash, from Liverpool, 
and endorsed on Ins register the following lines: 

" Captain Dacres, commander of his Britannic majesty's frigate 
Guerriere, of 44 guns, presents his compliments to commodore 
Rodgers, of the United States frigate President, and will be very 
happy to meet him, or any other American frigate of equal force 
to the President, oft' Sandy Hook, for the purpose of having a 
few minutes tete-a-tete." 

Captain Hull saved him the trouble of going so far for the 
desired tete-a-tete, winch resulted not quite to the satisfaction 
and pleasure of Captain Dacres. 



Extract of a letter from Captain Hull to the Secretary of the 
Navy, dated August 30, 1812. 

" I cannot .but make you acquainted with the very great assis- 
tance I received from that valuable officer, lieutenant Morris, in 
bringing the ship into action, and in working her whilst along side 
the enemy, and I am extremely sorry to state that he is badly 
wounded, being shot through the body ; we have yet hopes of his 



52 

recovery, when I am sure he will receive the thanks and grati- 
tude of his country, for this and the many gallant acts he has 
done in its service. Were I to name any particular officer as 
havino- been more useful than the rest, I should do them great 
injustice; they all fought bravely, and gave me every possible 
assistance that I could wish. I am extremely sorry to state to 
you the loss of lieutenant Bush, of marines: he fell at the head 
©f his men in getting ready to board the enemy. In him our 
country has lost a valuable and brave officer. After the fall of 
lieutenant Bush, lieutenant Contee of the corps, took command 
of the marines, and I have pleasure in saying that his conduct 
was that of a brave, good officer, and the marines behaved with 
great coolness and courage during the action, and annoyed the 
enemy very much whilst, she was under our stern." 



UNITED STATES' FRIGATE PRESIDENT, 

BOSTON, September 1, 1812. 

Silt, 

I had the .pleasure of informing you of the arrival of the 
squadron, and* now to state the result and particulars of our 
cruise. 

Previous to leaving 1 New York on the 21st of June, I heard 
that a British convoy had sailed from Jamaica for England, on or 
about the 20th of the preceding month, and on being informed 
of the declaration of war against Great Britain, I determined in 
the event of commodore Decatur joining me with the United 
States, Congress and Argus, as you had directed, to go in pur- 
suit of them. The United States, Congress and Argus, did join 
me on the 21st, with which vessels, this ship and the Hornet, I 
accordingly sailed in less than an hour after I had received your 
orders of the 1 8th of June, accompanied by your official commu- 
nication of the declaration of war. 

On leaving New York, I shaped our course south-eastwardly, in 
the expectation of falling in with vessels, by which I should hear 
of the before mentioned convoy, and the following night met 
with an American brig that gave me the sought for information : 
the squadron now crowded sail in pursuit ; but the next morning 
was taken out of its course, by the pursuit of a British frigate, 
that I since find was the Belvidera, relative to which I beg leave 
to refer you to the enclosed extract from my joutnal : after re- 
pairing as far as possible the injury done by the Belvidera to 
our spars and rigging, we again crowded all sail and resumed our 
course in pursuit of the convoy, but did not receive further in- 
telligence of it until the 29th of June, on the western edge of the 
banks of Newfoundland, where we spoke an American schooner, 
the master of which reported that he had two days before passed 
them in latitude 43, longitude 55, steering to the eastward ; 1 



53 

was surprised to find that the squadron was still so far to tha 
eastward of us, but was urged, however, as well by what I con- 
sidered my duty > as by inclination, to continue the pursuit. 

On the 1st of July, a little to the eastward of Newfoundland 
bank, we fell in with quantities of cocoa-nut shells, orange peels, 
&c. which indicated that the convoy were not far distant, and we 
pursued it with zeal, although frequently taken out of our course 
bv vessels it was necessary to chase, without gaining any fur- 
ther intelligence until the 9th of July, in latitude 45, 30, longi- 
tude 23, we captured the British private armed brig Dolphin, of 
Jersey, and was informed by some of her crew that they had seen 
the convoy the preceding evening, the weather was not clear at 
the time, but that they had counted 85 sail, and that the force 
charged with its protection consisted of one two decker, a frigate, 
a Bloop of war, and a brig. 

This was the last intelligence I received of the before men- 
tioned convoy, although its pursuit was continued until the 13th 
of July, being then within 18 or 20 hours sail of the British 
channel. From this we steered for the island of Madeira, pas- 
sed close by it on the 21st of July, thence near the Azores, and 
saw Corvo and Flares ; thence steered for the banks of New- 
foundland; and from the latter place (by the way of Cape Sable) 
to this port, it having become indispensibly necessary (by the 
time we reached our own coast) to make the first convenient port 
in the United States ; owing, I am sorry to say, to that wretch- 
ed disease the scurvy, having made its appearance on board of 
the vessels, most generally to a degree seriously alarming. 

From the western part of the banks of Newfoundland to our 
making the island of Madeira, the weather was such, at least 
six days out of seven, as to obscure from our discovery, every 
object that we did not pass within four or five miles of, and in- 
deed for several days together the fog was so thick as to prevent 
our seeing each other, even at a cable's length asunder, more than 
twice or thrice in twenty-four hours. 

From the time of our leaving the United States until our ar- 
rival here we chased every vessel we saw, and you will not be 
a little astonished when I inform you that, although we brought 
to every thing we did chase, with the exception of four vessels, 
we only made seven captures and one re-capture. 

It is truly an unpleasant task to be obliged to make a commu- 
nication thus barren of benefit to our country: the only consola- 
tion 1 individually feel on the occasion, being derived from our 
knowing that our being at sea obliged the enemy to concentrate 
a considerable portion of his most active force, and thereby pre- 
vented his capturing an incalculable amount of American pro- 
perty that would otherwise have fallen a sacrifice. 

1 am aware of the anxiety you must have experienced at not 
hearing from me for such a length of time, but this I am sure you 
will not attribute in any degree to neglect, when I inform you thai 



54 

not a single proper opportunity occurred from the time of leaving 
the United States until our return. 

Mr. Newcomb, who will deliver you this, you will find an in- 
telligent young man, capable of giving such further information 
as you mav deem of any moment : he will at the same time de- 
liver you a chart, shewing the track in which we cruised : an- 
nexed is a list of vessels captured, re-captured and burnt. 

The four vessels we chased and did not come up with were, 
the Belvidera, a small pilot-boat schooner, supposed to be an 
American privateer, the hermaphrodite privateer brig, Yankee, 
which we lost sight of in a fog, but whose character we afterwards 
learnt, and a frigate supposed to be British, that we chased on 
the 28th ultimo near the shoal of George's bank, and should 
certainly have come up with, had we have had the advantage of 
two hours more day-light. 

On board of the several vessels of the squadron there are be- 
tween 80 and 100 prisoners taken from the vessels we captured 
during our late cruise : the government not having any agent for 
prisoners here, 1 shall send them to commodore Bainbridge, to 
be disposed of in such manner as best appears with the interest 
of the United States, and which I hope may meet your approba- 
tion. 

With the greatest respect, 
I have the honour to be, sir, 

Your obedient servant, 

JOHN RODGERS. 

The Hon. Paul Hamilton, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington. 

One ship, four brigs, and two schooners were captured during this cruise. 



VOLUNTEERS WANTED. 

Fellow citizens of Ohio, 

At a moment like this, I appeal to your valor and patriotism. 
Major general Harrison will rendezvous a respectable force of 
Kentucky volunteers at Dayton on the 15th instant for a short 
expedition. General Harrison desires to add to his troops any 
number of volunteers from the state of Ohio, who will serve on 
the expedition thirty days. All those who will embrace this fa- 
vourable opportunity of distinguishing themselves under an able 
commander, and of rendering to the state of Ohio a valuable ser- 
vice, will in their equipments and movements follow the directions 
of General Harrison, hereunto subjoined. 

R. J. MEIGS, 

Governor of Ohio. 
Piqua, September 2, 1812. 



55 

i 

VOLUNTEERS— TO ARMS ! TO ARMS ! 

Anv number of volunteers, mounted and prepared for active 
service, to continue twenty-five or thirty days, will be accepted, 
to rendezvous at the town of Dayton, on the Great Miami, on 
the 15th instant. It is expected that the volunteers will provide 
themselves with salt provisions, and a proportion of biscuit; 
those who are unable to procure them will be furnished if possible. 
Those brave men who give their country their services on this 
occasion, may be assured that an opportunity of distinguishing 
themselves will be offered. I shall command the expedition in 
person ; and the number of troops employed will be entirely 
adequate to the object proposed. I wis'.i also to hire a number 
of substantial horses: fifty cents per day will be allowed for each 
horse which i> provided with saddle and b'idle. Those patriotic 
citizens who are unable to afford their personal assistance, will 
render essential service to their country by furnishing the horses, 
which must be delivered in Dayton on the 14th instant, to a per- 
son who will be authorized to receive and receipt for them. 

W. H. HARRISON. 

Head Quarters, Piqua, Sept. 2, 1812. 



8. W. Culbertson to Mr. Chambers, editor of the Zanesville 

Messenger, 1812. 

Mr. Chambers, 

I have just returned from Urbanna, where governor Meigs is 
at present with about 1000 soldiers. Brigadier general Harrison 
is at Piqua with 2000 Kentucky soldiers, and 2000 more in his 
rear. Harrison's presence appears to inspire every person with 
courage, and makes even cowards brave. His present conduct 
evinces a determination to retrieve the injured reputation of our 
country. He has made a most animated speech to the friendly 
natives at Piqua, who are numerous, and sueing for a continuance 
of peace. He has promised them protection, at the same time 
assuring them in terrific language, which struck terror to all 
hearts, that the name of an Indian foe should not long be known 
among us — that the American army will no longer be commanded 
by an old woman. 

Governor Meigs's late patriotic conduct and exertions appear 
to be rewarded only with ingratitude. He has ordered the 2d 
detachment of militia, which marched from this place under the 
command of colonel M'Connell, to be dismissed, having been 
called out contrary to his instructions and intentions, which must 
have been misunderstood. 

S. W. CULBERTSON. 



56 

Extract of a letter from Gov. Harrison to Gov. Shelby, dated 

HEAD QUARTERS, PIQUA, 

September 5th, 1812, 4 o'clock, A. M. 

" The British and Indians have laid siege to Fort Wayne, per- 
haps have taken it. It is their object to push on to Fort Harrison 
and Vincennes. You will, my dear sir, leave nothing undone, I 
am convinced, to relieve those places ; but it must be done with 
mounted men, who will carry the greater part of their own pro- 
visions. Miller's regiment I hope have marched from the falls ; 
it ought to be followed by a considerable force of mounted men. 
I have already detached colonel Allen, with 900 Kentucky infan- 
try, (towards Fort Wayne) he is to be joined by 700 mounted men 
that are advanced of this ; but I have been unable to move with 
the rest of the army for the want of two essential articles ; a 
small supply will be up to day, and the troops will be ready to 
march in two hours. Great God ! what an opportunity I may 
lose of avenging my country and saving the frontiers, for the 
want of a few trifling articles. However, we are amply sup- 
plied with bayonets, and our spirits are roused to the highest 
pitch. Indignation and resentment fire every breast." 



WASHINGTON, September 10th, 1812. 
SIR, 

Having been ordered on to this place by colonel M 'Arthur, 
for the purpose of communicating to the government such par- 
ticulars respecting the expedition lately commanded by briga- 
dier general Hull and its disastrous result, as might enable them 
correctly to appreciate the conduct of the officers and men, and 
to develope the causes which produced so foul a stain upon the 
national character, I have the honour to submit to your consider- 
ation the following; statement : 

When the forces landed in Canada, they landed with an ardent 
zeal, and stimulated with the hope of conquest. No enemy ap- 
peared within view of us, and had an immediate and vigorous 
attack been made upon Maiden, it would doubtless have fallen 
an easy victory. I knew general Hull afterwards declared he 
regretted this attack had not been made, and he had every reason 
to believe success would have crowned his efforts. The reasons 
given for delaying our operations was to mount our heavy cannon, 
and to afford to the Canadian militia time and opportunity to 
quit an obnoxious service. In the course of two weeks the 
number of their militia who were embodied, had decreased by 
desertion, from six hundred to one hundred men ; and, in the 
course of three weeks, the cannon were mounted, the ammuni- 
tion fixed, and every preparation made for an immediate invest- 



57 

menl of the fort. At a council, at which were present altthe 
Geld ofiict re, anil which was held two days before our prepara- 
tions were completed, it was unanimously agreed to make an 
immediate attempt to accomplish the object of the expedition. 
If by waiting two days we could have the service of our heavy 
artillery, ir was agreed to wait; if not, it was determined to go 
without it and attempt the place by storm. This opinion ap- 
peared to correspond with the views of the general, and the day 
was appointed for commencing our march. He declared to me 
that lie considered himself pledged to lead the army to Maiden. 
The ammunition was placed in the wagons; the cannon were 
embarked on board the floating batteries, and every requisite 
article was prepared. The spirit and zeal, the ardor "and anima- 
tion displayed by the officers and men on learning the near ace. m- 
plishment of their wishes, were a sure and sacred pledge, that in 
the hour of trial they would not be f.»und wanting in duty to their 
country and themselves. But a change of measures, in opposi- 
tion to the wishes ami opinions of all the officers, was adopted 
by the general. The plan of attacking Maiden was abandoned, 
and instead of acting offensively, we broke up our camp, evacu- 
ated Canada, and re-crossed the river in the night, without even 
the shallow of an enemy to injure ns. We left to the tender 
mercy of the enemy, the miserable Canadians who had joined 
us, and the protection we afforded them was but a passport of 
vengeance. This fatal and unaccountable <tep dispirited the 
troops, and destroyed the little confidence which a series of 
timid, irresolute and indecisive measures had left in the com,* 
manding officer. 

About the Kith of August, the enemy received a reinforce- 
ment of four hundred men. On the 12th, the commanding of- 
ficers of three of the regiments (the fourth was absent) were 
informed through a medium which admitted of no doubt, that 
the general had stated, that a capitulation would be necessary. 
They on the same day addressed to governor Meigs, of Ohio, a 
letter, of which the following is an extract: 

" Believe all the bearer will tell you. Believe it, however it 
may astonish you, as much as if told by one of us. Even a 

c is talked of by the The bearer will fiU 

the vacancy." 

The doubtful fate of this letter rendered it necessary to use 
circumspection in its details, and therefore the blanks were left. 
The word 'capitulation" will fill the first, and 'commanding ge- 
neral* the other. As no enemy was near us, and as the superi- 
oritv of our force was manifest, we could see no necessity for 
capitulating, nor any proprietv in alluding to it. We therefore 
determined in the last resort to incur the responsibility of di- 
:riL r the general of his command. This plan was eventually 
prevented by two of the commanding officers of regiments being 
ordered upon detachments. 

8 



;>8 

On the 15th, the British took a position opposite to Detroit, 
and began to throw up works. During that and the two following 
davs, thev pursued their object without interruption, and esta- 
blished a battery for two 18 pounders and an 8 inch howitzer. 
About sun-set on the evening of the 14th, a detachment of 350 
men, from the regiments commanded by colonel M'Arthur and 
mv>elf, was ordered to march to the river Raisin, to escort the 
provisions, which had some time remained there protected by a 
party under the command of captain Brush. 

On Saturday, the 15th, about 1 o'clock, a flag of truce arriv- 
ed from Sandwich, bearing a summons from general Brock, for 
the surrender of the town and fort of Detroit, statins he could no 
longer restrain the fury of the savages. To this an immediate 
and spirited refusal was returned. About 4 o'clock their batte- 
ries began to play upon the town. The fire was returned and 
continued without interruption and with little effect till dark — 
their shells were thrown till 1 1 o'clock. 

At day light the firing on both sides re-commenced ; about the 
same time the enemy began to land troops at the Spring Wells, 
three miles below Detroit, protected by two of their armed ves- 
sels. Between 6 and 7 o'clock they had effected their landing, 
and immediately took up their line of march : thev moved in a 
close column of platoons, twelve in front, upon the bank of the. 
river. 

The 4th regiment was stationed in the fort ; the Ohio volun- 
teers and a part of the Michigan militia, behind some pickets, 
in a situation in which the whole flank of the enemy would have 
been exposed. The residue of the Michigan militia were in the 
upper part of the town to resist the incursions of the savages. 
Two 24 pounders loaded with grape shot were posted on a com- 
manding eminence, ready to sweep the advancing column. In 
this situation, the superiority of our position was apparent, and 
our troops, in the eager expectation of victory, awaited the ap- 
proach of the enemy. Not a sigh of discontent broke upon the 
ear; not a look of cowardice met the eve. Every man expected 
a proud day for his country, and each was anxious that his indi- 
vidual exertion should contribute to the general result. 

AN hen the head of their column arrived within about five hun- 
dred yards of our line, orders were received from general Hull 
for the whole to retreat to the fort, and for the twenty-four poun- 
ders not to open upon the enemy. One universal burst of indig- 
nation was apparent upon the receipt of this order. Those, whose 
conviction was the deliberate result of a dispassionate examina- 
tion of passing events, saw the folly and impropriety of crowd- 
ing 1100 men into a little work, which 300 could fufly man, and 
into which the shot and shells of the enemy were continually 
falling. The fort was in this manner filled"; the men were di- 
rected to stack their arms, and scarcely was an opportunity af- 
forded of moving. Shortly after a white flag was hung out upon 



59 

>iie walls. A Hiiti-li officer rode up to enquire the cause. A 
niniinuiiicatioM passed between the commanding generals, which 
ended in the capitulation submitted to you. In entering; into this 
capitulation, the general took counsel from his own feeling only. 
Nut an officer \\a> consulted. Not one anticipated a surrender 
till he saw the white Hay; displayed. Even the women were in- 
dignant at >o shameful a degradation of the American character, 
and all fell as they should have felt, but he who held in his hands 
the reins of authority . 

Our morning report of that morning made our effective men 
■resent lit for duty 1060, without including the detachment be- 
fore alluded to, and without including 300 of the Michigan mili- 
tia on duty. About dark, on Sunday evening the detachment sent 
acort the provisions received orders from general Hull to re- 
turn with as much expedition as possible. About ten o ? clock 
the next day they arrived within sight of Detroit. Had a firing 
been heard, or any resistance visible, they would have imme- 
diately advanced and attacked the rear of the enemy. The si- 
tuation in which this detachment was placed, although the result 
of accident, was the best for annoying the enemv and cutting off 
hi-« retreat that could have been selected. With his raw troops 
enclosed between two tiivs and no hopes of succour, it is hazard- 
ing little to say, that very few would have escaped. 

1 have been informed by colonel Findley, who saw the return 
ef the quarter master general the day after the surrender, that 
their whole force of every description, white, red and black, was 
1030. They had twenty-nine platoons, twelve in a platoon, of 
men dressed iii uniform. Many of these were evidently Cana- 
dian militia. The rest of their militia increased their white, 
force to about seven hundred men. 

The number of their Indians could not be ascertained with any 
degree of precision ; not many were visible. And in the event of 
an attack upon the town and fort, it was a species of force which 
could have afforded no material advantage to the enemy. 

In endeavouring to appreciate the motives and to investigate 
the causes which led to an event so unexpected and dishonoura- 
ble, it i> impossible to find anj solution in the relative strength of 
the contending parties, or in the measures of resistance in our 
power. That we were far superior to the enemy; that upon any 
ordinary principles of calculation, we could have defeated them, 
the wounded and indignant feelings of every man there will testify. 

A few days before the surrender, I was informed by general 
Hull, we had 400 rounds of 34 pound shot fixed, and about 100,000 
cartridges made. "We surrendered with the fort 40 barrels 
of powder anil 2300 stand of arms. 

The state of our provisions has not been generally understood. 
On the day of the surrender we had fifteen days of provisions of 
every kind on hand. Of meat there was plenty in the country, 
and arrangements had beem made for purchasing and grinding 



60 

the flour. It was calculated we could readily procure three 
month's provisions, independent of 150 barrels of flour, and 1300 
head of cattle which had been forwarded from the state of Ohio, 
which remained at the river Raisin under captain Brush, within 
reach of the army. 

But had v^e been totally destitute of provisions, our duty and 
our interest undoubtedly was to fight. The enemy invited us to 
meet him in the field. 

Bv defeating him the whole country would have been open to 
us, and the object of our expedition gloriously and successfully 
obtained. If we had been defeated we had nothing to do but to 
retreat to the fort, and make the best defence which circum- 
stances and our situation rendered practicable. But basely to sur- 
render without firing a gun — tamely to submit without raising a 
bavonet — disgracefully to pass in review before an enemy as in- 
ferior in the quality as in the number of his forces, were circum- 
stances, which excited feelings of indignation more easily felt 
than described. To see the whole of our men flushed with the 
hope of victory, eagerly awaiting the approaching contest ; to see 
them afterwards dispirited, hopeless and desponding, at least 500 
shedding tears, because they were not allowed to meet their 
country's foe, and to fight their country's battles, excited sensa- 
tions, which no American has ever before had cause to feel, and 
which, I trust in God, will never again be felt, while one man re- 
mains to defend the standard of the union. 

I am expressly authorized to state, that colonel M'Arthur and 
colonel Findlev, and lieutenant colonel Miller, view this transac- 
tion in the light which I do. They know and feel, that no cir- 
cumstance in our situation, none in that of the enemy, can excuse 
a capitulatiou so dishonourable and unjustifiable. This too is the 
universal sentiment among the troops ; and I shall be surprised 
to learn, that there is one man, who thinks it was necessary to 
sheath his sword, or lay down his musket. 

I was informed by general Hull the morning after the capitula- 
tion, that the British forces consisted of 1800 regulars, and that he 
surrendered to prevent the effusion of human blood. That he 
magnified their regular force nearly five fold, there can be no 
doubt. "Whether the philanthropic reason assigned by him is a 
sufficient justification for surrendering a fortified town, an army 
and a territory, is for the government to determine. Confident 
I am, that had the courage and conduct of the general been equal 
to the spirit and zeal of the troops, the event would have been 
as brilliant and successful as it now is disastrous and dishonour- 
able. 

I have the honour to be vours, &c. 
LEWIS CASS, 
Col. 3d reg. Ohio volunteers. 

The Hon. William Eustis, 

Secrctnrv of War. 



r,\ 
ATTACK ON FORT HARRISON. 

FOOT BABBISON, September 10, 1812. 

SIR, 

On Thursday evening, tlie Sd instant, after retreat beating, 
four bum were beard to fire in tlie direction, where two young 
■en citizens who resided here) were making hay, about 4(»0 
yards distant from the fort. I was immediately impressed with 

the idea that they were killed by Indians, as the Miamies or 
\\ aes bad thai <\-i\ informed me that the Prophet's party would 
won be bere for the purpose of commencing hostilities ; and that 
(hcv had been directed to leave this place, which they were about 
to do. I did not think it prudent to send out at that late hour 
of the night to see what became of them ; and their not coming 
in, convinced me that 1 was right in my conjecture. I waited 
until 8 o'clock next morning, to find them, when I sent out a 
corporal, with a small party to find them, if it could be done 
without ranning toe much ri-k of being drawn into an ambus- 
cade, lie -non sent back to inform me that he had found them 
both killed, and wished to know my further order-. 1 sent the cart 
ami oxen, and had them brought in and buried ; they had been 
each shot with two balls, scalped and cut in the most shocking 
manner. Late in the evening of the 4th instant, Joseph Lenar 
and between SO and 40 Indians arrived from Prophet's town 
with a white flag, smong whom were about 10 women, and the 
men were composed of the chiefs of the different tribes that 
compose the Prophet's party. 

A Shawnee man, that spoke good English, informed me that 
old Lenar intended to Speak to me next morning, and try to get 
something to eat. At retreat beating 1 examined the men's arms, 
and found them all in good order, and completed their cartridge* 
to lb rounds per man. \- I had not been able to mount a guard 
of more than 6 privates and -2 non-commissioned officers, for 
-nine time past, anil sometimes part of them every other day, 
from the unhealthiness of the company, 1 had not conceived my 
force adequate to the defence of this post, should it be vigorously 
attacked, for some time past A>I had just recovered from a very 
severe attack of the fever, I was not able to be up much through 
the night. After tatoe, I cautioned the guards to be vigilant, and 
ordered one of the non-comini—ioned officers (as the sentinels 
could not see every part of the garrison) to walk round the inside, 
during the whole night, to prevent the Indians taking any advan- 
tage of us, provided they had any intention of attacking us. 
About 11 o'clock I wa- awakened by the firing of the sentinels, 
1 Sprang up, ran out, and ordered the men to their posts, when my 
orderly sergeant, who had charge of the block house, called out 
that the Indians bad fired the lower blockhouse, which contained 
the property of the contractor, which was deposited in the lower 
part, the upper part having been assigned to a. corporal and 10. 



Q2 

privates, as an alarm post ; the guns had began to fire pretty 
smartly from both sides. I directed the buckets to be got ready 
and water brought from the well, and the fire extinguished im- 
mediately, as it was hardly perceivable at that time ; but from 
debility or some other cause the men were very slow in executing 
my orders ; the word appeared to throw them all into confusion ; 
and by the time they had got the water, and broke open the door, 
the fire had communicated to a quantity of whiskey ; and in spite 
of every exertion we could make use of, in less than a moment, 
it ascended to the roof, and baffled every effort we could make 
to extinguish it. 

As that block house adjoined the barracks that make part of 
the fortifications, most of the men immediately gave themselves 
up for lost, and I had the greatest difficulty in getting any of 
my orders executed ; and, sir, from the raging of the fire, the yell- 
ing and howling of several hundred Indians, the cries of 9 wo- 
men and children who had taken shelter in the fort, and the des- 
ponding of so many of the men (which was worse than all,) I 
can assure you that my feelings were unpleasant. Indeed there 
were not more than 10 or 15 men able to do a great deal, the 
others being either sick or convalescent, and to add to our mis- 
fortunes, two of the stoutest men of the fort, and that I had every 
confidence in, jumped the picket and left us. But my presence 
of mind did not for a moment forsake me. I saw by throwing 
off part of the roof that joined the block house that was on fire, 
and keeping the end perfectly wet, the whole row of buildings 
might be saved, and leave only an entrance of 18 or 20 feet for 
the Indians to enter, after the house was consumed ; and that a 
temporary breast work might be erected to prevent even their 
entering there. I convinced the men that this could be accom- 
plished, and it appeared to inspire them with new life, and never 
did men act with more firmness or desperation : those that were 
able, (while the others kept up a fire from the other block house 
and the two bastions,) mounted the roofs of the houses, with 
doctor Clarke at their head, (who acted with the greatest firm- 
ness and presence of mind the whole time the attack lasted, 
which was 8 hours under a shower of bullets,) and in a moment 
threw off as much of the roof as was necessary. This was done 
with the loss of one man only, and two wounded, neither of them 
dangerously ; the man that was killed was a little deranged, and 
did not get off the house as soon as directed, or he would not 
have been hurt; and although the barracks were several times 
in a blaze, the men used such exertions that they kept it under; 
and before day-light, raised a temporary breast-work as high as 
a man's head, although the Indians continued to pour in a heavy 
fire of ball, and an innumerable quantity of arrows, during the 
whole time the attack lasted, in every part of the parade. 

I had but one other man killed, nor any other wounded inside 
the fort, and he lost his life by being too anxious : he got into one 



63 

of the gallies iii (In- bastions and fired over the pickets* and called to 
nil comrades Ih it he had killed an [ndian, and neglecting to stoop 
don n, in an instant he was shot dead. One of the men that jump* 
ed tin- picket returned an hour before day, and running towards 
the gate, begged for God's Bake it might be opened. 1 suspect- 
ed it to he i stratagem of the Indians to tret in. As I did not 
recoiled the voice, I directed the men in the bastion where I 
happened to !>•■, to shoot him, let him be who he would, and one 
oJ them fired .it him, but fortunately he ran up to the other bas- 
tion, \\ here they knew his voii e, and doctor Clarke directed him 
to lie down close to the pickets behind an empty barrel that hap- 
pened to Lie there* and at day-light I hud him let in. His arm was 
broke in a most shot king manner, which he savs was done by the 
Indian*, and which I suppose was the cause of his returning. The 
other man they caught about 1 '20 yards from the garrison, and cut 
him all to pieces. After keeping up a constant fire, until about 
'■"■> lock the next morning, which we began to return with some 
effect after day-light, they removed out of the reach of our guns. 
A party of them drove up the horses that belonged to the citizens 

here, and a* they could nut catch them verv readily, shot the 
whole of them in our Bight, as well a* a number of their hogs. 
They drove off" the cattle, which amounted to 05 head, with the 
public OXen. 1 had the vacancy filled up before night (which was 

occasioned by the burning of the block house) with a strong row 
sfpickets, which 1 got bj pulling down the guard house. We lost 
the whole of oar prot isions, but must make out to live upon green 
com until we can i^t a supply, which I hope will not be Long. 
I believe the whole of the Miamies or Waes, were with the Pro- 
phet*- part v, a* one chief gave hi* orders in that language, which 
resembled stone -eater"* voice, and 1 believe Negro-legs was there 
likewise. A Frenchman here understands their different lan- 
guages, and several of the Waes that have been frequently here, 
were recognized by the soldiers next morning. The Indians suf- 
fered smartly, but were so numerous as to take oft' all that were 
shot : they continued with us until the next morning, but made 
no further attempt on the fort, nor have we seen any thing more 
of them since. 

1 have the honour to be vours, &c. 

Z. TAYLOR. 
His excellency gat. Harrison. 



FORT MADISON, September 10, 1812. 

SIR. 

On the 5th instant, this garrison wa9 attacked by a numerous 
body of Indians. Thev began by their usual mode of sneaking 
up." One man, who had liberty to go outside upon a necessary oc- 
casion, was killed, tomahawked and scalped within twenty-five 



<)1 

paces of the sentinel who was stationed in a block house, not- 
withstanding the sentinel fired on them. 

In a little time the attack commenced with a pretty general 
discharge of fire arms on all sides — the balls and buck shot fell 
in like hail and continued until dark. They then retired. 

On the morning of the 6th, they appeared in small squads in 
every direction — a part under the bank firing into our loop holes, 
while others were employed in killing all the live stock in the 
place. At 4 o'clock P. M. they all collected under the bank of 
the river and commenced firing: at our flag; and block houses, and 
after firing about 400 shot they cut the halyards and the flag fell 
inside: a general shout was given by them as a triumph of vic- 
tory. They continued in part till after night, and kept up a fire 
while one took away the man whom they had killed, which we 
were unable to effect, as we did not know the number that might 
be there. 

On the morning of the 7th, about the first thing that presented 
to our view was the man's head and heart stuck upon sticks, the 
head painted after the manner of themselves. They kept a fire 
upon us all day, during which time a party of them set Mr. Juliean's 
houses on fire, and in a short time I discovered our boats were 
all in flames. I must confess that at this moment I felt some little 
confusion, but no alternative was left but the greatest exertions : 
we had 8 old gun barrels made into squirts, and made holes 
through the tops of the block houses, and in a few minutes we 
were able to make them as wet as if there had fallen a shower of 
rain. The little panic was soon dissipated and we felt ourselves 
again secure ; but the greatest efforts were made on the part of 
the Indians to consume us in flames. They wounded one of our 
men in |the face but not dangerous. By sundown 1 discovered 
Mr. M'Nabb's house on fire, which led me to believe that they in- 
tended to burn all. The wind had fallen. I despatched a man in 
the dark with a stick of port fire and instruments to set fire to the 
factory, which was performed. 

On the 8th, they did not make their appearance until 9 o'clock 
A. M. which was in an old stable that they had fortified the pre- 
ceding night, but were soon dislodged by two cannon shot. 

They then resumed their old station under the banks and fired 
upon us, while others continued throwing showers of fire chunks 
and arrows prepared with suitable matter to take fire, but our 
gun barrel squirts soon extinguished them. This was their last 
and longest effort which was continued until 10 o'clock at night. 
"We have not seen one since, but I fear a party hangs about to 
take the first man that shows his head. 

It is incumbent on me to give you a very particular idea of our 
situation. This garrison is in the most ineligible place that ever 
could have been chosen by any man even if he would try. The 
Indians are much better fortified than we. On the south side of 
{he river the bank affords them a complete shelter, and would take a 



65 

regiment of men a month to make it so that we could rake ir. 
On the east it is worse yet. On the west a spring run affords 
another hank which cannot he removed. On the norm a hill com- 
mands n> completely, which I know from experience, as I could 
not pass from one block house to the other without being; fired 
upon. 

Indeed, sir, the Indians have nothing more to do than toposse9s 
themselves of these places and cut off every man that" shows him- 
self outside ; fotwe must have Wood in the winter and cold season. 
The lac t is that 1 will positively evacuate this post by the \5th 
of A'oit n In r next, if there is no means taken to render the 
lives of the men more secure. The truth is, that it ought not to 
be occupied in a time of war, since it cannot be bettered in the 
place where it stands ; it ought to be moved oft' this point entire- 
ly 1 have not a yoke of cattle to provide us with a stick of wood, 
and if 1 had, I have no forage. You now will know my deter- 
mination, and I hope you will endeavour to render me some re- 
lief. 

I am, with respect yours, &c, 
T. HAMILTON, 
Lieut. 1st Regt.Lt. lnj'ij. Comg. 
Lieut. CoL 1). Bissefl 



CRUISE OF THE SCHOONER ROSSIE, October, 1812. 

Extract from the log-hunk of the Schooner Rossie, Commodore 

Barney, commander. 

July 12th, sailed from Baltimore. July 15th, left Cape 
Henry. July lrth, Bpoke ship Electra, of Philadelphia, informed 
her of the war. July 21st, spoke brig Triton, of Portsmouth, 
informed her of the war. Bpoke ship Rising Sun, of Baltimore, 
informed her of the war. July 22d, seized brig Nymph, of New- 
buryport, for breach of the non-importation law; spoke ship 
Reserve of Bath ; brig , from Lisbon to New-London, in- 
formed her of the war. July 23d, was chased by a frigate ; fired 
as shot at us ; outsailed her" July 30th, chased by a frigate ; out- 
sailed her. July 31st, took ancf burnt the ship Princess-Royal. 
August 1st, took and manned the ship Kitty; 2d, took and burnt 
the following: brig Fame, brig Devonshire, schooner Squid, and 
took the brig Brothers — put on board her 60 prisoners, and sent 
her to St. Johns, to be exchanged for as many Americans. 3d, 
took and sunk the brig Henry and schooner Race-horse ; burnt 
the schooner Halifax, manned the brig William (arrived) and 
gave the schooner Two Brothers to 40 prisoners, and sent them 
to St. Johns, on parole. 9th, took the ship Jeanie, after a short 
action : she mounting 12 guns; sent her for the United States 
9 



66 

(arrived.) 10th,"seized the brig Rebecca, of Saco, from London, 
for a breach of the non-importation law, (arrived.) 14th, spoke 
bri°- Hazard, from Cadiz, informed her of the war. 16th, spoke 
ship Hercules, from Malta, informed her of the war. lTth, 
spoke brig Favorite, from Cadiz to Boston. 20th, spoke brig 
John Adams, who had been captured and plundered by the Guer- 
riere, and let go. August 25th, seized ship Euphrates, of New 
Bedford, for breach of the non -importation law, (arrived.) 28th, 
spoke a brig, prize to the Benjamin Franklin, privateer. 29th, 
spoke ship Jewell, of Portland, informed her of the war. 30th, 
spoke schooner Ann and Mary, of New London, informed her of 

the war. September 7, spoke brig , from Providence, Rhode 

Island, in distress ; left her under care of the Revenue Cutter, of 
Newport. 9th, chased by three ships of war, a short chase. 
10th, spoke ship Joseph, from Bonavista, informed her of the war. 
10th, spoke a brig, prize to the schooner Saratoga, of New York. 
12th, chased by a frigate six hours ; outsailed her. 16th, took his 
Britannic majesty's packet ship Princess Amelia, after a severe 
action of nearly an hour, at pistol-shot distance. The captain, 
sailing-master, and one man r was killed, the master's mate and 
six men wounded. We had Mr. Long, first lieutenant, severely 
wounded, and six men (most of whom have recovered), the ship 
cutto pieces, and the Rossie much injured in sails and rigging. 
September 16th, fell in with three ships and a brig armed, ex- 
changed shot with the commodore, received an 18 pound shot 
through our quarter, wounded a man and lodged in our pump: 
continued to dog and watch the above vessels 4 days, in hopes to 
separate them, but in vain. September 23d, spoke the private 
armed schooner Globe, captain Murphy, of Baltimore, went in 
pursuit of the above vessels, but could not fall in with them. 
25th, spoke a Spanish brig bound to Porto-Rico. October 8th, 
took (in company with the Globe,) the schooner Jubilee, and sent 
her in. 9th, spoke a Spanish schooner from Palma to Porto-Rico. 
10th, chased and spoke the privateer schooner Rapid, of Char- 
leston, S. C. 52 days out, had taken nothing. 22d, seized the 
ship Merimack, for breach of the non-importation act. Result 
is, three thousand si.v hundred and ninety-eight tons of shipping, 
and two hundred and seventeen jjrisoners — valued at upwards of 
one million Jive hundred thousand dollars. 



BLACK ROCK, October 9, 1812. 
SIR, 

I have the honour to inform you that on the morning of the 
8th instant, two British vessels, which I was informed were his 
Britannic majesty's brig Detroit, late the United States' brig 
Adams, and the brig Hunter, mounting 14 guns, but which after- 
wards proved to be the brig Caledonia, both said to be wejl armed 






67 

ami nanned, came down die hike and anchored under the pro 
tection of fort Erie. Having been on the lines for some time, 
and in a measure inactively employed, I determined to make an 
attack, and if possible to get possession of them. A strong in- 
ducement tu this attempt arose from a consideration that with 
these two vessels and to those which I have purchased and am 
lilting out, 1 should be enabled to meet the remainder of the 
British force on the Upper lakes, and save an incalculable ex- 
penseand labour to the government. On the morning of their ar- 
rival I heard that our seamen were hut a short distance from this 
place, and immediately despatched an express to the officers, da- 
ting them to use all possible despatch in getting their men to this 
blai e, as I had an important service to perform. On their arrival, 
which was about 12 o'clock, I discovered that they had only 20 
pistols, and neither cutlasses nor battle axes. But on applica- 
tion to generals Smyth and Hall of the regulars and militia, I 
w ta supplied with a lew arm-, and general Smyth was so good, on 
my request, as immediately to detach 50 men from the regulars, 
armed with muskets. 

By 4 o'clock in the afternoon, I had my men selected and sta- 
tioned in two boats, which I had previously prepared for the pur- 
pose. With these boat-, 50 men in each, and under circum- 
stances very disadvantageous, my men having scarcely had time 
to refresh themselves after a fatiguing march of 5<)0 miles, I 

f)ut off from tin- mouth of Buffaloe creek, at 1 o'clock the fol- 
owing morning, and at S I was along side the vessels. In the 
ipaee of about 10 minutes, I had the prisoners all secured, the 
top-sails sheeted home, and the vessels under way. Unfortu- 
nately the wind was not sufficiently strong to get me up against 
a rapid current into the lake, where 1 had understood another 
armed vessel lay at anchor, and I was obliged to run down the 
river, by the forts, under a heavy tire of round, grape, and canis- 
ter, from a number of pieces of heavy ordnance, and several 
pieces of flying artillery, was compelled! to anchor at a distance 
of about 400 yards from two of their batteries. After the dis- 
charge of the' fust «;un, from the flying artillery, I hailed the 
.shore, and observed to the officer, that if another gun was fired 
1 would brihg the prisoners on deck, and expose them to the 
same fate we would all share; but notwithstanding, they disre- 
garded the caution and continued a constant and destructive 
lire. One single moment's reflection determined me not to 
commit an act that would subject me to the imputation of barba- 
rity. The Caledonia had been beached, in as safe a position as 
the circumstances would admit of, under one of our batteriesat 
the Black Hock. I now brought all the guns of the Detroit on 
one side next the enemy, stationed the men at them, and directed 
a fire which was continued as long as our ammunition lasted and 
circumstances permitted. During the contest I endeavoured to 
get the Detroit on our side by sending a line, there bein? no 



68 

■wind, on shore, with all the line I could muster ; but the current 
bein°- so strong, the boat could not reach the shore. I then hail- 
ed our shore, and requested that warps should be made fast on 
land, and sent on board : the attempt to all which again proved 
useless. As the fire was such as would, in all probability, sink 
the vessel in a short time, I determined to drift down the river 
out of the reach of the batteries, and make a stand against the 
flying artillery. I accordingly cut the cable, made sail with very 
lightairs, and at that instant discovered that the pilot had aban- 
doned me. I dropped astern for about 10 minutes, when I was 
brought up on our shore on Squaw island — got the boarding boat 
ready, had the prisoners put in and sent on shore, with directions 
for the officer to return for me and what property we could get 
from the brig. He did not return, owing to the difficulty in the 
boat's getting on shore. Discovering a skiff under the counter, J 
put the four remaining prisoners in the boat, and with my officers 
I went on shore to bring the. boat off. 1 asked for protection to 
the brig of lieutenant colonel Scott, who readily gave it. At this 
moment I discovered a boat with about 40 soldiers from the 
British side, making for the brig. They got on board, but were 
soon compelled to abandon her, with the loss of nearly all their 
men. During the whole of this morning both sides of the river 
kept up alternately a continual fire on the brig, and so much 
injured her that it was impossible to have floated her. Before 
I left her, she had several shot of large size in her bends, her 
sails in ribbons, and rigging all cut to pieces. 

To my officers and men I feel under great obligation. To 
captain Towson and lieutenant Roach of the 2d regiment of artil- 
lery, ensign Prestman of the infantry, captain Chapin, Mr. John 
M'Comb, Messrs. John Town, Thomas Dain, Peter Overstocks, 
and James Sloan, resident gentlemen of Buffaloe, for their soldier 
and sailor -like conduct. In a word, sir, every man fought as if 
with their hearts animated only by the interest and honour of 
their country. 

The prisoners I have turned over to the military. The Detroit 
mounted 6 six pound long guns, a commanding lieutenant of ma- 
rines, a boatswain and gunner, and 56 men — about 30 American 
prisoners on board, muskets, pistols, cutlasses, and battle-axes. 
In boarding her I lost one man, one officer wounded, Mr. John 
C. Cummings, acting midshipman, a bayonet through the leg ; 
his conduct was correct, and deserves the notice of the depart- 
ment. The Caledonia mounted two small guns, blunderbusses, 
pistols, muskets, cutlasses, and boarding pikes, 12 men including 
officers, 10 prisoners on board. The boat boarding her was com- 
manded by sailing master George Watts, who performed his 
duty in a masterly style. But one man killed, and four wounded 
bad, I am afraid mortally. I enclose you a list of the officers 
and men engaged in the enterprize, and also a view of the lake 
and river in the different situations of attack. In a day or two 



69 

f shall forward the names of the prisoners. The Caledonia be- 
longs to the N. W. company, loaded with furs, worth I under- 
stand 8 200,000. 

I have the honour to be yours, &c. 

JESSE D. ELLIOT. 
The Hon. Paul Hamilton, 

Secretary U. S. Navy. 



URBANA, October 12th, 1812. 

SIR, 

On receiving your orders of the 4th instant to proceed to 
tfac Rapids with the whole force of mounted men under my com- 
mand, whose horses were in a condition to perform the service ;I 
caused an examination to be immediately had ; and found that 
there still remained 960 men, including officers, in a condition to 
march, including also captain Bacon, and one other company, 
which left us the morning following. 

The beeves expected at general Winchester's camp, did not 
arrive so a> to enable us to draw, till the morning of the 5th. 
A good number of the men were destitute of provision the day 
you left Defiance. There being no Bower to he issued to the 
mounted men, I ordered that eight days rations of beef should be 
drawn ami immediately jerked, so as to lighten, and prepare it 
for the expedition, intending to move oft' on the evening of the 
5th. On examining our ammunition it had been found that dur- 
ing the excessive tains which fell, while you were marching us 
from St. Mary's to Defiance, it had become so damaged as to be 
entirely useless; not two rounds of sound cartridges were left 
to a man. I ordered returns made, so that each man should be 
furnished with 12 rounds. This return amounted to 4500 car- 
tridges for the musket men, exclusive of major Roper's battalion ; 
the ammunition of the rillemen having received very little dam- 
age. Quarter master Basey called on the quarter master in 
general Winchester's camp and returned without a supply. 
About 1 o'clock this day, a man belonging to Manary's company of 
rangers was killed and scalped across the Miami, within two hun- 
dred yards of our camp. 1 gave immediate orders to arms, and 
in five minutes to horse, but owing to our being compelled to 
confine our horses during the night, and graze them by day, for 
want of forage; the greater part at this moment were under 
keepers nearly one mile from our camp up the Auglaise. Con- 
ceiving from the bold manner in which the Indians approached 
our camp, that it was possible a considerable body was not dis- 
tant, I wished to form the men and proceed over the river, by 
which we should be in a situation to contend with a considerable 
force, or pursue to eft'ect a small one. In the mean time I permit- 
ted major Brush to cross over with about 50 foot to examine the 



70 

bank and see in what direction the Indians had retired ; but before 
he reached the opposite shore every horseman, whose horse was in 
eamp was mounted to follow. It was in vain I made an attempt 
to keep them back till they were formed ; they broke off* in num- 
bers from two to thirty, mostly without their officers, and crossed 
the woods in every direction : a party of 15 fell on the trail of the. 
Indians, and at seven or eight miles distance overtook them ; but 
as the Indians were superior to them, and formed, our men with- 
out waiting for a dischage from the enemy returned to camp. 
Logan, and the other Indians in our camp, were of the opinion 
that there was a considerable force of the enemy lying down the 
river, and offered to spy down. Early on the following morning 
they left our camp with instructions to proceed four miles below 
the Little Rapids, a distance of fourteen miles. They returned 
at evening, having found no trail of any size excepting the party 
which had been pursued, and those they computed at about forty ; 
that they had proceeded on towards the waters of Lake Michigan, 
and not on the direction to the Rapids. That the British and 
Indians which had fled before general Winchester, had retreated 
with apparent precipitancy, drawing their carriages over large 
logs, and tearing down every sappling that stood in their Avay. 

Scarcely had this scout left our camp, when I received the fol- 
lowing order from general Winchester : 

"CAMP, NEAR DEFIANCE, October 6, 1812. 
SIR, 

Believing it to be essential that the Indians who committed 
the murder yesterday near your camp should be pursued and 
routed, or their strength and situation ascertained, and as that 
duty can be best, and most expeditiously done with mounted 
men, you will this morning pursue their trail with a part or the 
whole of your force, and dislodge, kill, and destroy them if in 
your power. This duty performed, you can take the course di- 
rected by general Harrison. The attitude of the enemy requires 
this change in your destination, and as commander of the north- 
western army, I have deemed it my duty to make it. If you do not 
return to report you will send an officer for that purpose. 

J. WINCHESTER. 

Brig. Gen. Comdg. left wing JST. W. army 
General Tupper. 

I waited on general Winchester immediately on receipt of 
the foregoing order, informing him of having previously sent out 
a scout, and the object ot it : that the Indians had the evening 
before been overtaken seven or eight miles from our camp ; and 
their number computed at from 20 to 40 : that in all probability 
they had then advanced too far to be overtaken without a long 
pursuit : that our horses were feeble, and that I wished to pre- 
serve as much of their strength as possible for the general object 



71 

of the expedition; anil that if it was agreeable to hiin we would 
wait the return of the scout, to take such measures as were 
deemed proper on their return. General "Winchester made no 
objections to this arrangement ; at the same time I informed him 
that we had not three rounds of ammunition to a man, and re- 
quested him to order me a supply. He replied to me that he 
would order hi> ammunition examined, and would endeavour to 
furnish me a part of what was required to complete the 12 rounds. 
My brigade quarter master attended this day and returned at 
evening with information that no ammunition could be had. 
Early the following morning 1 ordered the horses for a march, 
and repaired to general Winchester's quarters, and again reques- 
ted a supply of two thousand cartridges, being about one-third 
of the quantity required ; without which 1 could not feel myself 
justifiable in proceeding on the expedition. In answer he stated 
to me, that he had but six thousand cartridges not issued ; that 
his men had but very few in their boxes ; that he had a good sup- 
ply of powder and ball, but no paper ; the latter was in the 
wagons' and expected to arrive that or the day following — and 
then directed me to return to my camp and make report of the 
actual quantity on hand, and he would then inform me whether 
he would deliver the two thousand cartridges. I hastened back 
to my camp, and gave the net essary orders for furnishing the 
return ; but in a few minutes after, received from general Win- 
chester the following order : 

General Tupper. Longer delay inconsistent with strict mili- 
tary principles cannot be indulged; you will therefore proceed 
immediately on the reconnoitering duty ordered yesterday with 
the troops under your command, except colonel Simral's corps, 
who shall return without delay to the settlement, to recruit their 
horses, agreeably to general Harrison's orders. 

J. WINCHESTER, 
Brigadier General, <§*c. 

When colonel Simral's company moved off", a large proportion 
of two companies of major Roper's battalion from Kentucky fol- 
lowed, which reduced that battalion, (being the whole force now re- 
maining from Kentucky) to less than eighty men. I was indebted to 
colonel Simral for all the cartridges he had exceping two rounds ; 
but as the most of them had been damaged and dried, they did 
not add one sound round to each man. I was on the point of 
taking up the line of march to execute general Winchester's or- 
ders, when colonel Allen, commanding a regiment of Kentucky 
troops in general Winchester's camp, came up, and informed me 
he had obtained leave to accompany me to the Rapids in any 
station I thought proper to place him, from a soldier upwards. I 
thankfully accepted his services and caused him to be announced 
as an aid. Colonel Allen proposed, that as it was general Win- 
Chester's wish that the troops should move on the direct route to 



72 

the Rapids, that none should be taken but such as would go free- 
ly. The experiment was made, when about 400 volunteered for 
the service. Scarcely had the troops moved forward from the 
ranks, when colonel Allen beckoned me aside and shewed me an 
order which general Winchester had that moment forwarded to 
him, giving colonel Allen the command of the men ordered for 
the Rapids. I requested of colonel Allen a copy of this order, 
which he declined giving. It would be difficult for me to describe 
the state of my feelings at this moment : I turned to the troops 
which had refused to volunteer, and ordered them across the 
Auglaise on the route you directed me to take, as the best calcu- 
lated to carry your orders into effect. When it was found that 
general Winchester had superseded me in the command, the 
whole force from Ohio crossed the Auglaise and refused to march 
as directed by general Winchester. Colonel Allen and major 
Brush returned to general Winchester, who assured them he had 
mistook the object of colonel Allen's request. General Win- 
chester then proposed to divide the force and have a part to move 
on the direct route to the Rapids, the other to proceed by Tawa 
towns, to unite at a certain time 12 miles above the Rapids. I 
was unwilling to consent to this measure. The force united was 
not half the number you thought necessary to order on the most 
secret route. A division of less than 500 men, to meet in an ene- 
my's country, where many circumstances might prevent their 
junction, was to me a measure I could only consent to by com- 
pulson — this measure was in the end abandoned. 

It is a duty I owe to colonel Allen, that I have not the smallest 
reason to believe, he was privy to the order of general Winches- 
ter, giving to him the command : his character, and every part 
of his conduct on that occasion, convinces me he is above it. 

The whole force proceeded to Tawa towns, where we reached 
the day following. Early on the morning of the 9th, I ordered 
the march for the Rapids, when at the distance of half a mile it 
was found our whole force was reduced to 200 men, exclusive of 
officers : the other part of the force had refused to march, and 
remained in the encampment : scarcely a man marched from the 
second battalion of colonel Findley's regiment, commanded by 
major Taylor. Manary's company of United States' rangers, both 
officers and soldiers, refused to march. 

AVhen it was ascertained that our whole force for the Rapids 
was reduced to 200 men, I called a council of the officers to 
determine whether with that force it was advisable to proceed 
on to the Rapids. 

The council considered that our force was not sufficient to 
carry the first object of your orders into effect ; that we were 
too numerous to act as a spy party, and too weak to carry offen- 
sive operations into the enemy's country ; and that it would be 
improper and unadvisable under those circumstances to continue 
the expedition. 



73 

With the then remaining; force I proceeded to this place, where 
I directed colonel Findley and major Roper, to discharge such 
men only as had continued to do their duty. 

Thus, sir, has terminated an expedition, at one time capable of 
tearing the British flag from the walls of Detroit, wherein our 
troops mi»;ht have returned with the pleasing reflection of having 
rendered their country an essential service. 

It is a duty, sir, I owe to the officers of the Kentucky forces, to 
colonel Findley and the officers of his first battalion, to say that 
thfv were zealous of pressing forward the expedition ; while the 
officers of the second battalion, commanded by major Taylor, 
with few exceptions, were shrinking from their duty, and shame- 
fully deserting the cause of their country. 

The detaching of colonel SimraL's regiment from our force 
stands prominent among the causes of our failure. Already was 
there a panic in some parts of our camp: the enemy that had 
retired at general Winchester's approach had been greatly mag- 
nified. The day succeeding the alarm general Winchester drew 
in one wing of his lines and strengthened his camp with a breast 
Work. Even this circumstance was noticed, and urged as an 
evidence, that he apprehended a force superior to his own. Thus, 
when imaginary obstacles unite with those that are real, to oppose 
the movement of a force so insubordinate, as that every man's 
will is his law, little can be expected to the officers, but a plen- 
tiful harvest of mortification and disgrace. 

It cannot be denied that at the time those men refused to 
march, that there was a scarcity of provisions in the camp ; not 
three days rations of meat to each officer and soldier remained, 
and no bread or flour. But we had found at those towns, an 
abundant supply of good sound corn, together with nearly 30 
bushels cured when green, or tossamonona. Our sufferings with 
this supply could not have been great in going or returning from 
the Rapids. 

The man whose courage and patriotism expires when his ra- 
tions are reduced, ought never to place himself between his 
country and his enemies. 

When you shall have examined and considered the whole causes 
of our failure, should doubts rest on your mind whether some 
part of it does not attach to my conduct, may I not hope, sir, 
that you will order a court of enquiry, that I may have an oppor- 
tunity of meeting an investigation. 

I have the honour to be yours, &c. 

EDW. W. TUPPER, 



Brigadier General 



Gen. William Henry Harrison. 

10 



74 

HEAD QUARTERS, LEWISTOWN, October 14, 1812. 

SIR, 

As the movements of the army under my command, since I 
had last the honour to address you on the 8th instant, have been 
of a very important character, producing consequences serious to 
many individuals; establishing facts actually connected with the 
interest of the service and the safety of the army; and as I stand 
prominently responsible for some of these consequences, I beg 
leave to explain to you, sir, and through you to my country, the 
situation and circumstances in which I have had to act, and the 
reasons and motives which governed me; and if the result is not 
all that might have been wished, it is such, that when the whole 
ground shall be viewed, I shall cheerfully submit myself to the 
judgment of my country. 

In my letter of the 8th instant I apprized you that a crisis in 
this campaign was rapidly advancing; and that (to repeat the 
same words) " the blow must be soon struck, or all the toil and ex- 
pense of the campaign go for nothing, and worse than nothing ; 
for the whole will be tinged with dishonour." 

Under such impressions, I had on the 5th instant written to 
brigadier general Smyth, of the United States' forces, requesting 
an interview with him, major general Hall, and the commandants 
of the United States' regiments, for the purpose of conferring 
upon the subject of future operations. I wrote major general 
Hall to the same purport. On the 11th, I had received no an- 
swer from general Smyth; but in a note to me on the 10th, gen- 
eral Hall mentioned that general Smyth had not yet then agreed 
upon any day for the consultation. 

In the mean time, the partial success of lieutenant Elliott, at 
Black Rock, (of which however I have received no official in- 
formation) began to excite a strong disposition in the troops to 
act. This was expressed to me through various channels in the 
shape of an alternative : that they must have orders to act ; or 
at all hazards, they would go home. I forbear here commenting 
upon the obvious consequences to me, personally, of longer with- 
holding my orders under such circumstances. 

I had a conference with lieutenant colonel as to the 

possibility of getting some person to pass over to Canada and 
obtain correct information. On the morning of the 4th, he wrote 
to me that he had procured the man who bore his letter to go 
over. Instructions were given him ; he passed over — obtained 
such information as warranted an immediate attack. This was 
confidentially communicated to several of my first officers, and 
produced great zeal to act; more especially as it might have a 
controlling effect upon the movements at Detroit, where it was 
supposed general Brock had gone with all the force he dared 
spare from the Niagara frontier. The best preparations in my 
power were, therefore, made to dislodge the enemy from the 
heights of Queenstown, and possess ourselves of the village, where 



7o 

the troops might be sheltered from the distressing inclemency of 
the weather. 

Lieutenant colonel Fenwick's flying artillery, and a detach- 
ment of regular troops under his command, were ordered to be 
up in aewoo from Fort Niagara. Orders were also sent to gen- 
eral Smyth to send down from Buftaloe, such detachment of his 
brigade as existing circumstances in that vicinity might warrant. 
The attack was to have been made at 4 o'clock in the morning of 
the 1 lth, bv crossing over in boats at the Old Ferry opposite the 
heights. To avoid any embarrassment in crossing the river, (which 
i.-. here a sheet of violent eddies) experienced boatmen were pro- 
cured to take the boats from the landing below to the place of 
embarkation. Lieutenant Sim was considered the man of great- 
est skill for this service. He went ahead, and in the extreme 
darkness, passed the intended place far up the river ; and there 
in a most extraordinary manner, fastened his boat to the shore, 
and abandoned the detachment. In this front boat he had 
carried nearly every oar which was prepared for all the boats. 
In this agonizing dilemma, stood officers and men, whose ardor 
had not been cooled by exposure through the night to one of the 
MO>t tremendous north-east storms, which continued, unabated, 
for twenty-eight hours, and deluged the whole camp. The ap- 
proach of day-light extinguished every prospect of success, and 
the detachment returned to camp. Colonel Van Rensselaer 
was to have commanded the detachment. 

After this result, I had hoped the patience of the troops would 
have continued until I could submit the plan suggested in my 
letter of the 8th, that 1 might act under, and in conformity to, the 
opinion which might be then expressed. But my hope was idle: 
the previously excited ardor seemed to have gained new heat 
from the late miscarriage : the brave were mortified to stop short 
of their object, and the timid thought laurels half won by an 
attempt. 

On the morning of the 12th, such was the pressure upon me 
from all charters, that I became satisfied that my refusal to act 
might involve me in suspicion, and the service in disgrace. 

Viewing affairs at Buffaloe as yet unsettled, I had immediately 
countermanded the march of general Smyth's brigade, upon the 
failure of the first expedition; but having now determined to 
attack Queenstown, I sent new orders to general Smyth to march; 
not with the view of his aid in the attack, for I considered the 
force detached sufficient, but to support the detachment should 
the conflict be obstinate and long continued. 

Lieutenant colonel Chrystie, who had just arrived at the Four 
Mile Creek, had late in the night of the first contemplated attack, 
gallantly offered me his own and his men's service ; but he got 
my permission too late. He now again came forward, had a 
conference with colonel Van Rensselaer, and begged that he 
might have the honour of a command in the expedition. The 



T6 

arrangement was made. Colonel Van Rensselaer was to com 
mand one column, 300 militia ; and lieutenant colonel Chrystie 
a column of the same number of regular troops. 

Every precaution was now adopted as to boats, and the most 
confidential and experienced men to manage them. At an early 
hour in the night, lieutenant colonel Chrystie marched his de- 
tachment, by the rear road, from Niagara, to camp. At 7 in 
the evening lieutenant colonel Stranahan's regiment moved 
from Niagara Falls; at 8 o'clock Mead's; and at 9, lieutenant 
colonel Blain's regiment marched from the same place. All 
were in camp in good season. Agreeably to my orders issued 
upon this occasion, the two columns were to pass over together ; 
and soon as the heights should be carried, lieutenant colonel 
Fenwick's flying artillery was to pass over ; then major Mulla- 
ny's detachment of regulars, and other troops to follow in order. 

At dawn of day the boats were in readiness, and the troops 
commenced embarking, under the cover of a commanding battery, 
mounting 2 eighteen pounders and 2 sixes. The movements 
were soon discovered, and a brisk fire of musketry was poured 
from the whole line of the Canada shore. Our battery then 
opened to sweep the shore ; but it was, for some minutes, too 
dark to direct much fire with safety. A brisk cannonade was 
now opened upon the boats from three different batteries. Our 
battery returned their fire, and occasionally threw grape upon 
the shore, and was itself served with shells from a small mortar 
of the enemy's. Colonel Scott, of the artillery, by hastening 
his march from Niagara Falls in the night, arrived in season 
to return the enemy's fire with 2 six pounders. 

The boats were somewhat embarrassed with the eddies, as 
well as with a shower of shot : but colonel Van Rensselaer, with 
about 100 men, soon effected his landing amidst a tremendous 
fire directed upon him from every point: but to the astonishment 
of all who witnessed the scene, this van of the column advanced 
slowly against the fire. It was a serious misfortune to the van, 
and indeed to the whole expedition, that in a few minutes after 
landing, colonel Van Rensselaer received four wounds. A ball 
passed through his right thigh, entering just below the hip bone; 
another shot passed through the same thigh, a little below ; the 
third through the calf of his leg ; and a fourth contused his heel. 
This was quite a crisis in the expedition. Under so severe a 
fire it was difficult to form raw troops. By some mismanagement 
of the boatmen, lieutenant colonel Chrystie did not arrive until 
some time after this, and was wounded in the hand in passing the 
river. Colonel Van Rensselaer was still able to stand ; and with 
great presence of mind ordered his officers to proceed with ra- 
pidity and storm the fort. This service was gallantly performed, 
and the enemy driven down the hill in every direction. Soon 
after this both parties were considerably reinforced, and the 
conflict was renewed in several places; many of the enemy 



?7 

tuok shelter behind a stone guard-house, where a piece of ord- 
nance arms now briskly served. I ordered the fire of our battery 
directed upon the guard-house ; and it was so effectually done, 
that with eight or ten shot the fire wa> silenced. The enemy 
then retreated behind a large store-house ; but in a short time 
the mute became general, and the enemy's fire was silenced ex- 
cept from a one gun battery, so far down the river as to be out of 
the reach of our heavy ordnance, and our light pieces could not 
silence it. A number of boats now passed over unannoyed, except 
from the one uqsilenced gun. For some time after I had passed 
Over, the victory seemed complete ; but in the expectation of 
further attacks, 1 was taking measures for fortifying my camp 
Immediately — the direction of this service I committed to lieu- 
tenant Totten of the engineers. But very soon the enemy was 
reinforced bv a detachment of several hundred Indians from 
Chippawa — they commenced a furious attack, but were promptly 
met and routed by the rifle and bayonet. By this time I per- 
ceived my troops were embarking very bIowIV. I passed imme- 
diately over to accelerate their movements ; but to my utter as- 
tonishment, 1 found at the very moment when complete victory 
Iras in our hands, the ardor of the unengaged troops had entirely 
Subsided. 1 rode 111 all directions — urged men by every consi- 
deration to pass over, but in rain. Lieutenant colonel Bloom 
who had been wounded in action, returned, mounted his horse 
and rode through the camp; a-, did also judge Peck, who hap- 
pened to be here, exhorting the companies to proceed, but all in 
vain. 

At this time a large reinforcement from Fort George, were 
discovered coming up the river. As the battery on the hill was 
considered an important check against their ascending the 
heights, measures were immediately taken to send them a fresh 
supply of ammunition, as I had learnt there was left only 20 
shot for the 18 pounders. The reinforcement, however, obliqued 
to the right from the road, and formed a junction with the Indians 
in the rear of the heights. Finding to my infinite mortification, 
that no reinforcement would pass over; seeing that another se 
fere conflict must soon commence; and knowing that the brave 
men on the heights were quite exhausted and nearly out of am- 
munition, all I could do was to send them a fresh supply of 
cartridges. \t this critical moment I despatched a note to gen- 
eral WadawQrth, acquainting him with our situation — leaving the 
course to be pursued much to his own judgment, with assurance, 
that if he thought be<t to retreat, I would endeavour to send as 
many boats as I could command, and cover his retreat, by every 
fire I could safely make. But the boats were dispersed — many 
of the boatmen bad fled, panic struck, and but few got off. But 
my note could but have little more than have reached general 
Wad-worth, about 4 o'clock, when a most severe and obstinate 
conflict commenced and continued about half an hour, with a tre- 



7S 

mendous fire of cannon, flying artillery and musketry. The 
enemy succeeded in repossessing their battery ; and gaining 
advantage on every side, the brave men who had gained the vic- 
tory, exhausted of strength and ammunition, and grieved at the 
unpardonable neglect of their fellow-soldiers, gave up the con- 
flict. 

I can only add, that th victory was really won ; but lost for 
the want of a small reinforcement. One-third part of the idle 
men might have saved all. 

I have been so pressed with the various duties of burying the 
dead, providing for the wounded, collecting the public property, 
negotiating an exchange of prisoners, and all the concerns conse- 
quent of such a battle, that I have not been able to forward this 
despatch at as early an hour as I could have wished. I shall 
soon forward you another despatch, in which I shall endeavour 
to point out to you the conduct of some most gallant and de- 
serving officers. But I cannot in justice close this without ex- 
pressing the very great obligation I am under to brigadier gene- 
ral Wadsworth, colonel Van Rensselaer, colonel Scott, lieutenant 
colonels Chrvstie and Fenwick, and captain Gibson. Many 
others have also behaved most gallantly. As I have reason to 
believe that many of our troops fled to the woods, with the hope 
of crossing the river, I have not been able to learn the probable 
number of killed, wounded and prisoners. The slaughter of our 
troops must have been very considerable. And the enemy have 
suffered severely. 

General Brock is among their slain, and his aid-de-camp mor-» 
tally wounded. 

I have the honour to be yours, &c. 

STN. VAN RENSSELAER, Maj. Gen. 

Major general Dearborn. 



EXPEDITION AGAINST THE FLORIDA INDIANS. 

NEW-HOPE, ST. JOHN'S, October 19th, 1812. 
DEAR SIR, 

I have now the honour of transmitting to your excellency, 
an account of the several engagements which have taken place,, 
between the Lotchaway and Alligator Indians, and the detach- 
ment of Georgia volunteers, under my command. As the object 
of this expedition, and the views of the persons engaged in it, 
have been misconstrued, and mis-statements, relative to its pro- 
traction, circulated, I ask the indulgence of your excellency, to 
detail every transaction, from its commencement to its termina- 
tion. I arrived upon St. John's, in obedience to your orders., 
about the 15th of August, with the whole of my detachment, 
consisting of about 250 men including officers, and with a few on 



79 

the »ick report. I immediately waited on colonel Smith, before 
Augustine, and received orders dated 21st of August, to proceed 
immediately against the hostile Indians, within the province of 
Baal Florida, and destroy their towns, provisions, and settle- 
ment-. I then returned t<> the detachment upon the St. John's, 
and made every preparation to comply with my orders, by dis- 
patching parties to procure horses, bom the few inhabitants that 
had not fled from the province, in preparing packs and provisions, 
and taking every step which 1 deemed necessary, to ensure suc- 

m tn the enterprize. In consequence of the sickness of mv- 
self, and nearly one half the detachment, the period of our 
marching was delayed until the 24th of September; and, when 
just upon the eve <>l departing, an express arrived from colonel 
Smith, informing me, that his provision wagons and the escort 
were attacked by a body of negroes and Indians, and ordering 
me t<> join him immediately, with 90 men, and bring all the 
horses and carriages 1 could command, for the removal of his 
baggage, field pieces, and >i< k ; he having only 70 men fit for 
duty. 1 marched to the relief of the colonel, with 130 men and 
25 aorseevand assisted him in removing to the block-house, upon 
Davis's creek. This service delayed, for a few days, our expe- 
dition to the nation ; and when the detachment again assembled 
upon the St. John"- and were about to commence their march, the 
men had but »ix or seven days to serve. About this time, I re- 
« lived a letter from colonel Smith, ad\ i-ing me to propose to the 
detachment, an extension of their service for 15 or 20 days 
longer, a-> the time for which thev were engaged was deemed in- 
sufficient to accomplish any object of the expedition. This mea- 
sure I had contemplated, and its sanction fiy the colonel, met with 
my most hearty approbation ; fori was unwilling to proceed to an 
enemy's country, with a single man who would declare, that in 
any event, he would not serve a day longer than the time for 
which he had originally volunteered. 

I accordingly assembled the detachment, and, after stating the 
necessity of a tender of further service, proposed that the men 
should volunteer for three weeks longer — when 84 men, includ- 
ing officers, stepped out, and were enrolled, which, with the ad- 
dition of 23 volunteer militia, sent to my aid, by colonel Smith, 
and 9 patriots, under the command of captain Cone, made my 
whole force amount to 117. With this small body, provided with 
4 days provisions, and 12 horses, I was determined to proceed to 
the nation, and give those merciless savages, at least, one battle ; 
and I was emboldened in this determination, by the strong expec- 
tation of being succoured by a body of cavalry from St. Mary's; 
and which, it has since appeared, did assemble at Colerain, but 
proceeded no further. On the evening of the 24th of September, 
we left the St. John's, marching in Indian file ; Captain Hum- 
phrey's company of riflemen in front, Captain Fort's company, un- 
der the command of lieutenant Fannin, in the centre, and captain 



84* 

Coleman's company, with Cone's detachment, under the command 
of lieutenant Broadnax, in the rear. A small party marched in 
front of the main body, and another in the rear. The openness 
of the ground (except in particular places} rendered it unne- 
cessary to employ men upon the right and left. Our encamp- 
ments, at night, (there being three companies) were in the form 
of a triangle^ with the baggage in the centre; the men, with their 
clothes on, lying with their feet pointing outwards, and their fire- 
locks in their arms. In case of an attack, the officers were in- 
structed to bring up their companies, upon the right and left of 
the company fronting the enemy, and attend to the Indian mode 
of fighting, until ordered to charge. In case of meeting the ene- 
my upon our march, Humphrey's company was instructed to file 
oft* to the right; Fort's company to advance, and form to the 
front, in single rank ; and Coleman's company to file oft* to the 
left : the whole, then, to advance, in the form of a crescent, and 
endeavour to encircle the enemy. On the morning of the 4th 
day of our march, when we were within 6 or 7 miles of the 
Lotchaway towns, our advanced party discovered a body of In- 
dians, marching along the path, meeting us, and, at the same mo- 
ment, they appeared to have discovered us. As soon as I was 
informed of it, I lost no time in giving the necessary directions 
for the companies to advance, and obey the instructions which had 
been previously given to them, and which appeared exactly 
suited to the situation in which we found the enemy. As soon 
as Fort's company (at the head of which I had placed myself) had 
advanced to its proper ground, I discovered the Indians falling 
back, and making every preparation for battle, by unslinging their 
packs, priming their riiles, and each man taking his tree. We 
continued to advance, taking advantage of the trees in our pro- 
gress, until we were within 130 yards of the Indians, when many 
of them fired, and I instantly ordered the charge, which drove them 
from behind the trees, and caused them to retire with the great- 
est precipitation, our men, all the while, firing at them, slew se- 
veral ; and, by repeated charges, drove them half a mile, when 
they took shelter in the swamp. It unfortunately happened, (I 
presume through inadvertance) that Humphrey's company in filing 
to the right, took too great a circuit, got a small swamp between 
them and the enemy, and thereby rendered the victory less deci- 
sive than it would have been, had the whole, charged together, 
and before the Indians had dispersed themselves, and extended 
their force (which they soon did) near half a mile up and down 
the swamp. The company however was of service afterwards, 
in preventing the enemy after their dispersion from entering our 
camp, retaking their baggage and provision (all of which fell into 
our hands) or falling upon the wounded that had been sent to the 
rear. The action, including the skirmishing upon the flanks, 
lasted two hours and a half — the Indians frequently attempting 
to outflank us, and get in our rear, but were repulsed by the com- 



81 

parties extending on our right and loft. We had 1 man killed, 
and 9 wounded ; 2 of which have since died of their wounds. 
TIh- Iom «it the enemy must have been considerable ;I saw 7 tall 
to the ground with my own eye, among whom was their king, 
P.t\ no : two of them fell near the swamp, the rest our men had the 
curiosit) in ->v alp. The rifle company on the right, and Broad- 
n.i\*^ on the left, speak of killing several near the swamp, who 
were borne off by their comradea ; it being a principle among 
the savages, t<> cany off their dead at the risk of their lives. We 
remained on the battle ground watching the movements of the 
Indians, who were near the swamp painting themselves, and ap- 
peared to be in consultation; all of which indicated an intention to 
renew the combat. Accordingly, halt an hour before sun set, having 
obtained a considerable reinforcement of negroes and Indians, 
from their towns, they commenced the most horrid yells imagin- 
able, imitating the cries and noise of almost every animal of the 
fnnst : their chiefs advancing in front, in a stooping, serpentine 
maimer, and making the most wild and frantic gestures, until 
thev approached within 2Q0 yards of us, when they halted, and 
commenced firing. Our men were not to be alarmed by their 
noise and veils ; but, as instructed, remained perfectly still and 
Steady behind logs and treea, until the enemy, by this forbear- 
ance, had approached somewhat nearer, when a brisk and well 
directed fire from our line, BOOH drove them back to their origi- 
nal ground. 1 would now have ordered the charge ; but, being 
under the necessity, from the extension of the enemy's line.ot 
det.i. king nearly one half of my force to protect our camp and 
wounded, [the assailing of which, is a great object with Indians,) 
I was led to contend with a force three times as numerous as my 
own. The action lasted until 8 o'clock, when the enemy were 
completely repulsed in every attempt, whether made upon our 
centre or flanks. We had two men killed, and one wounded ; 
the enemy carried off several of their men before it was dark ; 
after which, all firing (of course at random) was at the spot 
from whence the flash arose. After fighting and fasting the 
whole day, we had to work through the night; and at day -light, 
had a tolerable breast -work of logs and earth, with port holes, 
on the ground on which the battle was fought: we were reduced 
to this necessity; for, in despatching captain Whitaker about 
dark, to St. John's for a reinforcement, six more men took the 
liberty to accompany him, taking with theinour best horses : our 
pilot and surgeon, (who was sick,) was among the number. The 
two days succeeding the battle, we neither saw nor heard any 
thing of the enemy ; but, on the evening of the third day, they 
commenced firing on our work, at a long distance, and renewed 
it every day, lor 5 or 6 days, but without killing or wounding 
any of our men. After killing two or three of them, through 
our port holes, they seldom came within gunshot. Seven or 
eight days had now elapsed, since our express had left us ; hurr- 

11 



82 

ger was staring us in the face, and we were reduced to the ne- 
cessity of eating one of our horses ; we had no surgeon to dress 
the wounded, and apprehensions were entertained, that the ene- 
my would receive reinforcements from Augustine, or the Ma- 
kasukie Indians. Expecting relief every hour, I was unwilling 
to leave our breast-work, while we had a horse left to eat; but [ 
understood, from some of my officers, that a certain captain was 
determined to leave us, with his company ; and that many of the 
men, giving up all hopes of relief, talked of deserting in the night, 
rather than perish, or fall a sacrifice to the merciless negroes and 
Indians, whom they were taught to believe would surround us in 
great numbers in a few days. In this trying situation, when our 
few remaining horses were shot down by them, and the number 
of our sick daily increasing, I reluctantly assented to leave our 
works that night, and directed the litters to be prepared, to carry 
the wounded. About 9 o'clock we commenced our distressing 
march, carrying 5 wounded men in litters, and supporting two or 
three more. We had not proceeded more than eight miles, when 
the men became perfectly exhausted .from hunger and fatigue, 
and were unable to carry the wounded any farther. About two 
hours after we left our breast-works, 25 horsemen, with provi- 
sions, arrived to our relief, on a different road from the one we 
had taken ; but, from motives best known to themselves, instead 
of following us, returned to St. John's, and we were left to en- 
counter nnw difficulties ; two men that I had despatched on the 
path the horsemen came, by some means or other missing them. 
We again constructed a plan of defence, and 1 despatched ser- 
geant-major Reese, with one private, to Picolata, to learn what 
had occasioned the delay of our expected supplies ; and told 
him I should remain where I was, until I could hear from him, 
and endeavoured to procure cattle, as I discovered signs of their 
being near us. The evil genius of captain , again pre- 
vailed ; and I have since learned from captain Cone, that this 
person instigated not only him, but many of the privates, to urge 
a departure from our works, even in the day time, when I was 
convinced that the Indians, knowing our weak situation, would 
endeavour to ambuscade. This gentleman, if innocent, will have 
an opportunity of proving himself so before a court martial. 

With a burning fever on me, and scarcely able to walk, the 
march was ordered about 3 o'clock, P. M. I had directed the 
adjutant, captain Harden, to march in front, to avoid all places 
where there could be an ambuscade, and the litters should be dis- 
tributed among the different companies. Being extremely weak, 

I marched in the rear, with captain , (who carried my 

firelock,) lieutenant Fannin, and about 15 or 20 privates. We 
had scarcely marched five miles, before the front of the detach- 
ment discovered the heads of several Indians, on both sides of 
the path, from among several pine trees that were laid prostrate 
by the hurricane: the same instant, the enemy fired upon our 



S3 

advanced party, and shot down four of them ; one, a Spaniard, 
died on the spot, and two survived a few days; my negro boy 
was one of them. The moment I heard the firing, I ordered the 
detachment to charge, and the Indians were completely defeated, 
in 15 minutes ; many of them dropping their guns, and the whole 
running off, without ever attempting to rally ; four were left dead 
on the field ; and I am convinced, from the constant fire we kept 
up, that many more must have been slain, but were hid from our 
view, by the thick palmetto bushes. We lay on the battle ground 
all night, and started next dav at 10 o'clock — marched five miles, 
and again threw up breast-works, between two ponds, living upon 
gophers, alligators, and palmetto stocks, until sergeant-major 
Reese arrived with provisions, and 14 horses, when we were en- 
abled to proceed to St. John's with all our sick and wounded, 
where a gun -boat, by the direction of colonel Smith, was in 
waicing for us, which conveyed us to his camp, where we met with 
every attention that humanity or benevolence could bestow. 

I cannot refrain from here expressing the high sense I have of 
the care and anxiety which colonel Smith has manifested for the 
detachment under my command, and his promptitude in afford- 
ing every aid in his power, when apprized of our situation. My 
pen can scarcely do justice to the merits of the brave officers 
and men under my command, their fortitude under all their pri- 
vations and distresses never forsaking them. Captain Hamilton 
(who volunteered as a private, his company having left him at the 
expiration of their time) lieutenant Fannin, ensign Hamilton and 
adjutant Harden distinguished themselves in a particular man- 
ner, being always among the first to charge, and first in pursuit; 
sergeants Holt and Attawav likewise acted very bravely, and 
Fort's company in general (being always near me and under my 
immediate view) advanced to the charge with the steadiness of 
veterans. Lieutenant Broad nax showed a great deal of courage 
and presence of mind, and ensign Mann, who was wounded in 
the first action, fought well. Captain Cone, who was wounded in 
the head early in the action, behaved well, and lieutenant Wil- 
liams did himself great honour in every action, but particularly 
in the bold and manly stand he made in the night engagement. 
Sergeant Hawkins and corporal Neil, of Coleman's company, 
acted like soldiers, and sergeant-major Reese's activity was 
only surpassed by his courage; he was every where and always 
brave. Captain Humphrey's company acted bravely, particu- 
larly lieutenant Reed, sergeant Fields, sergeant Cowan, sergeant 
Denmark, and many of the privates. I can only speak of cap- 
tain Humphreys from the report of some of his men, who say 
he acted well ; it so happening he never met my eye during 
either of the engagements, while the conduct of every other 
person that I have named (except one or two) came under my 
personal observation. 



84 

The number of Indians, in the first engagement, from every 
circumstance that appeared, must have been from 75 to 100. In 
the second engagement, their number, including negroes (who are 
their best soldiers) was double our's ; and, in the third engage- 
ment, there appeared to be 50, which was nearly equal to our 
force, after deducting the sick and wounded. From every cir- 
cumstance I am induced to believe that the number of killed and 
wounded among the Indians, must be at least fifty. 

I have the honour to be yours, &c. 

DANIEL NEWMAN. 

THis Excellency David B. Mitchell. 



PITTSBURG, October 23d, 1812. 

SIR, 

I embrace this opportunity to render you an account of the 
garrison of Chicago. 

On the 9th of August last, I received orders from general Hull 
to evacuate the post and proceed with my command to Detroit, 
by land, leaving it at my discretion to dispose of the public pro- 
perty as I thought proper. The neigbouring Indians got infor- 
mation as early as I did, and came in from all quarters in order 
to receive the goods in the factory store, which they understood 
were to be given them. On the 13th, Captain Wells, of fort 
Wayne, arrived with about SO Miamies, for the purpose of es- 
corting us in, by the request of general Hull. On the 14th, I 
delivered the Indians all the goods in the factory store, and a con- 
siderable quantity of provisions which we could not take away 
with us. The surplus arms and ammunition I thought proper to 
destroy, fearing they would make bad use of it if put in their 
possession. I also destroyed all the liquor on hand foon after 
they began to collect. The collection was unusually large for 
that place ; but they conducted themselves with the strictest pro- 
priety till after I left the fort. On the 15th, at 9 o'clock in the 
morning, we commenced our march : a part of the Miamies were 
detached in front and the remainder in our rear, as guards, 
under the direction of captain Wells. The situation of the 
country rendered it necessary for us to take the beach, with the 
lake on our left, and a high sand bank on our right, at about 100 
yards distance. 

We had proceeded about a mile and a half, when it was disco- 
vered that the Indians were prepared to attack us from behind 
the bank. I immediately marched up with the company to the 
top of the bank, when the action commenced ; after firing one 
round, we charged, and the Indians gave way in front and joined 



85 

xhose on our Hanks, (n about fifteen minutes they got posses- 
sion .it" all our horses, provisions, and baggage of every descrip- 
tion, and finding the Miamies did not assist us, I drew off the 
few men 1 had left, and took possession of a small elevation in 
the open prairie, out of shot of the bank or any other cover. The 
Indiana did not follow me, but assembled in a body on the top of 
tin- bank, and after some consultations among themselves, i 
aiiTii^ for me to approach them. 1 advanced towards them alone, 
ami irai met bv one of the Potawatamie chiefs, called the Black 
Bird, with an interpreter. After shaking hands, he requested 
mi- to surrender, promising to spare the lives of all the prisoners. 
On a few moments consideration, I concludod it would be most 
prudent to comply with his request, although I did not put entire 
confidence in Ins promise. After delivering up our arms, we 
were taken back to their encampment near the fort, and distri- 
buted among the different tribes. The next morning, they set 
fire to the fort and left the place, taking the prisoners with them. 
Their number of warriors wa> between four and five hundred, 
mostly of the Potawatamie nation, and their loss, from the best 
information I could get, was about fifteen. Our strength was 
fifty dour regulars and twelve militia, out of which, twenty-six 
regulars ami all the militia were killed in the action, with two 
women and twelve children. Ensign George Ronan and doctor 
Isaac V. Van Voorhis of my company, with captain Wells, of 
fort Wayne, are, to mv great sorrow, numbered among the dead. 
Lieutenant Lina T. Helm, with twenty-five non-commissioned 
officers and privates, and eleven women and children, were pri- 
soners when we were separated. Mrs. Heald and myself were 
taken to the mouth of the river St. Joseph, and being both badly 
wounded, were permitted to reside with Mr. Burnet, an Indian 
trader. In a few days after our arrival there, the Indians all 
went off* to take fort Wayne, and in their absence, I engaged a 
Frenchman to take us to Michilimackinac by water, where I gave 
myself uj> as a prisoner of war, with one of my sergeants. The 
commanding officer, captain Roberts, offered me every assistance 
in his power to render our situation comfortable while we re- 
mained there, and to enable us to proceed on our journey. To 
him I gave mv parole of honour, and came on to Detroit and re- 
ported myself to colonel Proctor, who gave us a passage to Buf- 
faloe ; from that place I came by the way of Presque Isle, aud 
arrived here yesterday. 

I have the honour to be yours, &c. 
N. HEALD, 
Captain U. S. Infantry. 

Thomas H. Cashing, Esqr. 
Adjutant General. 



86 
AFFAIR AT ST. REGIS. 

HBAD QUARTERS, CAMP FRENCH MILLS, 

October 21th, 181 : 

On the £2d I despatched several confidential friends, to recon- 
noitre about the village of St. Regis : they returned with the in- 
formation, that the enemy had lauded in the village, and that we 
might expect a visit from them immediately. Their number wa- 
stated bv no one at less than 110, and from that to 300 ; the moil 
certain information fixed on the former number. 

It was also believed that the enemy were determined to make 
a stand at that place, and would speedily increase their number : 
this determined me to make an immediate attempt to take those 
alreadv landed, before any reinforcement could arrive. I order- 
ed the" men to be furnished with two days rations of provisions, 
with double rations of whiskey ; and at 11 at night, we marched 
with the utmost silence, that we might give as little alarm as 
possible. We took a circuitous route, through the woods, and 
arrived at Gray's Mills, at half past 3, P. M. We found here, a 
boat, a small "canoe, and two cribs of boards : captain Lyon's 
company crossed in the boat : captain M'Xeil's, in the canoe, 
and thereinainder, with our horses, crossed on the cribs. We 
arrived, within half a mile of the village, at 5 o'clock ; where, 
being concealed from the enemy by a little rise of ground, we 
halted to reconnoitre, refresh the men, and make disposition for 
the attack, which was arranged in the following order : — captain 
Lvon was detached from the right, with orders to take the road, 
running along the bank of the St. Regis river, with directions to 
gain the rear of captain Moutaigny's house, in which, and Don- 
ally's, the enemv were said to be quartered. Captain Dildeu 
was detached to the St. Lawrence, with a view of gaining the 
route of Donally's house, and also securing the enemy's boats, 
expected to have been stationed there to prevent their retreat. 
With the remainder of the force, I moved on in front, and ar- 
rived within a hundred and fifty yards of Moutaigny's house, 
when I found by the firing, that captain Lyon Mas engaged. At 
the same instant, I discovered a person passing in front, and or- 
dered him to stand ; but not being obeyed, ordered captain Hig- 
bie's first platoon to fire, and the poor fellow soon fell : he 
proved to be the ensign named in the list of killed. The firing 
was at an end in an instant, and we soon found in our possession 
40 prisoner-;, with their arms, &c. — 4 killed — 1 wounded mor- 
tally : took 1 stand of colours, -2 batteaux, 38 guns, — 40 men. 

After searching in vain for further military stores, we re- 
crossed the river at the village, and returned to camp by the 
nearest route, where we arrived at 11 A. M. — the batteaux, 
with baggage, &c. arrived a few minutes before us. "We had 
not a man hurt. I cannot close this letter, without stating to 



87 

vout en ellem v, that the officers and soldiers, lor their conduct 
on this occasion, deserve the highest encomiums ; for so strict 
h,i> their attention to duty and orders, that we entered the place 
without even being heard by the Indians' dogs. The prisoners 
I have just aenl onto Plattsburg, to await the disposition of your 
excellent \. 

I have the honour to be, yours, &x. 
G. I). VOlNl'i. 
Major, commanding troop* at French Mills. 

Ui%. GenenJ Btoomfield. 



NAVY DEPARTMENT, October 27th, 1812. 

SIR, 

I have received, with great satisfaction, your communica- 
tion of the 9th in-iiunt ; 1 have been desired by the President of 
the United States, to return to you, and through you, to the 
officers and men, under your command, in the expedition to fort 
Brie, which terminated to the glory of the American arms, his 
particular thanks. 

I am, with great respect, yours, &c. 

PALL HAMILTON. 

P. S. Your having abstained from fulfilling your intimation 
that vou would expose four prisoners to the enemy's fire, is high- 
ly approved. 

Jc^- P 1 I - jr. 

Lieut. Commanding, Black Rock. 



U. S. SHIP UNITED STATES, AT SEA, 

October 30th, 1812. 

I have the honour to inform you, that on the 25th instant, 
being in the latitude 29, N. longitude 29 30, W. we fell in with, 
and, alter an action of an hour and a half, captured his Britannic 
Majesty's Bhip Macedonian, commanded by captain John Carden, 
and mounting 49 carriage guns (the odd gun shifting.) She is a 
frigate of the largest class, two years old, four months out of 
dock, and reputed one of the best sailors in the British service. 
The enemy being to windward, had the advantage of engaging 
us at his own distance, which was so great, that for the first halt 
hour we did not use our carronades, and at no moment was he 
within the complete effect of our musketry or grape — to this cir- 
cumstance and a heavy swell, which was on at the time, I as- 
cribe the unasaal length of the action. 



88 

The enthusiasm of every officer, seaman and marine on board 
this ship, on discovering the enemy — their steady conduct in 
battle, and precision of their fire, could not be surpassed. Where 
all met m\ fullest expectations, it would be unjust for me to dis- 
criminate. Permit me, however, to recommend to your particu- 
lar notice, my first lieutenant, William H. Allen. He has served 
with me upwards of five years, and to his unremitted exertions 
in disciplining the crew, is to be imputed the obvious superiority 
of our gunnery exhibited in the result of this contest. 

Subjoined is a list of the killed and wounded on both sides. 
Our loss, compared with that of the enemy, will appear small. 
Amongst our wounded, you will observe the name of lieutenant 
Funk, who died in a few hours after the action — he was an officer 
of great gallantry and promise, and the service has sustained a 
severe loss in his death. 

The Macedonian lost her mizen-mast, fore and main-top- 
masts and main yard, and was much cut up in her hull. The dam- 
age sustained by this ship was not such as to render her return 
into port necessary, and had I not deemed it important that we 
should see our prize in, should have continued our cruise. 
With the highest consideration, 1 am, yours, &c. 

STEPHEN DECATUR. 

The Hon. Paul Hamilton. 



Killed 
Wound 


Led - 

MACEDONIAN. 

ed - 


5 

7- 


-1 since 


dead 




12 










Killed 
Wound 


36 
68 






104 





RUSSEL'S INDIAN EXPEDITION. 

CAMP RUSSEL, October 31st, 1812. 

SIR, 

This will inform you, that I arrived at this place, from 
Vincennes, after general Hopkins had marched his mounted rifle- 
men up to fort Harrison. I took with me, a part of three com- 
panies of United States' rangers, where I was joined by governor 
Edwards, with his mounted riflemen ; the whole of our strength 
amounted to 360 privates. We penetrated very far into the In- 
dian country, with an expectation of co-operating with general 
Hopkins, who, by appointment, was to meet us at the Peoria, on 
the Illinois river. In this, we were sadly disappointed, as we 



89 

could get no intelligence of his army. This prevented us from 
tiding as much damage to the Indians, as otherwise we could 
have done. As our numbers were too weak to make any delay 
in that quarter; as this was farther than any troops had hitherto 
penetrated, we ^role a march upon the celebrated Pimartam's 
town, situated about 21 miles above Peoria, and immediately at 
the he. id of Peoria lake. This was a well built town, and con- 
tained a number of Indians ; between the town and river, was a 
dismal swamp, in which they immediately flew for shelter, re- 
turning a lew scattering shots. Our men nobly pursued them 
through the swamp; and also others, as they were crossing the 
Illinois river. The men also pursued them to the opposite bank, 
and brought back some of their canoes, and several dead bodies — 
♦ lie governor states, to be upwards of 20 killed, of the enemy. 
This was a flourishing town, with an immense deal of Indian 
plunder in it, together with a great deal of corn ; all of which 
wa-. committed to the flames. I believe not less than 80 horses 
fell into our hands belonging to the enemy. Several white per- 
sons' scalps were also found among their plunder. I had the 
immediate command of the battalion, and the superior command 
was retained by his excellency the governor. On this expedition 
we were fortunate; we had but 4 men wounded, none of which is 
mortal. This tour was performed from camp, and back to the same 
place, in 13 days. 

I have the honour to be vours, &c. 

W/RUSSKLL, 
Colonel 7th JJist. Comdg. 
The Secretary of War. 



AT SEA, longitude 32, latitude 33, November 1, 1812. 

SIR, 

I wrote you on the 18th ultimo, by the British packet Swal- 
low, informing you of having captured that vessel with between 
an hundred and fifty and two hundred thousand dollars on board; 
and I now write you by a British South Sea ship, loaded with oil, 
captured yesterday, one of two ships under convoy of the frigate 
Galatea. 

The above ship is manned by the Congress, and it is now blow- 
ing so fresh, that I cannot learn from Captain Smith her name, 
having separated from him yesterday in chase of the Galatea 
whilst he was manning the" prize, and owing to excessive bad 
weather, last night, was unable to join him to day. 

I got within six or seven miles of the Galatea by sun-set, but 
the extreme darkness of the night enabled her to escape. 

With the greatest respect, I am, &c. 

JOHN RODGBRS, 

Tb<? Hon. Paul Hamilton, 

Secretary of the Navv. 

>2 



90 

SACKETT'S HARBOR, November 13th, 1812. 

SIR, 

I arrived here last evening in a gale of wind, the pilots hav- 
ing refused to keep the lake. On the 8th I fell in with the Roy- 
al George, and chased her into the bay of Quanti, where I lost 
sight of her in the night. In the morning of the 9th we again got 
sight of her lying in Kingston channel. We gave chase, and follow- 
ed her into the harbor of Kingston, where we engaged her and the 
batteries for one hour and 45 minutes. I had made up my mind 
to board her, but she was so well protected by the batteries, and 
the wind blowing directly in, it was deemed imprudent to make 
the attempt at that time ; the pilots also refused to take charge 
of the vessel. Under these circumstances, and it being after 
sun-down, I determined to haul oft* and renew the attack next 
morning. We beat up in good order under a heavy fire from the 
Royal George and batteries to 4 mile point, where we anchored. 
It blew heavy in squalls from the westward during the night, 
and there was every appearance of a gale of wind. The pilots 
became alarmed, and I thought it most prudent to get into a place 
of more safety. I therefore (very reluctantly) deferred renewing 
the attack upon the ships and forts until a more favourable op- 
portunity. 

At 7 A. M. on the 10th, I made the signal to weigh, and we 
beat out of a very narrow channel, under a very heavy press of 
sail to the open lake. At 10 we fell in with the governor Sincoe 
running for Kingston, and chased her into the harbor. She es- 
caped by running over a reef of rocks under a heavy fire from 
the Governor Tompkins, the Hamilton and the Julia, which cut 
her very much. All her people ran below while under the fire 
of these vessels. The Hamilton chased her into nine feet water 
before she hauled off". We tacked to the southward, with an in- 
tention of running to our station at the Ducks, but it coming on 
to blow very heavy, the pilots told me it would be unsafe to keep 
the lakes. I bore up for this place, where I arrived last night. 

In our passage through the bay of Quanti, I discovered * 
schooner at the village of Armingstown which we took possession 
of, but finding she would detain us (being then in chase of the 
Royal George) I ordered lieutenant Macpherson to take out her 
sails and rigging and burn her, which he did. We also took the 
schooner Mary, Hall, from Niagara, at the mouth of Kingston har- 
bor, and took her with us to our anchorage. The next morning, 
finding that she could not beat through the channel with us, I 
ordered the sailing master of the Growler to take her under con- 
voy and run down past Kingston, anchor on the east end of Long 
Island, and wait for a wind to come up on the east side. I was 
also in hopes that the Royal George might be induced to follow 
for the purpose of re -taking our prize, but her commander was 
too well aware of the consequences to leave his moorings. We 
Jost in this affair one man killed, and three slightly wounded. 



91 

with a few &hot through our sails. The other vessels lost no men 
anil received but little injury in their hulls and sails, with the 
exception of the Pert, whose gun burst in the early part of the 
action, and wounded her commander (sailing-master Arundel) 
badly, and a midshipman aad three men slightly. Mr. Arundel, 
wlio refused to quit the deck, although wounded, was knocked 
overboard in beating up to anchorage, and I am sorry to say was 
drowned. 

The Koyal George must have received very considerable in- 
jury in her hull and in men, as the gun vessels with a long 32 
pounder were seen to strike her almost every shot, and it was 
observed that she was reinforced with troops four different times 
during the action. 

I have great pleasure in saying that the officers and men on 
board every vessel behaved with the utmost coolness, and are 
extremely anxious to meet the enemy on the open lake, and as 
long as 1 have the honour to command such officers and such men, 
I can have no doubt of the result. 

I think I can say with great propriety, that we have now the 
command of the lake, and that we can transport troops and stores 
to any part of it without any risk of an attack from the enemy. 
Although the whole of his naval force was not collected at Kings- 
ton, yet the force at the different batteries would more than coun- 
terbalance the vessels that were absent. It was thought by all 
the officers in the squadron, that the enemy had more than thirty 
guns mounted at Kingston, and from 1,000 to 1,500 men. The 
Royal George, protected by this force, was driven into the inner 
harbor, under the protection of the musketry, by the Oneida and 
four small schooners fitted out as gun boats ; the Governor 
Tompkins not having been able to join in the action until about 
sun -down, owing to the lightness of the winds, and the Pert's gun 
having burst the second or third shot. 

We are replacing all deficiencies, and I shall proceed up the 
lake the first wind, in the hopes to fall in with the Earl Moira and 
the Prince Regent; at any rate I shall endcavourto prevent them 
from forming a junction with the Royal George again this winter. 
I shall also visit Niagara river if practicable, in order to land some 
guns and stores that I have taken on board for that purpose. If 
the enemy are still in possession of Queenstown, I shall try to 
land them' a few miles below. I shall have the honour of writ- 
ing you more in detail upon this subject on my return, or perhaps 
before I leave here, if the wind should continue ahead. 

I have the honour to be yours, &c. 

ISAAC CHAUNCEY. 

The Hon. Paul Hamilton, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington. 



9* 

NEW YORK, November 24th, 1812. 

SIR, 

I here avail myself of the first opportunity of informing 
you of the occurrences of our cruise, which terminated in the 
capture of the Wasp, on the 18th of October, by the Poictiers. 
of 74 guns, while a wreck from damages received in an engage- 
ment with the British sloop of war Frolic, of 22 guns ; 16 of 
them 32 pound carronades, and four twelve pounders on the 
main deck, and two twelve pounders, carronades, on the top- 
gallant-forecastle, making her superior in force to us by four 
twelve pounders. The Frolic had struck to us and was taken 
possession of, about two hours before our surrendering to the 
Poictiers. 

We had left the Delaware on the 13th. The 16th had a heavy- 
gale, in which we lost our gib-boom and two men. Half past 11, 
on the night of the 17th, in the latitude of 37 degrees north, and 
longitude 65 degrees west, we saw several sail ; two of them ap- 
peared very large. We stood from them for some time, then shor- 
tened sail and steered the remainder of the night the course we 
had perceived them on. At day -light, on Sunday the 18th, we 
saw them ahead — save chase, and soon discovered them to be a 
convoy of six sail, under the protection of a sloop of war, four 
of them large ships, mounting from 16 to 18 guns. At 30 min- 
utes past 11, A. M. we engaged the sloop of war, having first re- 
ceived her fire at the distance of fifty or sixty yards, which space 
we gradually lessened until we laid her on board, after a well 
supported fire of 43 minutes; and although so near, while load- 
ing the last broadside, that our rammers were shoved against the 
side of the enemy, our men exhibited the same alacrity which 
they had done during the whole of the action. They imme- 
diately surrendered upon our gaining their forecastle, so that no 
loss was sustained on either side after boarding. 

Our main-top-mast was shot away between four and five min- 
utes from the commencement of the firing, and falling together 
with the main-top-sail yard across the larboard fore and fore- 
top-sail braces, rendered our head -yards unmanageable the re- 
mainder of the action. At eight minutes the gaft and main top- 
gailant-mast came down, and at twenty minutes from the begin- 
ning of the action, every brace and most of the rigging was shot 
away. A few minutes after separating from the Frolic, both her 
masts fell upon deck, the main-mast going close by the deck, 
and the fore-mast twelve or fifteen feet above it. 

The courage and exertions of the officers and crew fully an- 
swered my expectations and wishes. Lieutenant Biddle's active 
conduct contributed much to our success, by the exact attention 
paid to every department during the engagement, and the ani- 
mating example, he aftbrded the crew by his intrepidity. Lieu- 
tenants Rodgers, Booth, and Mr. Rapp, shewed by the incessant 
ffre from their divisions, that they were not to be surpassed in 



93 

resolution or skill. Mr. Knight and every other officer acted 
with a courage and promptitude highly honourable, and I trust 
have given assurance that they may be relied on whenever their 
services may be required. 

I could not ascertain the exact loss of the enemv, as many of 
tin- dead lay buried under the masts and spars that had fallen 
upon deck, which two hours' exertion had not sufficiently removed. 
Mr. Biddle, who had charge of the Frolic, states that from what 
be saw and from information from the officers, the number of 
killed must have been about thirty, and that of the wounded 
about forty or fifty — of the killed is her first lieutenant and 
tailing master; of the wounded, captain Whinyates and the se- 
cond lieutenant. 

We had five killed and five wounded as per list ; the wounded 
are recovering. Lieutenant Claxton, who was confined by sickness, 
left liis bed a little previous to the engagement, and though too 
weak to be at his division, remained upon deck and shewed bv 
his composed manner of noting incidents, that we had lost, by his 
illness, the services of a brave officer. 

I am, respectfully, yours, &c. 

JACOB JONES. 
The Hon. Paul Hamilton, 

9 cretaxy of the Navy. 



FORT NIAGARA, November 25th, 1812. 
>]R, 

I beg leave to inform you that on the morning of the 21st 
instant* at 5 o'clock, a heavy connonading opened upon this gar- 
rison from all the batteries at, and in the neighbourhood of, Fort 
George, which lasted, without intermission, until after sun-down. 
They had five detached batteries, two mounting 24 pounders. 
one mounting a 9, and two mortar batteries, one of 10|, the 
other 5 \ inch. The batteries fired hot shot, which set some of 
our buildings on fire, but from the extraordinary vigilance of the 
officers and men, particularly major Armistead of the United 
States' corps of engineers, whose indefatigable exertions were 
extended to all parts of the garrison, the fires were got under 
without being observed by the enemy. 

The garrison was not as well provided with artillery and am- 
munition as I could have wished ; however, the batteries opened 
a tremendous fire upon them in return, with hot shot, admirably 
well directed. 

Several times during the cannonading, the town of Newark 

was in flames, but was extinguished by their engines, as also the 

centre building in Fort George. Their mess house and all the 

buildings near it were consumed. Captain M'Keon commanded a 

1 2 pounder in the south-east block house, and distinguished him- 



self by his usual gallantry ami skill. Captain Jacks, of the 7th 
regiment militia artillery, commanded a six pounder on the north 
block house, and together with a part of his own company, though 
placed in a situation most exposed to the tire of the enemy, main- 
tained their position like veterans. Lieutenant Rees of the 3d 
regiment of artillery, had the command of an eighteen pounder on 
the south-east battery, which was pointed at a battery en barbette, 
mounting a twenty-four pounder, and also at Fort George ; seve- 
ral well directed shot were directed from this gun, which proved 
the skill of its commander. 

About 10 o'clock, lieutenant Rees had his left shoulder bruised 
by a part of the parapet falling on him ; which, though it did not 
materially injure him, obliged him to retire, and captain Leonard, 
of the 1st regiment United States' artillery, at that moment arriv- 
ing, he took command of the battery for the remainder of the 
day. Lieutenant Wendel, of the 3d regiment of artillery, had 
the command of an eighteen and four pounder on the west bat- 
tery, and doctor Hooper, of captain Jack's company of militia 
artillery, had the command of a six pounder on the mess house 
Of these gentlemen and their commands, I cannot speak with 
too much praise ; they distinguished themselves highly, and from 
their shot, all of which was hot, the town of Newark was repeat- 
edly fired, and one of the enemy's batteries silenced for a time. 

An instance of extraordinary bravery in a female (the wife of 
one Doyle, a private of the United States' artillery, made a pri- 
soner at Queenstown) I cannot pass over. During the most tre- 
mendous cannonading I have ever seen, she attended the six 
pounder on the old mess house with red hot shot, and showed 
fortitude equal to the maid of Orleans. 

Lieutenants Gansevoortand Harris, of the 1st regiment United 
States' artillery, had command of the salt battery at Youngstown, 
mounting one eighteen and a four pounder. These two guns 
played upon the battery of Fort George and the buildings near 
it: from every observation I could make during their fire, I am 
happy to say they merited my warmest thanks for their skill in 
the service of these guns. 

Lieutenant Harris, from his four pounder, sunk a schooner 
which lay at their wharf: she was one of those taken by the 
enemy at the mouth of Genesee river a short time since. He 
also assisted in burning and destroying the buildings near the 
wharf. These two officers and their men in the warmest part of 
the cannonading, having fired away all their cartridges, cut up 
their flannel waistcoats and shirts, and the soldiers their trow- 
aers, to supply their guns. 

I cannot say too much of all the officers and soldiers of the 
artillery immediately under my observation in this garrison ; they 
merit the thanks and esteem of their country for the defence of 
it, and I believe it never sustained so sharp and continued a bom- 
bardment. The eneniv threw more than two thousand red hot 



95 

balls into it, anil a number ot shells, amounting to more than 180, 
only one of which did injury to our men. Lieutenant colonel 
Grav commanded the artillery ; the unremitted attention paid to 
his duty, proves him an officer whose zeal anil science do honour 
to himself and country; to this gentleman I feel much indebted 
for the manner he acquitted himself. To the officers of my re- 
giment (particularly captain Milligan) and the soldiers who as- 
sisted the artillery, and those employed in extinguishing the fires 
ami carrying oft' the killed and wounded, I am also much in- 
debted : they merit my warmest thanks. To doctor West of 
tht* garrison, doctor Hugan of the 14th regiment United States' 
infantry, and doctor Craig of the 22d regiment United States' 
infantry, 1 offer my thanks ; they were employed during the 
entire day in the most critical duties of their profession. 

Our killed and wounded amounted to eleven. From the num- 
bers we saw carried oft' from the enemy's batteries, I presume 
many more were killed and wounded on their side. 

Onlv two of the above men were killed by the enemy's shot, 
the real bj the bunting of a IS pounder in the south-east block 
house, and by the sponges of the guns on the north block house, 
and at the salt battery. 

GEORGE M'FEELEY, 



TJeneral Alex. Smvth. 



Lt. Col. commanding Fort Niagara. 



EXPEDITION OX THE WABASH. 

ON WABASH, NEAR THE MOUTH OF PINE-CREEK, 

November 27th, 1812. 

SIR, 

By colonel Richard Taylor, quarter master general, who 
goes on as quick as possible to Frankfort, I have it in my power 
to give you general information of the movements of the army, 
since my last. On the 11th, the army marched from fort Harri- 
son, on the road formerly made by governor Harrison's army, and 
the boats set out at the same time. The length of time the ene- 
my had expected us, made it necessary to guard ourselves in an 
especial manner. The rise of the waters, from the heavy fall of 
ram preceding our march, and some large creeks, left us no 
doubt of considerable difficulty and embarrassment; insomuch, 
that not until the 14th did we pass Sugar creek, 3 miles above 
the road. 

From every information, I had no hesitation in moving on the 
cast side of the Wabash ; the Vermillions, Pine creek, and other 
impediments on the west side, superadded to the presumption 
that we were expected, and might more easily be annoyed and 
ambuscaded on that ronte, determined me iu this measure; the 



9b 

boats too, with our provisions of rations, forage, and military 
stores, could be more easily covered and protected, as the line of 
march could be invariably nearer the river. Lieutenant colonel 
Barbour, with one battalion of his regiment, had command of 
the 7 boats, and encamped with us, on the bank of the river, 
almost every night. This so protracted our march, that we did 
not reach the Prophet's town until the 19th : on the morning of 
this day, I detached 300 men to surprize the Winebago town* 
lying on Ponce Passu creek, one mile from the Wabash, and 4 
below the Prophet's. This party, commanded by general Butler, 
surrounded the place about break of day, and found it evacua- 
ted. There were in the main town about 40 houses, many of 
them from 30 to 50 feet in length ; besides many temporary huts 
in the surrounding Prairie, in which they had cultivated a great- 
deal of corn. 

On the 20th, 21st and 22d, we weree mployed in the complete 
destruction of the Prophet's town, which contained about 40 
cabins and huts, and the large Kickapoo village adjoining below 
it, on the west side of the river, consisting of about 160 cabins 
and huts ; finding, and destroying their corn, reconnoitering the 
circumjacent part of the country, and constructing works for the 
defence of our boats and the army. Seven miles east of us, oh 
the Ponce Passu creek, a party of Indians were discovered — 
they had fired on a small party of ours on the 21st, and killed a 
man by the name of Dunn, a gallant soldier in captain Duvall's 
company. On the 22d, upwards of sixty horsemen, under the com- 
mand of lieutenant colonels Miller and Wilcox, anxious to bury 
their comrade, as well as gain a more complete knowledge of the 
ground, went on to a point near the Indian encampment, fell into 
an ambuscade, and 18 of our party were killed, wounded, and 
missing. Among these, are three hopeful young officers, and one 
private from the 8th (Wilcox's) regiment, viz : — Mars, Edwards, 
Murray, and the private Webb, presumed to be killed ; the other 
14 were of the rangers. On the return of this party, and the 
information of a large assemblage of the enemy, who, encouraged 
by the strength of their camp, appeared to be waiting for us, every 
preparation was made to march early, and engage the enemy at 
every risk ; when, from the most violent storm, and fall of snow, 
attended with the coldest weather I ever saw or felt, at this sea- 
son of the year, and which did not subside until the evening 
of the 23d, we were delayed until the 24th. Upon arriving 
on the ground, we found the enemy had deserted their camp 
before the fall of snow, and passed the Ponce Passu. I have no 
doubt but their ground was the strongest I ever have seen ; the 
deep, rapid creek spoken of, was in their rear, running in a semi- 
circle, and fronted by a bluff 100 feet high, almost perpendicular, 
and only to be penetrated by three steep ravines. If the enemy 
would not defend themselves here, it was evident they did not 
intend fighting at all. After reconnoitering sufficiently, we re- 



97 

turned to camp, and found the ice so accumulated, as to alarm us 
for the return of the boats. I had fully intended to have spent 
one more week in endeavouring to find the Indian camps; 
but the shoeless, shirtless state of the troops, now clad in the 
remnants of their summer dress ; a river full of ice ; the hills 
covered with snow ; a rigid climate, and no certain point to which 
we could further direct our operations ; under the influence of the 
advice of every field and statt* officer, orders were given, and 
measures pursued for our return, on the 25th. We are now pro- 
gressing to fort Harrison, through the ice and snow, where we 
expect to arrive on the last day of this month. 

From Vincennes I shall have the honour of addressing your ex- 
cellency again : but, before I close this, I cannot forbear express- 
ing the merits of the officers and soldiers of this command. After 
leaving at fort Harrison all unfit for duty, we had in privates of 
every corps, about 1000 — in the total, 1250 or thereabout. At the 
Prophet's town, upwards of 100 of these were on the sick report. 
Yet, sir, have we progressed in such order as to menace our enemy, 
from any annoyance. Seven large keel boats have been covered 
and protected, to a point hitherto unknown in Indian expeditions. 
Three large Indian establishments have been burnt and destroy- 
ed, with near three miles of fence, (and all the corn, &c. we could 
find,) besides many smaller ojjes ; the enemy have been sought 
in their strong holds, and every opportunity afforded them to 
attack or alarm us ; a march on the east side of the Wabash, 
without road, or recognizance of the country, fully 100 miles 
perfected ; and this was done with a naked army of infantry, 
aided by only abuut fifty rangers and spies : all this will have 
been done in twenty days — no sigh, no murmur, no complaint. 

I have the honour to be, yours, &c. 

SAMUEL HOPKINS. 

His excellency Gov. Shelby. 



CAMP, NEAR BUFF ALOE, December 4th, 1812. 

SIR, 

The troops, under my command, having been ordered to hut 
themselves for the winter, it becomes my duty to report to you 
the proceedings had here, since I took command on this frontier. 

On or about the 26th of October, 1 ordered that 20 scows should 
be prepared for the transportation of cavalry and artillery, and 
put the carpenters of the army upon that duty. By the 26th 
November, ten scows were completed ; and by bringing boat9 
from lake Ontario, the number was increased to seventy. 

I had issued an address to the men of New York; and per- 
haps 300 volunteers had arrived at Buffaloe. I presumed that 
the regular troops, and the volunteers, under colonels Smith and 
M'Clure, would furnish 2,300 men for dutv ; aud, of general 

13 



9$ 

Tannehill'8 brigade, reporting a total of 1,650, as many as 413 
hail volunteered to cross into Canada. I deemed myself ready 
" to cross with 5,000 men at owce," according to your orders. 
Preparatory thereto, on the night of the 27th of November, I 
sent over two parties ; one under lieutenant colonel Boerstler ; 
the other under captain King, with whom lieutenant Angus, of 
the navy, at the head of a body of seamen, united. 

The iirst mentioned party was to capture a guard and destroy 
a bridge, about five miles below fort Erie ; the second party were 
to take, and render useless, the cannon of the enemy's batteries, 
and pieces of light artillery. The first party made some pri- 
soners, but tailed to destroy the bridge. The second party, after 
rendering unserviceable the light artillery, separated by some 
misapprehension. Lieutenant Angus, the seamen, and part of 
the troops returned, with all the boats, while captain King, cap- 
tain Morgan, captain Sproul, Lieutenant Houston, and about 
sixty men, remained. Captain King, notwithstanding, with those 
under his command, advanced to the enemy's batteries, attacked 
and took two of them in succession, rendered unserviceable the 
cannon, and took a number of prisoners. In descending the 
Niagara some distance, two boats were found, on board of which 
captain King sent his prisoners, all his officers and half his men ; 
his high sense of honour would no^t allow him to quit the remain- 
der — he was captured with them. 

Orders had been given, that all the troops in the neighbourhood 
should march atrevellie to the place of embarkation. A part of 
the detachment sent in the night, having returned, and having 
excited apprehensions for the residue, about 850 men, under col- 
onel Winder, put off in boats, for the opposite shore ; a part of this 
force had landed, when a superior force, with a piece of artillery 
appeared : — a retreat was ordered, and colonel Winder's detach- 
ment suffered a loss of six killed, and 22 wounded ; of whom, 
three were officers. The general embarkation commenced as 
the troops arrived ; but this being the first time the troops had 
embarked, the whole of the scows were occupied bv about one- 
third part of the artillery ; while about 800 regular infantry, 
something upwards of 200 twelve month's volunteers, and per- 
haps 200 of those militia who had volunteered their services for 
a few days, occupied all the boats that were ready. The troops 
then embarked, moved up the stream to Black Rock, without sus- 
taining loss from the enemy's fire. It was now the afternoon, 
and they were ordered to disembark, and dine. The enemy 
showed a force, estimated at five or six hundred men, drawn up 
in a field, at sdme distance from the river; and had one piece of 
artillery, said to be a nine pounder, ready <o fire on our troops. 

There remained, unembarked, a part of the artillery; a few 
cavalry; the volunteers under colonel M'Clure, amounting, on 
that day, to 540 men; a detachment from general Tannehill's 
brigade, (number unknown, and little relied on;) there were also 



99 

sundry crowds who might perhaps have followed the army, if it 
was successful. 

Recollecting your instructions " to cross with 3,000 men at 
once," and to consult some of my principal officers in " all im- 
portant movements," I called for the field officers of the regular 
and twelve month's volunteers embarked ; colonel Porter not 
being found at the moment, captain Gibson was called, as the 
next senior officer of artillery. These questions were put: — 
"Is it expedient now to cross over? Is the force we have, suffi- 
cient to conquer the opposite coast ?" The first question was 
decided in the negative, by colonels Parker, Schuyler, Winder, 
lieutenant colonels Boerstler and Coles, and major Campbell. 
Colonel Swift, of the volunteers, alone gave an opinion for then 
crossing over. The second question was not decided : colonel 
Parker, colonel Schuyler, lieutenant colonel Coles, and major 
Campbell, were decidedly of opinion that the force was insuffici- 
ent. Colonels Winder and Smith, lieutenant colonel Boerstler, 
and captain Gibson, deemed the force sufficient. I determined 
to postpone crossing over, until more complete preparation would 
enable me to embark the whole force at once, according to your 
instructions. The next day was spent in such preparations, and 
the troops were ordered to be again at the place of embarkation, 
at 8 o'clock on the morning of the 30th November. On their 
arrival they were sent into the adjacent woods, there to build 
fires, and remain until 3 o'clock in the morning of the 1st of 
December, when it was intended to put off two hours before day- 
light, so as to avoid the fire of the enemy's cannon, in passing the 
position which it was believed they occupied below ; to land above 
Chippewa, assault that place, and, if successful, march through 
Queenstown, to fort George. The contractor was called on 
to furnish rations for 2500 men, for four days ; when it was 
found, he could furnish the pork, but not the flour ; sixty barrels 
were required, and only thirty furnished. The embarkation 
commenced ; but was delayed by circumstances, so as not to be 
completed until after day-light, when it was found, the regular 
infantry, 688 men, the artillery, 177 men, colonel Swift's volun- 
teers, about 230, six companies of federal volunteers, amounting 
to 276 men, about 100 militia, of colonel Dobbins's regiment, and 
a few men in a boat with Mr. P. B. Porter, contractor's agent, 
who was to pilot the enterprise, had embarked ; the whole on 
board, without the commissioned officers, being 1500 men ; and it 
was now two hours later than the time fixed on for setting out. 

There were some groups of men not yet embarked. They 
were applied to, requested, and ordered, by the brigade major, to 
get into the boats ; they did not. He estimated their number at 
150 : it was probably greater. 

It then became a question, whether it was expedient to invade 
Canada, in open day-light, with 1500 men, at a point where no 
reinforcement could be expected for some days. I saw the num- 



100 

ber of regular troops was declining rapidly. I knew that on 
them I was chiefly to depend. 

I called together officers commanding corps of the regular 
army. Colonel Parker being sick, those present were colonel 
Porter, of the artillery, colonel Schuyler, colonel Winder, and 
lieutenant colonel Coles. I put to them this question : — " Shall we 
now proceed ?" They unanimously decided that we ought not. 
I foresaw that the volunteers, who had come out for a few days, 
would disperse. Several of them had on the evening of the 25th 
broken their muskets, because they had not seen a battle ; I 
foresaw that the number of regular troops would decrease ; the 
measles had affected them generally ; the constant use of fresh 
meat had produced dysenteries, and they were now in tents, in 
the month of December. 1 informed the officers, that the 
attempt to invade Canada would not be made, until the army was 
reinforced, and directed them to withdraw their troops, and cover 
them with huts immediately. The volunteers and neighboring 
people were dissatisfied, and it has been in the power of the 
contractor's agent to excite some clamor against the course pur- 
sued ; he finds the contract a losing one, at this time, and would 
wish to see the army in Canada, that he might not be bound to 
supply it. 

I am sorry that the situation of the force under my command, 
had not been such, as to make the propriety of a forward 
movement obvious to all. Circumstanced as we were, I have 
thought it my duty to follow the cautious counsels of expe-r 
rience, and not by precipitation, to add another to the list of our 
defeats. 

You will perceive my motives by my letter of the 30th Octo- 
ber, wherein I said " 1 would cross in three days, if I had the 
means; without them, it would be injustice to the nation and 
myself, to attempt it. — I must not be defeated." 

Allow me to recommend to your attention, and that of the 
Secretary of War, captain W. King of the 15th regiment infan- 
try, as an officer of the first class. His dauntless bravery, refined 
mind, high sense of honour, and ambition to distinguish himself, 
render lum a fit subject for promotion -, and \m is perhaps the 
best disciplinarian in the army. I have, a wife and children ; I have 
not seen them for fourteen months ; I ask permission now to 
visit them. 

I have the honour to be yours, &c. 

ALEXANDER SMYTH, 

Brigadier General. 

Major General Dearborn. 



lei 

General Smyth to a committee of the patriotic citizens of the 
western counties of New Fork. 

CAMP NEAR BUFFALOE, December 3d, 1812. 

Gentlemen, 

Your letter of December 2d is before me ; and I answer it 
in the following manner : 

On the 26th October, I ordered that 20 scows should be pre- 
pared for the transportation of artillery and cavalry, and put the 
carpenters of the army upon that duty. 

By the 26th of November, 10 scows were completed, and by 
bringing some boats from lake Ontario, above the falls of Niagara, 
the number was increased to seventy. 

I had on the 26th of November, issued an address to the men 
of New York, and perhaps 300 had arrived at Buft'aloe. I pre- 
sumed that the regular troops, and the volunteers under colonels 
Swift and M'Clure, would furnish 2,300 men for duty ; and of 
general Tannehill's brigade (from Pennsylvania) reporting a total 
of 1,650, as many as 413 had volunteered to cross into Canada. 
My orders were to " cross with 3,000 men at once." I deemed 
myself ready to fulfil them. 

Preparatory thereto, on the night of the 27th November, I sent 
•ver two parties, one under lieutenant colonel Boerstler, the other 
under captain King, with whom lieutenant Angus, of the navy, at 
the head of a body of seamen, united. The first was to capture 
a guard, and destroy a bridge about five miles below fort Erie ; the 
second were to take and render useless the cannon of the ene- 
my's batteries, and some pieces of light artillery. The first 
party failed to destroy the bridge ; the second, after rendering 
unserviceable the light artillery, separated by some misapprehen- 
sion. Lieutenant Angus, the seamen, and part of the troops, 
returned with all the boats ; while captain King, captain Morgan, 
captain Sproul, lieutenant Houston, and about sixty men remain- 
ed. The party thus reduced, attacked, took, and rendered unser- 
viceable two of the enemy's batteries, captured thirty-four prison I 
ers, found two boats, in which captain King sent the prisoners 
and about half his party with the other officers; he himself 
remaining with 30 men whom he would not abandon. 

Orders had been given, that all the troops in the neighbourhood 
should march, at revellie, to the place of embarkation. A part 
of the detachment sent in the night having returned and excited 
apprehensions for the residue, about 250 men, under the command of 
colonel Winder, suddenly put off in boats for the opposite shore ; 
a part of this force had landed, when a force deemed superior, 
with one piece of artillery, was discovered ; a retreat was ordered ; 
and colonel Winder's detachment suffered a loss of six killed and 
nineteen wounded, besides some officers. 

The general embarkation commenced as the troops arrived ; but 
this being a first embarkation, the whole of the scows were occu- 



102 

pied by about one third of the artillery, while about 800 regular 
infantry, about 200 twelve month's volunteers, under colonel Swift, 
and about 200 of the militia who had volunteered their services 
for a few days, occupied all the boats that were ready, the troops 
then embaked, moved up the stream to Black Rock without loss ; 
they were ordered to disembark and dine. 

I had received from my commanding general an instruction 
in the following words — " In all important movements you will, I 
presume, consider it advisable to consult some of your principal 
officers." I deemed this equivalent to an order ; and the move- 
ment important. I called for the field officers of the regulars, 
and twelve month's volunteers embarked. Colonel Porter was 
not found at the moment. These questions were put — Is it expe- 
dient NOJV to cross over? Is the force we have sufficient to con- 
quer the opposite coast ? 

The first question was decided in the negative by colonel 
Parker, colonel Schuyler, colonel Winder, lieutenant colonel 
Boerstler, lieutenant colonel Coles, and major Campbell. Colonel 
Swift, of volunteers, alone gave an opinion for then crossing over. 
The second question was not decided. Colonel Parker, colonel 
Schuyler, lieutenant colonel Coles, and major Campbell, were 
decidedly of opinion that the force was insufficient. Colonel 
Winder, colonel Swift, lieutenant colonel Boerstler, and captain 
Gibson, deemed the force sufficient. 

I determined to pospone crossing over until more complete 
preparation would enable me to embark the whole force at once, 
the course prescribed by my orders. The next day was spent in 
such preparation, and the troops were ordered to be again at the 
place of embarkation at 8 o'clock in the morning of the 30th 
November. On their arrival they were sent into the adjacent 
woods, there to build fires, and remain until 3 o'clock in the 
morning of the 1st of December; when it was intended to put 
oft* two hours before day-light, so as to avoid the fire of the ene- 
my's cannon in passing the position which it was believed they 
occupied below, to land above Chippeway, assault that place, and 
if successful, march through Queenstown for Fort George. For 
this expedition the contractor was called on to furnish rations for 
2,500 men for four days, when it was found he could furnish the 
pork but not the flour'; the deputy quarter master called for 60 
barrels and got but 30. 

The embarkation commenced, but was delayed by circum- 
stances so as not to be completed until after day-light, when it was 
found the regular infantry, 688 men, the artillery, 177 men, 
Swift's volunteers estimated at 23, six companies of federal 
volunteers under captains Collins, Phillips, Allison, Moore, Ma- 
ther and Marshall, amounting to 276 men, commanded by lieu- 
tenant colonel M'Clure, 100 men of colonel Dobbin's militia, and 
a few men in a boat with general P. B. Porter, had embarked, the 
whole on board amounting, exclusive of officers, to 1,466 men ; 



103 

or thereabouts, and it was now two hours later than had been 
contemplated. 

There were some groups of men not yet embarked ; they were 
applied to, requested, and ordered by the brigade major to get 
into the boats ; they did not. The number of these the brigade 
major estimated at about 150. It was probably greater. 

It then became a question, whether it was expedient to invade 
Canada in open day-light, with 1,500 men, at a point where no 
reinforcements could be expected for some days. I saw that the 
number of regular troops was declining rapidly. I knew that on 
them chiefly I was to depend. 

I called together the officers commanding corps of the regular 
army. Colonel Parker being sick, those present were, colonel 
Porter of the artillery, colonel Schuyler, colonel Winder, and 
lieutenant colonel Coles. 

I put to them this question: shall we proceed? They unani- 
mously decided that we ought not. 

I foresaw that the volunteers, who had come out for a few days, 
would disperse — several of them had on the evening of the 28th, 
broke their muskets. I foresaw that the number of the regular 
troops would decrease ; measles, and other diseases, being among 
them ; and they were nOw in tents, in the month of December. 
I informed the officers that the attempt to invade Canada would 
not be made, until the army was reinfoixed ; directed them to 
withdraw their troops, and cover them with huts immediately. 

You say that on Saturday every obstruction was removed, and 
that a landing might have been effected " without the loss of a single 
man." This proves you unacquainted with the occurrences of 
the day. Colonel Winder, in retiring from the enemy's shore in 
the morning, lost a tenth part of his force, in killed and wounded. 
The enemy showed no more than 5 or 600 men, as estimated by 
colonel Parker, and one piece of artillery, supposed a 9 pounder. 
That force, we, no doubt, might have overcome, but not without 
loss ; and that, from the great advantage the enemy would have 
had, might have been considerable. 

To recapitulate. — My orders were to pass into Canada with 
3000 men at once. On the first day of embarkation not more 
than 1,400 men were embarked, of whom 400, that is, half of the 
regular infantry, were exhausted with fatigue, and want of rest. On 
the second embarkation, only 1,500 men were embarked, and these 
were to have put ofFimmediately, and to have descended the river 
to a point where reinforcements were not to be expected. On 
both days many of the regular troops were men in bad health, 
who could not have stood one day's march; who, although they 
were on the sick report, were turned out by their ardent officers. 

The affair at Queenstown is a caution against relying on crowds, 
who go to the banks of Niagara, to look at a battle as on a the- 
atrical exhibition ; who, if they are disappointed at the sights, 



104 

break their muskets; or if they are without rat-* 'i for a day, 
desert.* 

I have made you this frank disclosure, wit 1 at admitting your 
authority to require it, under the impression that you are patriotic 
and candid men ; and that you will not consure me for follow- 
ing the cautious counsels of experience ; nor join in the sense- 
less clamor excited against me by an interested man. 

I have some reason to believe that the cautious counsel given 
by the superior officers of my command, was good. From desert- 
ers, we learn that 2,314 rations are issued daily on the frontiers 
on the British side. Captain ^ng, prisoner at Fort George, writes 
to an officer thus — " tell our friends to take better care of them- 
selves than it appears I have doneP 

I am, gentlemen, with great respect, yours, &c. 

ALEXANDER SMYTH. 

Brigadier General. 

To Messrs. George M'Clure, Lewis Birdsall, John Griffin, and William B. 
Rochester, a committee from the patriotic citizens of the western counties 
of New York. 

P. S. It will be observed that the force ready could be no other- 
wist ascertained than by an actual embarkation, it being uncertain 
what portion of the volunteer force would embark. 



CAMP, ON M1SSISSINEWAY, 

Two miles above Silver Heels, December 12th, 1812. 

BEAR GENERAL, 

After a fatiguing march of three days and one night from 
Greenville, I arrived with the detachment under my command 
at a town on the Mississinewa, thought by the spies to be Silver 
Heel's town; but proved to be a town settled by a mixture of 
Delaware and Miami Indians. 

About 8 o'clock on the morning of the 17th, a charge was made 
upon the town, when many fled over the river, others surrendered ; 
those who fled made resistance after crossing, by firing across the 
river. Thirty-seven prisoners are taken, whom I shall bring in 
with me, including men, women and children ; seven warriors 
were killed. After disposing of the prisoners, I marched a detach-^ 
ment down the river, and burned three villages without resistance. 
I then returned and encamped on the ground where stood the first 
village attacked. 

This morning about day -light, or a little before, my camp was 
attacked by a party of Indians (the number unknown, but supposed 
to be between 2 and 300) on my right line, occupied by major 

* Six hundred of general Tannehill's brigade deserted in twenty-four 
hours. A court martial of this brigade have fined a man twelve awl an h<i{f 
cents for the crime of desertion ! 



105 

Ball's 9quai>. . who gallantly resisted them for about three quar- 
ters of an hour, "n the Indians retreated, after being most gal- 
lantly charged ' tain Trotter, at the head of his troop of caval- 
ry. We Los action, one killed and one wounded (by 
accident the U e action of this morning, we have eight 
killed and a ive or forty wounded. Not having yet 

? often a repi i abfe to state the number exactly. The 

ndians havt 1'oiiv killed, from the discoveries now 

made ; the - at present ascertaining the number. I 

have sent to < for a reinforcement, and send you this 

hasty sketch. i il report sljj|i be hereafter made known 

to you, notit i rly those companies and individuals who 

have distingui m elves signally. 

I anticipate tack before I reach Greenville, but rest 
assured, my i , that they shall be warmly received. I 
have a detach >sed of the bravest fellows, both officers 
and soldiers, *he world. Our return will be commenced this 
morning. A our - tiled, I have to deplore the loss of the 
brave captai'> r /ieu tenant Waltz., of captain Markle'9 
troop of ca% mortally wounded. Their gallant con- 
duct shall be . .'after. 

with the greatest respect and esteemj 

JOHN B. CAMPBELL, 

Lt. Col. 19th Reg. U. S. Infantry. 

General W. II lain 

Comma ■ .amy. 



GENE: vl. I . PORTER TO THE PUBLIC. 

In week, I promised to give an account of 

so - pron iMit transactions of the 28th of November 

and Istof D iving since that time, received from gene- 

ral - hich, as a man of honor, I am bound to 

bel ; pursued by him on those days, was such 

as >va» reqt i ders and instructions from the Secretary 

of V a. nerai u^arborn, this communication will assume 
ach. quite different from the one then contemplated. lam 

pl< • w:ver, to the public, to give facts, which I shall pro- 

ce iout comment; leaving it to time to develope the 

obj ilary movements which have appeared to me and 

oth »nly extraordinary, but inexplicable. 

I »f November there were collected at this point a 

•nil t about 4,500 effective men; consisting of. regular 

tro York, Pennsylvania, and Baltimore volunteers, all 

under the command of general Smyth. There, were lying at the 

14 



106 

'Navy Yard near Black Rock, which had been nrrviously prepared 

for the purpose of transporting the troops a r — 

TO public boats calculated to cany 40 men ea - 2800 

5 long- boats belonging to individuals, but } .ken 

into the public service, calculated to car: i - - 500 

10 scows for artillery, and 25 men each - - - 250 



3550 



besides a number of small boats. 

At 2 o'clock on that day, I received a .. ■ ieral Smyth's 

order for the march of all the troops, tie 9 , morning at 

re\ ellie, to the Navy Yard, to embark , immediately 

gave orders for the New York volun ' been placed 

under my command, to parade at 4 o'< lock in th ruing at their 
encampment about one and a half i he Navy Yard. 

In the evening, I learnt that the p >:'ed in general 

Smyth's despatch, were to cross tin * lock at night, 

to attack the enemy's batteries opp Rock. General 

Smyth not being here, I waited onli i is, and suggest 

ed to him the propriety (if within th orders) of post- 

poning the enterprize until nearly i e as little time 

as possible, before the passage of the enemy's troops 

to collect from their stations down th landed at three 

in the morning, under a severe fire and grape shot 

from two pieces of flying artillery. Lai \ngus, with our 

little band of sailors, assisted by capl id a few of his 

party, attacked the principal force , consisting of 

about 100, at the Red House (theseamei . with their pikes 

and swords, against muskets and bayoi tied them in all 

directions. Captain Dox, who too led part in this 

aftair, was severely wounded. Afte ha d destructive en- 

gagement, the enemy was complf .• , the two field 

pieces spiked, and the house in which t) * pn.rtered 

The seamen returned to our shore, I ir ivou i 1 

several prisoners. Out of 12 naval • in trkei in this 

enterprize, nine of them, with m< tK re 

killed or wounded. If bravery be- the era ide of a 

country be due to those who gallan i 1 • its 

rights, the government will make ample and bono . a!>-< -ion 

for the heirs of those brave tars who fell on this p .veil 

as for those who survived. Captain King proceeded to and 

dismount the guns in the batteries. Lieutenant i >lonel B stler 
dispersed the enemy lower down the river, ta' nun >er of 

prisoners. 

By sun-rise in the morning, most of the troop; at the 

place of embarkation, and the day was fine, iiii -500 ot 

the volunteers who had rallied under general Smyth's invitation, 
well armed and provided, and in high spirits ; about 150 more, 
who came in the evening before, were at Buft'aloe drawing their 
arms and ammunition, with orders to join us as soon as possible. I 



107 

stationed my men as instructed by general Smyth, in a field at tile 
Navy Yard, with directions to wait for further orders. The parties 
who had crossed in tlie night, aided by our batteries, which at day - 
light opened a powerful and well directed fire, and a piece of light 
artillery on the island, under charge of captain Gibson, had driven 
every thing from the opposite shore. Colonel Winder, an officer 
of great intelligence, zeal and bravery, under the mistaken appre- 
hension that the party under lieutenant colonel Boerstler were in 
danger of being cut off, made an unsuccessful attempt (though his 
own boat landed) to land 250 men ata difficult point down the river, 
and had returned as stated by general Smyth. The general em- 
barkation now commenced, but it went on so tardily, that at 12 
o'clock, the whole of the regular troops, and colonel Swift's regiment, 
were not in boats. A considerable number of boats were lying on the 
shores of the river and creek, having been thrown up bv the high water 
of the preceding day. Several were in the creek half filled with 
water and ice. I called on general Smyth and proposed to occupy 
part of these boats with my volunteers, many of whom were 
impatient to embark. Being, however, at this moment informed 
by colonel Porter, that the boats which had been used by colonel 
Winder were lying about a mile below, major Chapin and myself, 
with about 30 men, went down the shore, brought up five boats, 
filled them with men, and arrived at Black Rock, the point at 
which it was proposed to put off, as soon as any of the regular 
troops. About 2 o'clock, all the troops, which it appeared were 
intended to be crossed at first, collected in a group of boats at 
Black Rock under the cover of our batteries. I have seen no offi- 
cial account of the number of men in the boats. My opinion w r as 
that the number exceeded 2,000. Most men of observation who 
were present, estimated it at 2,600 ; the men were in fine spirits, 
and desirous of crossing. 

General Tannehill's volunteers, colonel F. M'Clure'9 regiment, 
some riflemen, cavalry, &c. amounting to about 2,000, were still 
paraded on the shore, and, as 1 am informed, were ready to cross. 
Several boats of sufficient capacity to carry about 1000 men, were 
still lying at the Navy Yard unoccupied. I have not been able 
to learn that any order or request was made for the embarkation 
of the troops, other than the regulars, of colonel Swift's regiment. 
The enemv, estimated at about 500, were drawn up in a line about 
half a mile from the river. 

After remaining in the boats till late in the afternoon, an order 
was received to disembark. It produced among the officers and 
men generally great discontent and murmuring, which was, how- 
ever, in some degree allayed by assurances that the expedition 
was only postponed for a short time, until our boats could be bet- 
ter prepared. 

On Sunday another order was issued by general Smyth, for the 
march of the troops to the Navy Yard, to embark at 9 o'clock on 
Monday morning. I was at Buffaloe when it was received, and 
fWnd that it was generally, as to time and manner, disapproved 



103 

by the officers of the volunteers. I saw general Smyth in the even- 
ing at Black Rock, with colonel Winder, and stated my objections 
to his plan. The enemy had remounted his guns on the batteries, 
so as to render it inexpedient to cross at the favorable point which 
had been taken on Saturday, above the island that covers the Navy 
Yard. Immediately below the island, the enemy lay in force, 
much augmented in consequence of the affair of Saturday, occupy- 
ing a line of shore of about a mile, where the current is rapid, and 
the banks abrupt. I did not believe it possible to effect a landing 
with raw troops, in any tolerable order, if at all, in the face of the 
flying artillery and infantry, which a full view of our movements 
in the day time would enable them to oppose us. I proposed to 
postpone the expedition till night— to march and embark the troops 
silently — to put oft' about an hour and a half before day -light, so as 
to pass this dangerous line of shore in the dark, when we should 
suffer less from their fire, and to land about five miles below the 
Navy Yard, where the stream and the banks of the river were pe- 
culiarly favourable to a safe and orderly landing. Colonel Win- 
der seconded with great earnestness and force, and it was adopted. 
The army was to embark at 3 o'clock on Tuesday morning, and 
to proceed at half past 4, according to the order of a line of battle 
submitted a few days before by general Smyth ; the regulars on 
the right, or in the front boat; general Tannehill's troops in the 
centre, and the New York volunteers on the left. I was to go in 
the front boat with a chosen set of men, direct the landing, and 
join the New York volunteers on their arrival. 

On Monday evening, seven boats for colonel Swift's regiment, 
and eight for the late volunteers, were brought some distance up 
the river, and left at different points, to avoid the noise and con- 
fusion of embarking the whole army at one place. At half past 
3 on Tuesday morning, the eight boats were filled with volunteers 
(a corps of which has, on every occasion while on the lines, shown 
great exactness of discipline, promptitude and zeal for the service,) 
had embarked, and the residue were embarking. Not a man of 
the regular infantry was in the boats for about half an hour, when 
colonel Winder's regiment entered their boats with great order 
and silence. 

About three quarters of an hour after this, the remaining regu- 
lars commenced the embarkation, when I dropped down to the 
front of the line, with a flag in my boat, to designate it as the 
leading boat. I was accompanied by majors Cyrenius Chapin, 
and John W. Macomb, captain Mills, of the cavalry, adjutant 
Chase, and quarter master Chapin, two pilots and about 25 volun- 
teers of Buffaloe, under lieutenant Haynes. 

I mention the names of these gentlemen, because they had be- 
fore decidedly objected to passing at the proposed point by day- 
light ; but when day appeared, and one of the men raised some 
difficulty on that account, he was induced to remain, and it was 
unanimously agreed to incur the additional hazard, and patiently 






109 

wait the order of the general to put off. At day-light we disco- 
vercd the troops disembarking, and were informed that the inva- 
sion of Canada had been abandoned for this season, and that the 
troops were ordered to winter quarters. A scene of confusion 
endued, which it is difficult to describe — about 4000 men, without 
order or restraint, discharging their muskets in every direction. 

About 1000 volunteers came in under general Smyth's procla- 
mation, but ow ing to the state of the roads, which was bad beyond 
example, many did not arrive until after the 1st of December. 

It is impossible for me to form any estimate of the number of 
troops embarked at any tune this morning; it was yet scarcely 
lijdit, and I was at one end of a line of beats occupying a distance 
of half a mile. When the volunteers first arrived at the navy 
yard, and it was found that the regular troops had not yet ap- 
peared, their officers were instructed to permit them to land and 
keep themselves warm bj exercise, as the boats were covered with 
snow which had fallen during the night ; but they were instructed 
not to leave the side of the boats, that they might immediately 

re-enter. 

PETER B. PORTER, 

Black Hock, December 11, 1812. 



HEAD QUARTERS, FRANKLINTON, 

January 3d, 1813. 

SIR, 

I have the honour to enclose you, herewith, the official report 
of lieutenant colonel Campbell, of his expedition against the 
Misaissinewaj towns, of the '25th ultimo, and 1st instant. I am 
entirely satisfied with the colonel's conduct, and beg leave to re- 
commend him, major Ball, and the rest of the officers and soldiers 
of the detachment, who were fortunate enough to have an oppor- 
tunity of distinguishing themselves, to the notice of the president. 
I will venture to predict that colonel Campbell's future career 
will support the character he has obtained in the commencement 
of his military service. Major Ball, my friend and associate in 
general Wayne's army, would do honour ,to any service. Lieu- 
tenant colonel Simral deserves great credit for the excellent dis- 
cipline of his regiment, which perhaps equals that of any other 
regiment of light dragoons on the continent. The character of 
major M'Dowell has long been established in Kentucky for intre- 
piditv. At an age when most men retire to the enjoyment of ease, 
this hardy veteran solicits every post of difficulty, fatigue and 
danger, with the ardour of a youthful warrior. The conduct ot 
the other officers is so particularly described by colonel Campbell, 
that it is unnecessary for me to repeat them. Knowing each 
individual, I heartly accord in the sentiments he has expressed ol 
their merits. There is, however, a circumstance which colonel 
Campbell has neglected to mention, that is so honourable to a yoHnj 



110 

hero, now no more, as well as to the army, that I cannot pass it 
over. Major M'Dowell, captain Trotter, and captain Kile, have 
all informed me that lieutenant Waltz, of captain Markle's troop 
of volunteer dragoons, like the gallant Spencer, could not be 
brought to leave his post, after having received two wpunds, one 
of which shattered his arm. In this situation he was moving his 
horse to make a charge when a ball passed through his head. In 
short, sir, the whole detachment have redeemed a solemn pledge 
given to me at the moment of their departure, that they would 
obey their officers and support the character of American soldiers. 

I have the honour to be yours, &c. 

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 

Honourable James Monroe, 

acting Secretary of War. 



(inclosure.) 

FORT GREENVILLE, December 25th, 1812. 

1 left this place on my march out, on the 14th, with 600 rank 
and file, which number was reduced on my march by the return 
of some who became sick. My first order of march was in five 
columns, colonel SimraPs regiment in two on the left, the infantry 
in one on the centre, and major Ball's squadron in two on the 
right. There were also strong front, rear, and flank guards, who 
marched at a distance from the columns of from two to four hun- 
dred yards, as the ground would permit. 

From the flank guards I ordered small parties occasionally to 
examine the country to the right and left, and report to me whe- 
ther they had made any discoveries. My encampments were in 
a square form, covering ground sufficient to embrace the horses 
within the first line of fires, without being crowded. I had a se- 
cond line of fires made around the camp at the distance of sixty 
yards, outside of which, and opposite to each angle of the camp, 
a redoubt was constructed, in which the guards were placed. Thr 
want of axes prevented me from making the outer fires and con- 
structing the redoubts as well as I wished. I had one-third of 
the men on guard every night, and formed a chain of sentinels 
around the camp so close that the enemy could not possibly pene- 
trate without being discovered. At day-light each morning 1 sent 
out parties to patrole it at a considerable distance from camp. I 
found it necessary in a day or two to vary my order of march, 
and directed the infantry and riflemen to march in two columns, 
one on each side of the road. The pack horses and baggage, as 
also the detachment staff, in the road between them. Major Bail's 
squadron in four columns, on the right, and colonel SimraPs regi 
ment in four on the left. The flank columns served as guards. 



Ill 

In this way I found T marched with more ease. I then dispensed 
with the taps of the drum and sound of die trumpet, which in my 
hr-i order of march was necessary. 1 further ordered that if an 
atti ck was made on the march and in front, the troops would im- 
mediately form in order ot' battle by filing up on the left and 
dressing by the front of columns ; if on either flank, the flank 
column would face outwards and make resistance until reinforced; 
if m the i ar, the rear guard would face to the right-about and 
make resistance, whilst the other columns would file up, and 
wheeling to the right-about, form in succession on the left in line, 
tin- officers leading columns taking especial care to march at suf- 
ficient distances From each other, to form in line in open order, 
dressing by the centre. If the attack was made in camp, the 
troops would immediately form in the rear of their fires, which 
would be extinguished as soon as possible, by throwing it out in 
front. I ordered the guards, if attacked, to stand their ground as 
long as possible, and thou retreat through the angle of the camp 
nearest them, then form, defend the angle if attacked, if not, to wait 
for orders. These formed my disposable force. The weather, 
though cold, and the snow deep, was however well calculated to 
favor our enterprise, and I determined to make forced inarches to 
avoid if possible a discovery. On the inarch I occasionally form- 
ed in order of battle to accustom the troops to it. They formed 
with the utmost celerity and in good order. The first two days 
I marched forty miles — the third day 1 pushed the troops as much 
as they could bear, marched the whole night, although excessively 
cold, stopping twice to refresh and warm. This day and night we 
marched forty miles. Early in the morning of the 17th, I reached, 
undiscovered", an Indian town on the Mississineway, inhabited by a 
mixture of Delaware's and Miamies. The troops rushed into the 
town — killed eight warriors and took forty-two prisoners, eight 
of whom are warriors, the residue women and children. I ordered 
the town to be immediately burnt, a house or two excepted, in 
which 1 confined the prisoners ; and I ordered the cattle and other 
stock to be shot. 1 then left the infantry to guard the prisoners, 
and with SimraPs and Ball's dragoons, advanced to some Mia i 
villages, a few miles lower down the Mississineway, but found 
them evacuated by all but a sick squaw, whom we left in her 
house. I burnt on this excursion three considerable villages, took 
several horses, and killed a great many cattle, and returned to the 
town I first burnt, where 1 had left the prisoners and encamped. 
Mv camp was in the usual form, but covered more ground than 
common. The infantry and riflemen were on the front line, cap- 
tain Elliott's company on the right, Buttler's in the centre, and 
Alexander's on the left. Major Ball's squadron occupied the right 
and one half of the rear line, colonel Simral's regiment the left 
and other half of the rear line. Between Bail's right and Simral's 
left, there was an interval which had not been filled up, owing to 
the unusual extent of ground the camp embraced it having been 



112 

laid off in my absence to the lower towns. I now began to deli- 
berate on our jfuture movements, whether to go on further encum- 
bered with prisoners, the men much fatigued, and a great many 
severely frost bitten, horses suffering from the want of forage, which 
was very partially relieved by the scanty supplies of corn obtained 
jn the towns, or return. I determined to convene the held officers 
and captains of the detachment to consult, and then to take such a 
course as my own judgment might approve. At four in the morn* 
ing of the 8th, I ordered to be beaten the revcllie, and the officers 
convened at my fire a short time afterwards. AMiilst we were in 
council, and about half an hour before day, my camp was most furi- 
ously attacked by a large party of Indians, preceded by, and ac- 
companied with, a most hideous yell. This immediately broke up 
the council, and every man ran to his post. The attack commenced 
upon that angle of the camp formed by the left of captain Hopkin's 
troop and the right of captain Garrard, but in a few seconds be- 
came general from the extremes of the right to the left of Ball's 
squadron. The enemy boldly advanced to within a few yards of the 
lines and seemed determined to rush in. The guards posted at the 
different redoubts returned into camp and dispersed among their se- 
veral companies, this leaving me without a disposable force. Captain 
Smith, of the Kentucky light dragroons, who commanded at one of 
the redoubts, in a handsome and military manner, kept his position 
until ordered in to fill up the interval in the rear linebetween the 
regiment and squadron. The redoubt at which captain Pierce 
commanded, was first attacked. The captain maintained his 
position until it was too late to get within the lines. He received 
two balls through his body and was tomahawked. He died brave- 
ly, and much lamented. The enemy then took possession of 
captain Pierce's redoubt, and poured in a tremendous fire upon 
the angle, to the right and left of which were posted, Hopkins' and 
Garrard's troops. But the fire was as warmly returned ; not an 
inch of ground was yielded. Every man, officer, and soldier, 
stood firm, and animated and encouraged each other. The ene- 
my's fire became warm on the left of the squadron at which captain 
Markle's troop was posted, and the right of Elliott's company, 
which, with Markle's, formed an angle of the camp, was severely 
annoyed by the enemy's fire. 1 had assisted in forming the infantry, 
composed of Elliott's company of the 19th United States' regiment, 
Buttler's Pittsburgh blues, and Alexander's Pennsylvania riflemen, 
and ordered them to advance to the brink of a declivity from which 
they could effectually defend themselves and harrass the enemy, 
if they should attempt an attack on that line. This however they 
thought proper to omit. Whilst I was thus engaged, Major Ball 
rode up to me and observed, he was hard pushed and must be re-> 
lieved. I galloped immediately to the left wing with an intention 
of ordering captain Trotter's troop to reinforce the squadron, but 
was there informed that the enemy were seen approaching in 
that direction, and believing it improper on second thoughts to 



113 

detach so large a troop from the line, which also covered an angle 
of the camp. I determined to give the relief from the infantry. 
I wheeled my horse and met major M'Dowell, who observed that 
ilic spies and guides under the command of captain Paterson 
Bain, consisting of ten men, were unemployed. We rode there 
together, and ordered captain Bain to the support of the squadron. 
Beven of them, to wit: James Audrain, William Conner, Silas 
M'Cullough, James Thompson, James Naggs, John Ruland, and 
Joseph Gr. M'Clelland, followed their brave leader and rendered 
mo>t effectual assistance. I then ordered captain Buttler with 
the Pittsburgh blues to repair immediately to reinforce the squa- 
dron, and directed captains Elliott and Alexander to extend to the 
ri^iit and left, and till the interval occasioned by the withdrawal 
of the blues. Captain Buttler, in a most gallant manner and 
highly worthy of the name he bears, formed his men immediately 
in excellent order, and inarched them to the point to which he was 
ordered. The alacrity with which they formed and moved was 
never excelled by any troops on earth. Hopkins made room for 
them by extending his troop to the right. The blues were scarce- 
ly at the post assigned them, before I discovered the effects 
thev produced. A well directed fire from them and Hopkins's 
dragoons nearlv silenced the enemy in that quarter. They moved 
in force to the left of the squadron, and right of the infantry at 
which captains Markles and Elliott's companies were posted. 
Here again they were warmly received. Lieutenant Guynne and 
ensign Battea'l Harrison boldly stood their ground, and tired 
obliquely on the enemy. Those two young officers in a particular 
manner signalized themselves and shed a lustre on the 19th. 
Captain Elliott and lieutenant Campbell were on the left of the 
company and were not engaged. Serjeant Levitt, quarter master 
serjeant to the 19th United States' regiment, deserves particular 
notice for his bravery. At this time day-light began to dawn. 
I then ordered captain Trotter, whose troop had been ordered by 
colonel Simral to mount for the purpose, to make a charge. The 
captain cried out to his men to follow him, and they tilted off at 
full gallop. Captain Trotter's first lieutenant with eighteen of 
the men were on guard. Lieutenant Trotter, cornet Dishman, 
and the residue of the troop, together with lieutenant Hobson and 
four men of Elmore's troop, doctor Moore and a few other gentle- 
men, including Mr. Thomas Moore, my private secretary, ad- 
vanced gallantly, and charged a numerous body of the enemy. 
Major M'Dowell, with a small party, rushed into the midst of the 
enemy and exposed himself very much. I cannot say too much 
for this gallant veteran. Captain Markle, with about fifteen of his 
troop, and lieutenant Warrens, also made a daring charge upon 
the enemy. Captain Markle avenged the death of his relation, 
lieutenant Waltz, upon an Indian with his own sword. Captain 
Trotter and his troop, captain Markle and his little band, per- 
formed a most dangerous duty in the bravest manner. Captain 

15 



114 

Trotter mentions to me as worthy of particular notice, Robert 
Mitchell, a wagoner who had volunteered for the expedition. 
Christian Willman, trumpeter to colonel Simral's regiment, who 
blew two charges and hewed down an Indian with his sword. 
William Montgomery, Serjeant major to the regiment of Ken- 
tucky light dragoons, was in the charge and distinguished himself, 
as well as in the skirmish the day before. In this charge, captain 
Trotter was wounded slightly, corporal Riddle shot through the 
body, David Stule wounded in the thigh slightly, and the brave 
Piatt received his mortal wound, being shot through the body and 
hand. Fearing that captain Trotter might be too hard pressed, 
I ordered captain Johnson, of the Kentucky light dragoons, to 
advance with his troop to support him. I found Johnson ready ; 
and colonel Simral reports to me that all his other captains, to 
wit : Elmore, Young and Smith, were anxious to join in the charge. 
But I called for only one troop. The colonel had the whole in 
excellent order. Captain Johnson did not join Trotter until the 
enemy was out of reach. He however picked up a straggler or 
two that Trotter had passed over. The cavalry returned and 
informed me the enemy had fled precipitately. I have on this 
occasion to lament the loss of several brave men, and a great 
many wounded ; among the former, are captain Pierce of the Ohio 
volunteers, and lieutenant Waltz, of Markle's troop. From the 
enclosed list you will see the names and numbers of the killed 
and wounded. Eight being killed and forty-eight wounded, two 
of whom are since dead. The enemy paid dearly for their teme- 
rity. From the trails through the snow, and those found dead, 
we could not have killed less than thirty, which with those killed 
the day before, amounts to thirty-eight. The enemy did not take 
a scalp. The Indian who killed captain Pierce, attempted to 
scalp him, but was killed. Major Ball informs me that he can 
say with confidence, that there never were officers and soldiers 
who displayed more cool, firm, and soldierly conduct, than those 
of his squadron 

The zeal, activity and courage displayed by captain Hopkins 
and his officers, (captain M'Clelland and cornet Herod, of the 
Pennsylvania volunteers, having been attached to him) did not 
fail to arrest his attention, and met his fullest approbation. Lieu- 
tenant Hedges received a slight wound on the nose. Captain 
Garrard's troop sustained the action at that point where it raged 
with greater violence for some time after its commencement, than 
at any other (except upon the left) with the firmness of veterans ; 
while the officers were unceasingly employed in stimulating and 
encouraging their men. Lieutenant Basey and Hickman were 
both wounded early, but performed their duty in the line to the 
close of the action. Cornet M'Clanahan, quarter master to the 
detachment, was equally active in the line with the other officers 
of the troop. Quarter master Serjeant Strother J. Hawkins, who 
had no other fire arms, loaded and fired his pistol several times at 



115 

the enemy, and many others similarly situated, used their pistols 
as fast as they could load them. 

Young Mr. Baylor placed himself a little in front of the line 
and fought bravely during the action. Lieutenant Warren's and 
cornet Lee's detachments behaved with great firmness and used 
their pistols and carabines to the best advantage. Cornet Grear 
(of Warren's) was wounded in the arm, but remained some time 
afterwards in the line. Captain Markle's troop, as I have before 
stated, was situated upon the left of the squadron and most sorely 
galled. Lieutenant Waltz fell most gallantly. There never were 
men who sustained so heavy an action with more firmness; but 
one sentiment pervaded the whole, and victory or death was most 
obstinately determined upon. Colonel Simral's regiment, although 
not engaged, with the exception of Trotter's troop, were all ready 
and panting to engage. The colonel deserves the highest applause 
tor his excellent disposition during the action, and for his cool, 
firm, and deliberate conduct. To major Ball the greatest praise 
is due for his bravery and activity during the action. No man 
could have done more. He informs he was greatly aided through- 
out the progress of the action by the exertions of lieutenant and 
adjutant Fullerton, and serjeant major Edwards. I must now 
mention in the highest terms of approbation, lieutenant Payne, of 
the Kentucky light dragoons, who acted as my adjutant on the 
expedition, for his great activity, attention to duty, and gallantry 
during the action. He rendered the most essential services. My 
extra adjutant, captain Hite, was very active and as brave as a 
lion. I always found him ready for any service I had for him to 

perform. Captain of the Ohio volunteers, marched with 

me from this place as a private in the ranks, and in the action 
killed an Indian. He deserves my particular notice. Captain 
Alexander, witli his riflemen, were on the'left of the front line, 
and not engaged, but were all ready if an opportunity had 
offered. Beverly Brown and Thomas Bedford, of captain Gar- 
rard's troop, and Francis Lousong, of the blues, were killed fight- 
ing bravelv in exposed situations. I have now, my dear sir, 
detailed to vou the particulars of an engagement bravely fought, 
and victorv gloriously won, after contending most warmly for at 
least an hour. From the length of our line simultaneously at- 
tacked by them, 1 am persuaded there could not have been less 
than 300 of the enemy. They fought most bravely. My strength 
•n the morning of the action was about 590 rank and file, a consi- 
derable proportion of whom, amounting to at least forty or fifty, 
were almost rendered unfit for duty by the severity of the weather. 
Some were so badly frost-bitten as to be scarcely able to w alk. 
There never was severer service performed by any troops, and 
yet there is not a murmur. Reports made to me yesterday 
morning informs of 303, who are so severely frost-bitten as to be 
entirely unfit for duty. On my march back I was compelled to 
move slowly on account of the wounded, 17 ef whom we had to 



116 

tarry on litters. I kept the troops always ready to meet an 
attack which I daily and nightly expected, until I reached this 
place. I fortified my camp every night by a breast work, which 
Kept us very busily engaged. The scarcity of axes was now 
most sensibly felt. I have informed you how I advanced into the 
enemy's country. My return was much in the same manner. I 
determined to be always ready, to avoid surprises and falling into 
ambuscades. I assure you the responsibility attached to this 
command I most seriously felt. Being young in service and 
inexperienced I felt great diffidence in accepting this command. 
I however hope my conduct will meet your approbation. I shall 
hasten to join you, but it will take the troops some time to recruit 
and heal. Some will lose their toes; others' feet are so swollen 
as not to be able to put on their shoes. The night march was 
most severe upon them. 

I met major Adams with 95 men on my return, about forty miles 
from this place, with a supply of provisions. This came most 
seasonably. Some companies were entirely without. Hopkins's 
had eat nothing for three days. That night I should have order- 
ed a horse to be killed. The greatest praise is due major Adams 
for his promptitude in relieving us. My express arrived here on 
Saturday evening, and he started on Sunday morning. The 
next day I met colonel Holt, from Dayton, with additional sup- 
plies. Through the whole of this expedition we were certainly 
favoured by Divine Providence. The weather, though severe, was 
favourable to the enterprize. The snow enabled us to ascertain 
whether we were discovered. The moon gave light all the night, 
and on our return the water courses were blocked up by ice ; there 
was not a drop of rain. Such a concatination of favourable cir- 
cumstances rarelv happens. The Indian prisoners I will send oft* 
to-morrow to Piqua to the care of Mr. Johnson, escorted by an 
officer and 20 troops from this place. The few lines I wrote you 
from the battle ground I find in some particulars to be incorrect, 
not having at that time full reports of the wounded. My prisoners 
are also more than I then represented. I think, sir, that you may 
assure the government that the battle of Mississineway was not 
badly fought, and that the enemy suffered severely. That the 
troops deserve well of their country, and their losses ought to be 
compensated. The number of horses killed were considerable, 
and I have no doubt they saved the lives of a great many men. 
I hope to overtake you before Maiden falls. 

I have learned >ince my return that general Hopkins had re- 
turned to Vmcennes after burning some Indian villages, and 
driving them, supposed to be 300 in number, up the Wabash. This 
st ill made my -ituation more perilous, and 1 shall not be surprised 
to learn that Tecumseh commanded in the action against me. 
Let him be who he may he was a gallant fellow, and manouveied 
well. Conner thinks it was Little Thunder (nephew to the Little 
Turtle) from his loud voice, which he knew. He heard him 



117 

ordering bis men in the Miami language to rush on, that they 
would soon retreat. I think, sir, the Kentucky cavalry will 
scarcely be in a situation to render you much more service. Their 
loM« in horses are considerable, and one hundred and thirty-eight 
fast bitten severely. They are fine fellows with a few exceptions, 
and as brave as any men in the world. Captain Prince is here 
verv sick, and was unable to get on with us ; this was to me a 
great los 

I am, sir, very respectfully, &c. 

JOHN B. CAMPBELL, 

Lieut. Col. 19th U. S. regiment. 
His Excellency 

Gen. William Henry Harrison, 

Commander in chief N. W. army. 

In the battle of the 18th, and skirmish of the 17th, were killed 10, — 
wounded 48. 



(iNCLOSURE.) 

DAYTON, January 1st, 1813. 
My dear sir, 

In my report to vou of the 25th ultimo, from fort Greenville, 
I omitted to notice aome circumstances and individuals, inadvert- 
antly, which and who are a- highly worthy of notice, as most ol 
those I have already detailed. 1 must, therefore, in the most spe- 
cial manner, mention Mr. James Bradshaw, captain Lewis Hite, 
and Mr. Silas M'Culloii<jh, whe tendered their services to me on 
the battle ground, to cany intelligence to Greenville of our situa- 
tion, and request a reinforcement of men, and a supply of provi- 
sions. This dangerous and fatiguing service they performed in the 
most prompt and expeditious manner. In twenty-two hours they 
travelled upwards of eighty miles without resting, except a few 
minutes, twice to feed their horses, and reached Greenville worn 
down with fatigue. At Greenville, in assisting to foi ward supplies, 
their conduct merits the highest praise. I must also mention by name, 
lieutenants Magee and lrvin.of the Pittsburg blues, whose cool de- 
liberate braverv was observed amidst the hottest fire of the enemy, 
and I regret extremely that those young gentlemen who highly 
merited distinction, should have been pretermitted in my first report. 

I made a mistake in statins: that captain was abandoned 

by half his guard ; only one or two went in for part of their arms, 
whilst the rest remained with their companions, and upon enquiry, 
were found to have behaved well. Captain Smith was aided in his 
excellent disposition at the redoubt he commanded, by lieutenants 

Adams and Fishel, whose names and bravery are synonimous terms. 

\djutant Guv and quarter master Hite, "of the Kentucky light 



11$ 

dragoons, are two fine young men, and were actually employed on 
the morning of the battle. 

I am, sir, with great respect, yours, &c. 
JOHN B. CAMPBELL, * 

Lieut. Col. 19th U. S. regiment. 
His excellency Gen. Harrison. 



UNITED STATES' FRIGATE CONSTITUTION, 

St. Salvador, January 3d, 1813. 

SIR, 

I have the honour to inform you, that on the 29th ultimo, at 
2 P. M. in south latitude 13,06, and west longitude 38, 10 leagues 
distance from the coast of Brazils, I fell in with and captured his 
Britannic majesty's frigate Java, of 49 guns, and upwards of 400 
men, commanded by captain Lambert, a very distinguished officer. 
The action lasted one hour and fifty -five minutes, in which time 
the enemy was completely dismasted, not having a spar of any 
kind standing. The loss on board the Constitution, was nine 
killed and 25 wounded, as per enclosed list. The enemy had 60 
killed and 101 wounded, certainly, (among the latter — captain 
Lambert, mortally) but by the enclosed letter, written on board 
the ship, (by one of the officers of the Java) and accidentally found, 
it is evident that the enemy's woundea must have been much 
greater than as above stated, and who must have died of their 
wounds previously to their being removed. The letter states 6fr 
killed and 170 wounded. 

For further details of the action, I beg leave to refer you to the 
enclosed extracts from my journal. The Java had in addition to 
her own crew upwards of one hundred supernumerary officers 
and seamen, to join the British ships of war in the East Indies : 
also, lieutenant general Hislop, appointed to the command of 
Bombay, major Walker and captain Wood, of his staff", and cap- 
tain Marshall, master and commander in the British navy, going 
to the East Indies to take command of a sloop of war there. 

Should I attempt to do justice, by representation, to the brave 
and good conduct of all my officers and crew, during the action, 
I should fail in the attempt ; therefore, suffice it to say, that the 
whole of their conduct was such as to merit my highest enco 
miums. I beg leave to recommend the officers particularly to the 
notice of government, as also the unfortunate seamen who were 
wounded, and the families of those men who fell in the action. 

The great distance from our own coast, and the perfect wreck 
we made the enemy's frigate, forbid every idea of attempting to 
take her to the United States; and not considering it prudent t« 
trust her into a port of Brazils, particularly St. Salvador, as you 
will perceive by the enclosed letters, No. 1, 2 and 3, 1 had no 
alternative but burning her, which I did on the 31st ultimo, after 



' 



119 

receiving all the prisoners and their baggage, which was very te^ 
dious work, only having one boat left (out of eight) and not one 
left on board the Java. 

On blowing uj) the frigate Java, I proceeded to this place, where 
I have landed all the prisoners on their parole, to return to Eng- 
land, and there remain until regularly exchanged, and not serve 
in their professional capacities in any place or in any manner 
whatever, against the United States of America, until the ex- 
change shall be effected. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

W. BAINBRIDGE. 
The Secretary of the Navy. 



ALBANY, January 5th, 1813. 
Esteemed sir, 

I deem it a duty I owe to you and to myself, to state in 
detail the conduct of my command in the expedition against 
Queenstown, Upper Canada, on the 13th of October last, which 
I now readily embrace, having been informed last evening that I 
was exchanged. 

1 arrived at the old encampment, Lew stown, on the morning of 
the 13th of October, between 4 and 5 o'clock from fort Niagara, 
with— 

Captains Machesny and Nelson, > 6th reg. Infantry. 

Lieutenants Wendell and Buck, 5 

Captain Morris, Lieutenants Turner and Phelps, ISth do. 
Lieutenants Clark, M'Carty and Whiting, 23d do. 

Lieutenant Bayly, of the 3d regiment United States' artillery, 
acting adjutant, and 250 non-commissioned officers and privates, 
all in high spirits and anxious for the field. I reported and received 
orders to repair to the old French ferry, and was there informed 
that there were no boats. Lieutenant colonels Fenwick and Chris- 
tie had a short conversation at the ferry, and I was ordered by the 
former to " countermarch my men." At this time, firing com- 
menced at Queenstow n, and a cry of help ! help ! reinforcement ! 
reinforcement ! was heard from our advanced party. I was at this 
moment informed that there were a few boats, but neither boatmen 
nor pilots. I immediately repaired to the river, and in marching 
tow aids the shore, one of my best officers, captain Nelson, received 
a musket ball, at the head of his company, in the abdomen, which 
caused his death. The enemy directed an incessant and heav_) 
fire of grape and canister from their batteries, and a steady street 
firing from their muskets towards the ferry, to prevent our embark- 
ation ; notwithstanding, I persisted, followed by my brave men, 
under the most discouraging auspices. Three boats were imme- 
diately filled; colonel Fenwick gallantly embarked in the third 
boat. On finding the enemy's fire extremely galling, T commenced 



120 

a brisk tire from my boat in order to divest my men from the fire 
of the enemy, which had an excellent effect, and our dropping 
down the river, by the rapidity of the current, was taken for a man- 
ouvre to effect a landing below the town, for the purpose of storming 
the north battery and of attacking the enemy from the rear. At 
this moment, the enemy then engaged with the storming party, broke 
in disorder, when general Brock, endeavouring to rally them, was 
killed, and his aid mortally wounded. In the retreat of the enemy, 
lieutenant colonel Fenwick and all in his boat* were made pri- 
soners, also lieutenant Clarke, and about forty men. I must inevi- 
tably have shared the same fate, did I not hazard re-crossing under 
all their fire, and which I effected without losing a man. I seized 
the boat that drifted from colonel Fenwick's party, put some of 
my wounded into it with five volunteers, who declared, desperate 
as the alternative was, they should not surrender — four of whom 
were my own men, and the fifth a doctor Lawson, of Philadelphia, 
a truly brave man, met accidentally on the shore. By this time, 
captain Machesny, gaining experience by my misfortune, effected 
a landing higher up the river and ascended the heights of Queens- 
town in time to secure the victory obtained by the valour of the 
storming party. On my arrival at Lewistown, I ordered a Ser- 
jeant to collect such of the detachment as did not previously 
cross. I repaired to fort Gray and informed lieutenant Rees, of the 
3d artillery, who commanded there, that his shot was lost for want 
of elevation. I returned and re-crossed with 25 men. On my 
arrival at the first battery, I was informed that a number of my 
men were still at Lewistown. I crossed again in search of an of- 
ficer to collect them, found one, gave him necessary orders, and 
had the honour of accompanying you, sir, being the fifth time I 
passed over that river that day. 1 then took a command in the 
engagement against the Indians and militia, whom we drove into 
the woods, a service which was repeated preparatory to the ar- 
rival of the British reinforcement. Our men were paraded; 
lieutenant colonel Christie had sixty in his division, and I had 
sixty-five in mine, with 117 militia, officers included; we had 
captain Gibson and one piece of ordnance witli nine rounds for 
it. This was our whole force, and commanded by colonel Scott; 
when the enemy very cautiously approached us with upwards of 
2000 men and a train of artillery. 

I shall ever look back with pleasure to the firmness and patri- 
otic devotion exhibited at that moment by our little force ; near 
half my men were in coloured clothes — mere recruits, yet their 
conduct would do honour to veterans, and from that day I date 
the superior excellence of our military materials. Satisfied that 
you are already acquainted with the remainder of that day's 
transactions at Queenstown, I will only state that my detach - 

* The boat in which 1 embarked had the bow shot away in crossing 1 , an«L 
was nearly full of water as we got on shore. 



121 

ment braved every tiling : that lieutenant Bayly merited honour- 
able notice; he accompanied me in the boat and humanely stayed by 
a wounded officer (lieutenant Sweeny, of captain Doxe's volunteers) 
on the Canada shore, and was made a prisoner early. To captain 
Machesny, of the 6th regiment infantry, lieutenants Clarke and 
M'Carty of the 23d, lieutenants Turner* and Phelps, of the 13th, I 
fee! grateful for their valuable support. Captain Morris having re- 
turned early to Lewistown with some prisoners, was engaged 
there the remainder of the day, and lieutenants Wendell and 
Wliiting were left to collect such of the detachment as were 
missing and in charge of public stores I cannot, in justice to 
my brave detachment, close this communication without expressing 
my astonishment at the omission of its arduous duties in your 
official detail of that day: although indifferent as to myself (satis- 
fied that I will yet have justice done when the scenes of that en- 
terprise are better known) many of my officers merited a full 
share of public notice, and from my knowledge of you, sir, to the 
want of correct information alone, I ascribe the omission. 

I have the honour to be yours, &c. 

J. R. MULL ANY, 
Major '25(1 regt. Infantry. 
To Major general 

Stephen Van Hcnsselaer, Albany. 



ALBANY, January 23d, 1813. 
DEAR SIR, 

I sincerely regret that you and the officers under your 
immediate command have not been represented to the commander 
in chief, which, from the statement you have made, their gallantry 
merits. 

It certainly was my desire that ample justice should have been 
done to every individual under my command, and more especially 
yourself, for whom I entertain the highest respect as a military 
man. 

The want of correct information, owing to your having been 
made a prisoner, and lieutenant colonel Fenwick dangerously 
wounded, induced me, before I left the army, to recpiest brigadier 
general Smyth to mention to general Dearborn such officers as 
had been omitted by me in my official despatch, in a manner their 
conduct deserved. 'This duty, I presume, has been performed. 

With great respect, &c. 
S. VAN RENSSELAER. 

Major Mullany. 



* Lieutenant Turner was made a prisoner earl}', and was afterwards re- 
taken. 

16 



122 

HEAD QUARTERS, PORTAGE RIVER, 

15 miles from Miami Rapids, January 24th, 181J. 

SIR, 

It is with the deepest regret that I have to inform you, 
that the detachment under general Winchester has been entirely 
destroyed by an Indian and British force, on the morning of the 
2£d instant, at the river Raisin. About 12 o'clock on that day I 
was informed at the Rapids, by a messenger from an officer who 
was marching to reinforce general Winchester, that the general 
had been attacked that morning, and that the Frenchman who 
brought this intelligence, supposed that our troops were retreating. 
I had then with me a regiment of Ohio militia, about three 
hundred and fifty strong. Two detachments were on the way to 
join general Winchester, but had taken different roads. One or 
two hundred Ohio troops were marching on the edge ot the lake, 
and the other three hundred strong were pursuing Hull's road. 
Leaving direction for the regiment in camp to follow me, I pro- 
ceeded on and overtook the detachment of Kentucky troops in 
about five miles. Additional information was now received. The 
French citizens were flying in considerable numbers in carryalls 
upon the ice, and about 3 o'clock some of the fugitives began to 
arrive. All agreed that the defeat was total and complete — that 
the troops were nearly all surrounded and cut oft", or taken by 7 
o'clock — that general Winchester was seen retiring a few miles 
from the river Raisin along Hull's trace, with a few men and two 
or three officers, all of whom were entirely exhausted — that they 
were pursued by Indians on horse back, who were constantly thin- 
ning their numbers by firing upon them, and that our men were 
unable to resist, as almost all of them had thrown away their 
arms. 1 could not hesitate as to the propriety of hurrying to 
their assistance as, long as there was a possibility of being able 
to afford any ; but I was much embarrassed in the choice of the 
- roads which it was proper to take ; that upon the ice, would afford 
the most easy and expeditious march, and that route, major Col- 
grove, with the battalion before mentioned, had taken. On the 
contrary, all the accounts agreed that general Winchester had 
taken the land road, but in a short time, from the fugitives who 
began to drop in, 1 learnt that general Winchester and the forty 
or fifty men who were with him were all cut of, a few excepted, 
who had taken off to the margin of the lake ; and from those 
who were last from the scene of action, 1 learnt that all resistance 
upon the part of the troops that had remained there, had ceased 
before 3 o'clock. The question then to be determined, was, 
whether it would be proper to advance to the scene of action or 
not. The force with me, when joined by colonel Grove's bat- 
talion, would amount to nearly nine hundred men. This batta- 
lion had made a forced march of twelve miles the morning of the 
action, and had arrived within about 15 miles of the river Raisin, 
when the major received such certain information of the total 



123 

defeat of the troops, that he had thought proper to return, and' 
was then within a few miles of us. General Payne, general 
Perkins, and all the field officers were consulted, and it was 
unanimously determined, that as there could be no doubt of the 
total defeat of general Winchester, there was no motive that 
could authorize an immediate advance, but that of attacking the 
enemy, who were reported to be greatly superior in numbers, 
and were certainly well provided with artillery ; that after a 
forced march of thirty-two miles (the distance from our then 
position from the river Raisin) the troops would be too much ex- 
hausted to encounter the enemy ; that colonel Grove's battalion, 
from having already marched twenty-five miles that day, would be 
unable to accompany us. It was therefore determined to return 
to camp with the troops, but large detachments of the most large 
and vigorous men were sent along the different routes to assist 
and bring in the fugitives. I had despatched colonel Wells 
early in the evening in a carryall to procure intelligence. He 
progressed within twelve miles of the scene of action and re-= 
turned about 9 o'clock. A council of war was then called, con 
sisting of the general and field officers, and two questions sub- 
mitted to them, viz.: whether it was probable that the enemy 
would attack us in our then situation, and if they did, could we 
resist them with effect ? 

At this council, major M'Clanehan, of the Kentucky volun- 
teers, who escaped from the action, assisted. He was of opinion, 
that there were from sixteen hundred to two thousand British 
and Indians opposed to our troops, and that they had six pieces 
of artillery, principally howitzers. It was the unanimous opinion 
of the council, that under all circumstances it would be proper to 
return a short distance upon this road which the artillery and 
reinforcements were approaching; for should we be able to main- 
tain our camp, by getting in our rear the enemy would defeat our 
troops in detail, in spite of all the efforts we could make, and would 
take the all important convoy of artillery and stores coining from 
Upper Sandusky. The march to this place was accordingly 
made yesterday ; where I shall wait for the artillery and a de- 
tachment under general Leftwich. I hope in a few days again to 
be at the Rapids. With respect to the disaster that has hap- 
pened, and ihe cause which has produced it, it is proper that I 
should say, that the movement which led to it, was not only 
without my knowledge or consent, but entirely at variance with 
the instructions that I had given to general Winchester. As 
soon as I was informed that it had been made, every effort in my 
power was used to increase their strength. Three hundred men 
more than the general had asked for, were on their march to join 
him. As his situation enabled him to obtain the most correct in- 
formation of the strength and position of the enemy, I could not 
doubt of his having obtained if. In justice to general Winchester, 
however, it is my duty to observe that I have understood that the 



124 

detachment under colonel Levus was made, at the earnest solicit 
tations of his officers, and perhaps contrary to his judgment. 
However deeply to be lamented, sir, the destruction of the de- 
tachment under general Winchester may be as a national calamity, 
and as it regards the families of the valuable individuals who 
have fallen, it has by no means destroyed my hopes of success 
with regard to the accomplishment of the principal objects of the 
campaign, unless the weather should be uncommonly unfavourable. 
I shall return to the Rapids in a few days with a force consider- 
ably superior to any that the enemy can collect in the upper dis- 
trict of Canada. I can discover no despondence amongst the 
troops that are with me, and I trust that something may yet be 
done to compensate us for the hardships and difficulties winch we 
every moment sustain. 

The account given by major M'Clanehan and captain Groves, 
of the action of the 22ti, is that the enemy commenced just after 
revellie to throw shells amongst our troops before the officers and 
men had risen from their beds. They were however formed, but 
very inconveniently posted, and being entirely surrounded, they 
were taken in twenty minutes. The general endeavoured to 
rallv them after they had passed the river, but without effect. 
Fortv or fifty with the general broke through in that direction, 
but from the depth of the snow those on foot were soon exhausted, 
and were in a short distance overtaken by the Indians. The 
general frequently attempted to form them to oppose the Indians, 
but his efforts were ineffectual. I am unable to say what are the 
proportion of the killed and prisoners. Some of the Frenchmen 
whom I have seen, assert that five hundred were killed ; others, 
eight. I am still, however, in hopes that the greater part are 
prisoners. I have seen one man who asserts that he saw general 
Winchester killed, scalped, and his bowels taken out. Such are 
the allies of a power which boasts its attainments in every art 
and science, and such tiie war associates of British officers who 
claim distinction for their nice feelings and delicate sense of 
honour. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 

But 2 officers and 25 or 30 privates have readied my camp from the battle 
of the river liaisin. 

Honourable James Monroe-, 

acting .Secretary of War. 



OTTER CREEK, January 12th, 1813. 

SIR, 

I have taken the liberty to send per express to inform you 
that the enemy are apprized* of your being at the Rapids, and 
have removed all the friends of our government to Maiden prison. 



125 

and at present we arc beset with spies. I expect the guard to 
search for me every moment. I have, agreeably to my orders 
from Mr. Shields, your acting contractor, engaged fifty barrels of 
Hour, and two hundred bushels of wheat. If you, sir, see proper 
to send a detachment of cavalry and riflemen, with arms and 
ammunition for thirty men for this place, we can secure, it is sup- 
posed, three thousand barrels of flour and a great quantity of 
corn and wheat. There are but forty or fifty soldiers garrisoned 
at the river Raisin, and not one hundred savages; there is not 
one thousand English, French, and savages at Maiden. 

If you do not come to-morrow or the next day, you will not 
find a man at this place. The English are collecting all the 
savages to rally at the river Raisin for the purpose of giving bat- 
tle. They are engaging sleighs to transport the flour and grain 
to their Pandora's box, Maiden. Five hundred true and brave 
Americans can secure the district of Erie. A timely approach 
of our armies will secure us from being forced to prison, and the 
whole place from being burned by savage fury. 

Your humble servant, &c. 

ISAAC DAY. 

P. S. Please to excuse this scroll, as I write in the woods 
without a fire. 

His excellency Gov. Harrison. 



HEAD QUARTERS N. W. ARMY, PORTAGE RIVER, 

15 miles from the Miami Rapids, January 26th, 1813. 

SIR, 

I have the honour to enclose herewith, a duplicate of my 
letter of the 25th instant, together with the official report of colo- 
nel Lewis to general Winchester of the action of the 18th in- 
stant. 

That you may be enabled to judge of the propriety of the steps 
which w'ere taken by me previously to the unfortunate event at 
the river Raisin, I proceed to give you an account of the situa- 
tion of the troops and the arrangements I had made for their 
advance : — the left wing of the army under the immediate orders 
of general Winchester, consisting of the 6th regiment Kentucky 
troops, a battalion of Ohio infantry, and a detachment of re- 
gulars under colonel Wells. 

The importance of keeping a considerable force on this line 
after the advance of the army, from its vicinity to the Indian 
tribes of the Wabash and lake Michigan, induced me to direct 
general Winchester to take with him three Kentucky regiments 
and the regular troops only. With these, amounting to about 
thirteen hundred men, he marched from his camp, five miles be- 
how the mouth of the Auglaise river, on the 31st ultimo. Qn the 



196 

evening before, he despatched an express, informing me of his 
intention to march the next morning. This express was sent 
through the woods to general Tupper's camp, fourteen miles ad- 
vanced of Urbanna, upon Hull's road. A violent snow storm 
prevented it from reaching general Tupper until the 9th instant, 
and it was not until the 11th, that it came to me at Upper San- 
dusky. I immediately gave orders for several droves of hogs, 
which had been stopped on their route, to proceed towards the 
Rapids, and I directed the artillery to be prepared to progress as 
soon as the general's arrival at the Rapids should be announced, 
which I directed him to do by express, to be sent immediately to 
Upper Sandusky. Not hearing from the general for some days, 
I began to conclude that his progress had been stopped by a consi- 
derable thaw, which took place about the 1st of the month. On 
the evening of the 16th instant, I received a letter from general 
Perkins, enclosing one from general Winchester to him, of the 
15th, informing of his arrival at the Rapids on the 10th; — that 
it was his intention to advance against the enemy, and directing 
him (general Perkins) to send a reinforcement to the Rapids, of 
one battalion. Alarmed at this information, I despatched an ex- 
press with the enclosed letter, by the direct route to the Rapids, 
and set out myself to Lower Sandusky, and reached it on the. even- 
ing of the 1 7th. On the morning of the 18th, the battalion which 
general Winchester applied for, marched from Lower Sandusky. 
About 2 o'clock on the morning of the 19th, a letter from general 
Winchester was received, of which the enclosed is an extract. I 
gave immediate orders for the 2d regiment of Perkins's brigade 
(which consists of two regiments only) to march immediately for 
the Rapids, and proceeded thither myself. On my way, I received 
the general's letter of the 19th, informing me of the success of colo- 
nel Lewis, a copy of which 1 had the honour to enclose you from 
the Rapids. Upon my arrival at the latter place, on the morning 
of the 20th, I found that general Winchester had inarched the 
preceding day, having left general Payne with about three hun- 
dred of the Kentucky troops. It was not until late on the 21st 
instant, that major Colgrove was enabled to extricate his baggage 
from the horrid swamp which separates the Miami and Sandusky 
rivers. He encamped that evening near the Miami bay, and by 
marching early on the following morning, he had arrived within 
fifteen miles of the river Raisin, when he was informed of the 
total defeat of our troops there. 

The 2d regiment of Perkins's brigade arrived there on the 21st, 
and I immediately ordered the remaining part of the Kentucky 
troops under general Payne, to proceed with all possible expedi- 
tion to the river Raisin. I was still uneasy for the troops there, 
but supposing general Winchester had obtained the best informa- 
tion of the strength of the disposable force of the enemy, and 
as I sent him three hundred men more than he deemed sufficient 
for maintaining his ground, and as there were a thousand reasons 



127 

which made it necessary to maintain it if practicable ; I did not 
think it proper to order him to retreat, although the advance in 
the first instance was contrary to my wishes, and opposed to a 
principle by which I have been ever governed in Indian warfare, 
1. e. never to make a detachment but under the most urgent 
circumstances. Amongst the many reasons why the post at the 
river rtaisin should be maintained, the protection of the French 
inhabitants was not the last. The greater part of these people 
had received our troops with open arms. Many of them had 
sallied out of their houses upon the arrival of colonel Lewis, with 
their arms in their hands, and had even, in the opinion of some of 
our officers, won the palm of valour from our troops. They at- 
tacked and kdied the straggling Indians wherever they met them; 
their houses were all open to our men, and they oftered to give up 
the whole of the provisions which yet remained to them, upon 
condition that they should not again be abandoned to the fury of 
the savages, or subjected, for what they had done, to be immured in 
thr prisons of Maiden. I had also been informed that the sup- 
plies to be procured there were considerable (see Day's letter en- 
closed in No. 3), and the assistance to be derived from the caryalls 
of the inhabitants was an object of the greatest importance. The 
former of these motives had made so strong an impression upon 
the minds of the general and his troops, that I am persuaded that 
nothing but a reiterated order to retreat, would have produced 
obedience upon the part of the latter. These reasons, together 
with the respect which it was necessary to shew to the opinion 
of an officer of high rank and experience, whose opportunities of 
procuring the most correct information, was much better than 
mine, produced the determination to support, rather than with- 
draw the detachment from the river Raisin. Indeed it appears 
that there was not time for either, after my arrival at the Rapids 
When I left Upper Sandusky, the artillery was ordered to be 
sent on immediately to the Rapids, escorted by three hundred 
men. Detachments were also ordered for the pack horses, wa- 
gons and sleds, which were constantly progressing thither. Ano- 
ther battalion could also have been drawn from Lower Sandusky, 
so that the troops at the Rapids would have been almost daily 
increased. On this day they would have amounted to twenty -five 
hundred, with two pieces of artillery ; and in four or five days 
more, the Virginia brigade and Pennsylvania regiment would have 
increased them to thirty-eight hundred, with a further supply of 
artillery. By the 5th of February the whole force, four thousand 
five hundred, which I contemplated assembling at the Rapids, 
would have been there ; and provisions and munitions of war in 
abundance. 

I should have been enabled to advance to the Rapids again this 
day or to-morrow, but for a most unfortunate rain, which has 
broken up the roads so as to render them impassable for the artil- 
lery, although it is fixed on sleds. The whole train is stopped 



128 

twenty-five miles from this. I have reason to believe the Miami 
river has broken up. 

I have the honour to enclose you a report made to me by major 
M'Clanehan, the senior of the two officers who escaped from the 
action at the river Raisin. It requires no comment from me. 

I have the honour to be yours, &c. 

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 

Honourable James Monroe, 

acting Secretary of War. 



(iNCLOSURE.) 

CAMP AT FRENCH TOWN, 

January 20th, 1813, on the River Raisin. 

SIR, 

In obedience to your order, I proceeded on the march with 
the detachment under my command to Presquile on the 17th 
instant, where the reinforcement under the command of lieuten- 
ant colonel Allen arrived at 7 o'clock P. M. On the 18th, as I 
informed you it was my determination, we set out for the camp of 
the enemy at this village. From an early start, together with the 
advantage of a passage on the ice of the lake, and the rapid march 
we made, we were enabled to meet them by 5 o'clock in the 
evening. 

"When we w r ere within three miles of the enemy, correct infor- 
mation was obtained that they were prepared to receive us. 
Having arranged the troops in the following order — they were 
directed to prepare for action : the right wing composed of the 
companies commanded by captain M'Cracken, subalterns lieu- 
tenant Williamson and ensign M'Clary ; captain Bledsoe, sub- 
alterns ensign Morrison (acting as lieutena nt,) and ensign Chiner ; 
captain Mats on, subalterns ensign Nash (acting as lieutenant) and 
ensign Caldwell. The left wing composed of the companies 
commanded by captain Hamilton, subalterns lieutenant Moore 
and ensign Heron ; captain Williams, subalterns lieutenant 
Higgins and ensign Havraw ; captain Kelly, subalterns lieutenant 
M'Guine and ensign Wash. The centre composed of the companies 
commanded by captain Hightowen (17th United States' regiment,) 
subalterns lieutenant Holden and ensign Butler; captain Collier, 
subalterns lieutenant Story and ensign Fleet ; captain Sebree, sub- 
alterns lieutenant Rule and ensign Bowles. Lieutenant colonel 
Allen commanding the right wing, major Groves the left, and 
major Madison the centre. Captain Ballard (acting as major) 
was placed in the advance of the whole with two companies, one 
commanded by captain Hickman, subalterns lieutenant Chinn, the 
other by captain Claver, subalterns lieutenant Comstock, and also 
captain James with his spies. In this order we proceeded within 



129 

a quarter of a mile of the enemy, when they commenced a fire on 
us with a howitzer, from which no injury was received. The line 
of battle was instantly formed and the whole detachment ordered 
t<> move on in the direction of the enemy without delay. The 
i i\ er at this time being between us and the enemy's lines, we suc- 
ceeded well in crossing it, though the ice in many places was ex- 
tremely slippery. Having crossed at this instant the long roll was 
beat, the signal for a general charge, when I ordered major 
Groves and major Madison to possess themselves of the houses 
and picketing about which the enemy had chiefly collected, and 
where they had placed their cannon. This order was executed 
in a few minutes ; and both their battalions advanced amidst an 
incessant shower of bullets : neither the picketing nor the fencing 
over which they had to pass, retarded their progress to success — 
the enemy were dislodged in that quarter. Meantime colonel 
Allen had fallen in with them at considerable distance to the 
right, when after pursuing them to the woods (a distance of more 
than half a mile) they then made a stand with their howitzer and 
small arms covered by a chain of inclosed lots and a group of houses, 
having in their rear a thick brushy wood full of fallen timber. I 
directed brigade major Garrard (one of my aids) to instruct 
majors Groves and Madison to possess themselves of the wood on 
the left, and to move up towards the main body of the enemy as 
fast as practicable, to divert their attention from colonel Allen. 
At the moment the lire commenced, those battalions of the right 
wing advanced. The enemy were soon driven from the fences and 
houses, and our troops began to enter the wood after them. The 
fight now became close and extremely hot on the right wing, the 
enemy concentrating the chief of both kinds to force the line. 
Thej were still however kept moving in retreat, although slowly, 
our men being much exhausted. My orders to majors Groves and 
Madison were executed with despatch and success, which, joined 
with the exertions of colonel Allen's line, completely routed the 
enemy. The distance they retreated before us was not less than 
two miles, and every foot of the way under a continual charge. 
The battle lasted from 3 o'clock till dark. The detachment was 
then drawn off in good order, and encamped at the place which 
the enemy had first occupied, being the best for a camp then near 
us. The gallant conduct of lieutenant colonel Allen, during every 
charge of this warmly contested action, has raised for him no 
ordinary military merit. Majors Groves and Madison deserve 
high praise for their undeviating attention to orders and the 
|nergy and despatch with which they executed them. Captain 
Ballard led the van with great skill and bravery. I take this 
opportunity of tendering my most hearty thanks to brigade major 
Garrard, captain Smith and adjutant MCaller, who acted as my 
aids-de-camp, for the great support they gave me during the whole 
of the action. The company officers acted with great bravery. It 
would be almost an endless task to particularize all who have 

17 



130 

distinguished themselves ; for as all had an opportunity so to do, 
there was none but what accepted it. There was not a solitary 
instance of a retreat on our part. Both officers and soldiers sup- 
ported the " double character of Americans and Kentuckians." 

I have not been able to ascertain the exact force of the enemy, 
but from the best information, there were between 80 and 100 
British troops, and about 400 Indians. Major Reynolds was 
pre ent, and it is understood, commanded the whole. The num- 
ber of their killed and wounded is unknown, we having left the 
woods after dark, so that not only during the battle, but after 
night, they had an opportunity of carrying oft" all, except those 
who were left on the field where the action first commenced, say 
about fifteen. But from the blood, the trails of bodies dragged 
off, and the reports from the people who live near this place, the 
slaughter must have been great. One Indian and two of the 
Canadian militia were taken prisoners. So steady and composed 
were our men in this assault, that while the enemy were killed 
or drawn from the houses, not a woman or child was hurt. 

Our loss in killed 12, and 55 wounded. One has since died. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

WILLIAM LEWIS, 
Commdt. of the detachment. 

Brigadier general Winchester. 



(iNCLOSURE.) 

CAMP ON CANTING RIVER, January 26th, 1813. 

SIR, 

As the senior officer who escaped from the disaster which 
befell our troops under general Winchester on the 22d instant, 
it becomes my duty to report to you so much of that affair as comes 
within my knowledge. 

On the morning of the 19th instant I marched from the camp at 
the Rapids of the Miami with the detachment under colonel Wells, 
consisting of about 800 men, including officers, to reinforce colonel 
Lewis at the river Raisin. .Shortly after we left camp, general 
Winchester passed us in a carryall, and as I understand, reached 
the advanced troops that night. Our detachment arrived there 
ah ut 3 o'clock, P. M. on the 20th, except captain Morris's com- 
pany. It had been left as a rear guard with the baggage, and did 
not join u at all. 

We found the detachment under lieutenant colonel Lewis 
encamped in the gardens on the north side of the river Raisin at 
French Town; not in any regular order, and apparently as they 
had settled down in the night after the battle of the 18th. The field 
officers were generally in houses. General Winchester had taken 
up his quarters in the house of Mr. Navarre, about three quarters 
of a mile from the troops, and on the opposite side of the river. 



131 

The land was cleared and entirely open, except fencing and some 
buildi igs for near a mile on every side from the encampment. 

The detachment under colonel Wells encamped below, and on 
the right of the other troops, about one hundred yards from them, 
in ground entirely open: three-companies in a line leading from the 
river: the fourth" at right angles to those three, and leading down 
the river. These troops had about ten rounds of ammunition. 
Thev paraded and called their rolls as usual: the others did not. 
On the morning of the 21st there was a talk- of moving, and 
(encamping on better ground, and in regular order. The general 
and some of the held officers rode out to view ground for that 
purpose, but nothing was done. 

Our spies were not sent out to my knowledge after I reached 
camp. I saw them on the 21st, and understood that on that 
evening orders were given for their going out on the 22d. 

The fixed ammunition, which was sent from the Rapids on the 
21st, was taken to general Winchester's quarters at Mr. Navarre's 
on that evening. It remained there and was not distributed. 

On the morning of the 21st, colonel Wells returned on some 
business to the camp at the Rapids and left the detachment under 
us to my command. He advised that the officers and men should 
remain at their posts as there was a probability of an attack. 

That evening a rumour reached us that the enemy were coming 
against us with 3 or 4,000 men, and would be with us before day. 
I expected that the field officers would have been called together, 
and a consultation held and instructions given to meet the event 
should it happen. It was not done. I directed the officers under 
mv command to form in case of an attack, so as to close the vacancy 
between us and the other troops. 

At day break on the next morning, and during the beating of 
revellie, two of our sentinels fired alarm guns, and immediately the 
enemy commenced a heavy cannonade from six or eight pieces, 
with bomb shells and canister shot, followed up by small arms. 
The troops under my command, and apparently throughout the 
line, were soon formed, and returned the fire very briskly. 

The enemy consisted of British forces in the centre, as exten- 
sive, and apparently in closer order than we were ; and Indians 
on both flanks extending quite to our rear. 

The action was warmly contested for near half an hour, at 
which time the Indians laid under cover of some fencing, and a band 
approached so near as to gall us severely in the flanks, whilst the 
British kept up an incessant fire in front. Our troops then began 
to give way ; they retreated to the river. I then for the first time 
during the action saw general Winchester. He directed in a 
voice not loud, to form under the north bank of the river. Lieu- 
tenant colonels Lewis and Allen were present and assisted in 
rallying and forming the men. A considerable number took their 
position, and some of them renewed their fire, but it was not 



132 

long kept, as the Indians were still on our flank and fast gaining 
our rear. 

A second attempt was made to form the troops about sixty 
yards on this side of the river along some fences, but not many 
of them formed. A third ettbrt was made in some woods after 
crossing a branch, about a mile and a half from the place of ac- 
tion. Colonel Lewis was the only field officer I saw there. We 
used our endeavours to rally the men, but they could not then be 
Stopped ; the pursuit was then very hot. After continuing with 
the men about half a mile further, and finding nothing more 
could be done, 1 took captain Graves, who was wounded, behind 
me, and my son by the hand, and left the road and reached camp 
with them. 

General Winchester and lieutenant colonel Lewis were riding 
slowly at the head of the retreat when I saw them rest ; they 
could to all appearance easily have left the footmen and made 
their escape, had they intended leaving the men. 

I have been informed from sources 1 cannot doubt, that frequent 
enquiries were made for ammunition during the action. The 
men appeared ardent and obedient to orders whilst it lasted. 

When the first attempt was made to rally them, they could, I 
have no doubt, have been completely formed, had the place af- 
forded an advantageous position. It did not appear to me to 
possess any. 

During the retreat our men kept up an occasional but not a 
regular fire. 

I received no orders from the general during the action. The 
order to form under the river bank was all I heard. The other 
orders to rally probably came from him. 

The enemy must have been at least double our numbers. Many 
think much beyond it. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

ELIJAH M'CLANEHAN, 
Maj. 2d B. 1st Reg. L. V. M 

General Win. H. Harrison. 



MALDEN, January 23d, 1813. 

SIR, 

A detachment from the left wing of the north-western army, 
under my command, at French Town, on the river Raisin, was 
attacked on the 22d instant by a force greatly superior in num- 
ber, aided by several pieces of artillery. The action commenced 
at the dawn of day ; the picket guards were driven in, and a 
heavy fire opened on the whole line, by which a part thereof were 
thrown into disorder; and, being ordered to retire a small dis- 
tance, in order to form on more advantageous ground, I found 
the enemy doubling our Hank with force and rapidity. 



133 

A destructive fire was sustained for some time; at length, 
borne dow by numbers, the few of us that remained with the 
party that retired from the lines, submitted. The remainder of 
our force, in number about four hundred, continued to defend 
themselves with great gallantry, in an unequal contest, against 
small arms and artillery, until I was brought in as a prisoner to 
that part of the field occupied by the enemy. 

At this latter place I understood that our troops were defend- 
ing themselves in a state of desperation, and was informed by 
the commanding officer of the enemy, that he would afford them 
an opportunity of surrendering themselves prisoners of war ; to 
which 1 acceded. I was the more ready to make the surrender, 
from being assured, that unless done quickly, the buildings adja- 
cent would be immediately set on fire, and that no responsibility 
would be taken for the conduct of the savages, who were then 
assembled in great numbers. In this critical situation, being 
desirous to preserve the lives of a number of our brave fellows 
who still held out, I sent a flag to them, and agreed with the com- 
manding officer of the enemy, that they should be surrendered 
prisoners of war on condition of being protected from the sava- 
ges, allowed to retain their private property, and having their 
side arms returned to them. It is impossible for me to ascertain 
with certainty the loss we have sustained in this action, from the 
impracticability of knowing the number who have made their 
escape. 

Thirty-five officers, and about four hundred and eighty-seven 
non-commissioned officers and privates, are prisoners of war. A 
list of the names of the officers is herewith enclosed to you. 
Our loss in killed is considerable. However unfortunate may 
seem the affair of yesterday, I am flattered by a belief, that no 
material error is chargeable* upon myself, and that still less cen- 
sure is deserved by the troops I had the honour of commanding. 
With the exception of that portion of our force, which was 
thrown into disorder, no troops have ever behaved with more 
determined intrepidity. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

JAMES WINCHESTER, 

Brig. Gen. U. S. army. 
Hon. Secretary of War. 



WAR DEPARTMENT, February 10th, 1813. 

SIR, 

I have the President's orders to communicate to you, as ex- 
peditiously as possible, the outline of campaign which you will 
immediately institute and pursue against Upper Canada. 

1st. Four thousand troops will be assembled at Sarkef s Harbor 
2d. Three thousand will be brought together at JBurtaloe and 
its vicinity. 



134 

The former of these corps will be embarked and" tran sported 
under convoy of the fleet to Kingston, where they will be landed. 
Kingston, its garrison and the British ships wintering in the 
harbor of that place, will be its first object. Its second object 
will be York, (the capital of Upper Canada) the stores collec- 
ted and the two frigates building there. Its third object, Forts 
George and Erie, and their dependencies. In the attainment of 
this last, there will be a co-operation between the two corps. The 
composition of these will be as follows: 

1st, Bloomfield's Brigade, - 1,43G 

2d, Chandlers do. - 1,044 

Sd, Philadelphia detachment, - 400 

4th, Baltimore do. 300 

5th, Carlisle do. - - 200 

6th, Greeubush do. - - - - 400 • 

7th, Sacket's Harbor do. - - - 250 

4,030 



8th, Several corps atBuffaloe under the command 
of colonel Porter, and the recruits belonging thereto 3,000 

7,030 



The time for executing the enterprise will be governed by the 
opening of lake Ontario, which usually takes place about the first 
of April. 

The adjutant general has orders to put the more southern 
detachments in march as expeditiously as possible. The two 
brigades on lake Champlain you will move so as to give them full 
time to reach their place of destination by the 25th of March. 
The route by Elizabeth Mill, 1 think, be the shortest and best. 
They will be replaced by some new raised regiments from the 
east. You will put into your movements as much privacy as 
maybe compatible with their execution. They may be masked 
by reports that Sackefs Harbor is in danger, and that the princi- 
pal eflbrt will be made on the Niagara in co-operation with general 
Harrison. As the route to Sacket's Harbor and to Niagara, is for 
a considerable distance the same, it may be well to intimate, 
even in orders, that the latter is the destination of the two 
brigades now at lake Champlain. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 
JOHN ARMSTRONG. 

Major Gen. II. Dearborn. 



185 
MASSACRE AT FRENCH TOWN. 

Ml. At)\ II.LE (PENNSYLVANIA,) February 20th, 1813. 

At a meeting; at Erie, Pennsylvania, of the following named 
officers who survived the battle at French Town, on the river 
Raisin, viz: Captains Uriel Sebree, Samuel L. Williams, Cole- 
man Collins, and Richard Bledsoe ; Lieutenants Dyndon, Corn- 
stock and Higgins ; Ensigns Thomas M'Guine and Harrow: — 
Captain Williams was called to the chair, and John Beckley (one 
of the volunteers) appointed secretary ; when the following reso- 
lutions were introduced, and unanimously adopted : 

Whereas it is deemed necessary that our fellow citizens should 
be informed of the late perfidious and brutal acts of the British 
government, performed by their officers at the battle of French 
Town : Resolved, That the following statement of the conduct of 
the British officers, be published to our countrymen : 

That when general Winchester was taken prisoner on the 22d 
of January, 181,3, and brought before colonel Proctor, the British 
commander, he directed the commanding officer of the Americans 
(major Madison) to surrender. Major Madison refused so to do, 
unless those surrendered should be free from savage massacre; 
this was agreed to ; and the British officers pledged themselves 
tolc;roa sufficient force with the wounded to protect them, and 
that they should be conveyed to Maiden the next morning. They 
likewise promised to return to the officers their arms at Maiden. 

Captain N. (i. F. Hart, inspector to the north-western army, 
being among tlie wounded, it was proposed by his friends, that 
they should carry*him with them : this they were prevented from 
doing by captain Elliott,* a British officer, and an old acquain- 
tance ot captain Hart's, who promised captain Hart his special 
protection — to convey him in his own sleigh to Maiden that 
evening, and informing him that he should be welcome to remain 
at his house there, until lie should recover. 

These were the promises of the British, let our countrymen and 
the world see how they were fulfilled. 

At the break of day next morning the savages were suffered to 
commit every depredation upon our wounded which they -pleased 
An indiscriminate slaughter took place, of all who were unable to 
walk, many were tomahawked, and many were burned alive in the 
houses* Among the unfortunate thus murdered, it is with regret 
anil sorrow we have to name captains Hart and Hickman. 

The arms of the officers, as promised, were never returned. 
Every species of private property remaining in the tents, be- 
longing to both officers and soldiers, were plundered by the 
lavages. 

* This Elliott is nephew to the savage colonel Elliott ; he once held a 
commission in the United States' army. 



1S6 

Resolved, That in consideration of the high respect we hold 
the memories of both officers and soldiers who were thus cruelly 
murdered, by permission of the British commander, Proctor, and 
his subalterns, and those who gloriously fell in the field, defending 
the only free government on earth, that each of us wear black 
crape on our hats and left arm for the space of ninety days-. 

Resolved, That a similar precedure, testifying their respect 
for those who were murdered and fell on that day, be recom- 
mended to our brother officers and soldiers, who survived it. 

SAMUEL WILLIAMS, President. 
John Beckley, Secretary. 



NEAR OGDENSBURG, February 22d, 1813. 

SIR, 

I have only time to inform you that the enemy, with a very 
superior force, succeeded in taken Ogdensburg this morning 
about 9 o'clock. They had about two men to our one, exclusive 
of Indians. Numbers of the enemy are dead on the field. Not 
more than twenty of our men killed and wounded. Lieutenant 
Beard is among the latter. 

I have made a saving retreat of about eight or nine miles. I 
could not get all the wounded oft". We have killed two of the 
enemy to one of ours killed by them. We want ammunition and 
some provisions sent on to us ; also sleighs for the wounded. 

If you can send me three hundred men all shall be retaken, and 
Frescott too, or I will lose my life in the attempt. I shall write 
you more particularly to-day. 

Your obedient servant, 

BEN J. FORSYTH. 

General Macomb. 



MESSAGE OF MR. MADISON. 

To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States. 

I lay before Congress copies of a proclamation of the British 
lieutenant-governor of the island of Bermuda, which has appeared 
under circumstances leaving no doubt of its authenticity. It 
recites a British order in council of the 26th of October last, 
providing for the supply of the British West Indies, and other 
colonial possessions, by a trade under special licenses, and is 
accompanied by a circular instruction to the colonial governors, 
which confines licensed importations from ports of the United 
States to the ports of the eastern states exclusively. 

The government of Great Britain had already introduced into 
her commerce, during the war, a system, which, at once violating 



137 

the rights of other nations, and resting on a mass of forgery and 
perjury unknown to other times, was making an unfortunate 
progress in undermining those principles of morality and religion 
which are the best foundation of national happiness. 

The policy now proclaimed to the world, introduces into her 
modes of warfare, a system equally distinguished by the deformity 
of its features, and the depravity of its character ; having for its 
object to dissolve the ties of allegiance, and the sentiments of 
loyalty in the adversary nation, and to reduce and separate its 
component parts, the one from the other. 

The general tendency of these demoralizing and disorganizing 
contrivances will be reprobated by the civilized and christian 
world ; and the insulting attempt on the virtue, the honour, the 
patriotism, and the fidelity of our brethren of the eastern states, 
will not fair to call forth all their indignation and resentment, and 
to attach more and more all the states to that happy union and 
constitution, against which such insidious and malignant artifices 
are directed. 

The better to guard, nevertheless, against the effect of indivi- 
dual cupidity and treachery, and to turn the corrupt project of 
the enemy against himself, I recommend to the consideration of 
Congress, the expediency of an effectual prohibition of any trade 
whatever, by citizens or inhabitants of the United States, under 
special licenses, whether relating to persons or ports, and in aid 
thereof a prohibition of exportations from the United States in 
foreign bottoms, few of which are actually employed, whilst mul- 
tiplying counterfeits of their flags and papers, are covering and 
encouraging the navigation of the enemy. 

JAMES MADISON. 

February 24th, 1813. 



SACKETT'S HARBOR, March 3d, 1813. 
SIR, 

Having been informed that sir George Prevosthad adjourned 
the legislature at Quebec, assigning as his motive that his majes- 
ty's service required his presence in Upper Canada ; and having 
received certain information of his having passed Montreal, and 
having arrived at Kingston, I set out immediately for this place, 
having ordered the force at Greenbush, and part of colonel Pike's 
command, in sleighs for this place. I arrived here in fifty -two 
hours. I am now satisfied from such information as is entitled to 
full credit, that a force has been collected from Quebec, Montreal, 
and Upper Canada, of from six to eight thousand men, at Kingston, 
and that we may expect an attack in forty-eight hours and per- 
haps sooner. 

The militia have been called in, and every effort will, I trust, be 
made to defend the post ; but 1 fear neither'the troops from Green- 

18 



138 

bush nor Plattsburg will arrive in season to afford their aid. I 
should feel easier if colonel Pike should arrive in season. I am in 
want of officers of experience. I have sent expresses to have 
them hurried on. Commodore Chauncey has not arrived ; he 
will be here to-morrow. The armed vessels have not been placed 
in the positions intended by the commodore. Our total force may 
be estimated at nearly 3000 of all descriptions. 

Sir George Prevost is represented to be determined to effect 
his object at all events, and will undoubtedly make every effort in 
his power for the purpose. We shall, I trust, give him a warm 
reception ; but if his force is such as is expected, and should make 
an attack before our troops arrive from Greenbush and Plattsburg-. 
at Sackett's Harbor, the result may at least be doubtful. 

f have the honour to be, &c. 
H. DEARBORN. 

Honourable Jolin Armstrong. 



HEAD QUARTERS, FRANKLINTON, March 12th, 1813. 
SIR, 

I had the honour to inform you in my letter of the 25th ulti- 
mo, that I had organized a detachment for the purpose of striking 
a blow at the vessels of war of the enemy lying near Maiden. 
Captain Langham, with about two hundred and fifty men, in thirty 
sleds and sleighs, set out from Lower Sandusky on the 2d instant, 
and proceeded as far as Bass island, in the lake, without difficulty. 
Contrary, however, to the experience of former years, the lake 
beyond was found to be entirely open. He was therefore obliged 
to return to the Miami bay, where I met him with a detachment 
that was intended to cover his retreat. Finding that the original 
design was rendered abortive, I had determined upon an expedi- 
tion to the river Raisin, for the purpose of burying the remains of 
our unfortunate countrymen who fell on the 22d January. But 
the ice was so weak as no longer to afford a safe passage along the 
edge of the lake. Our horses were constantly breaking through, 
and one man was unfortunately drowned. I therefore returned to 
camp with the whole detachment, and on the 7th instant set out 
for this place. I left general Leftwich in command at camp Meigs. 
Indeed the cause which prevented the advance of my detachment 
to the river Raisin, would also prevent the enemy from approaching 
the Rapids, at least with artillery. 

I have the honour to enclose herewith a plan of camp Meigs. 
The redoubt marked F. is yet to be erected. 

Colonel Morrison has determined to resign his appointment as 
deputy quarter master general. There is not a man in the United 
States who is, in my opinion, capable of discharging the duties of 
that department with as much advantage to the public as himself. 
He i« lost to the service in consequence of the singular arrange- 



139 

merit which was made by the late secretary of war, of sending on 
another deputy quarter master general with equal powers to those 
vested in colonel Morrison. Since the departure of captain Piatt, 
I have used my utmost endeavours to prevail upon colonel Morrison 
to continue in service, but he perseveres in his determination to 
retire at the end of this month. A report has reached us this 
morning that general Lewis is appointed a major general. Should 
this be the case, 1 am convinced that the interets of our country 
would be greatly promoted by the appointment of colonel Morrison 
to succeed him. The duties of quarter master to the north west- 
ern army, do not require so much military information as is neces- 
sary for the officer at the head of that department in the other 
sections of the union. An intimate knowledge of the western 
country and its resources, with integrity and activity, are the 
essential qualifications. These are possessed by John C. Bartlett, 
esq. acting at present as field commissary in an eminent degree. 
He would possess moreover the confidence of the western country, 
particularly of Kentucky. 

I have not yet had the honour to receive any communication 
from you upon the subject of the organization of the force for the 
ensuing campaign. 

With great respect, I have the honour to be, &c. 

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 

The Secretary of War. 



HEAD QUARTERS, CHILICOTHE, March 17th, 1813. 

SIR, 

The known candour of your character is a sufficient security 
for my receiving your pardon for the libertv I take in making 
objections to the plan of operations communicated in your letter 
of the 5th instant. If there is a positive certainty of our getting 
the command of lake Erie, and having a regular force of three 
thousand five hundred, or even three thousand, well disciplined 
men, the proposed plan of setting out from Cleveland, and land- 
ing on the northern shore below Maiden, would perhaps be the 
one by which that place and its dependencies could be most 
easily reduced. I am unacquainted with the extent of the prepa- 
rations that are making to obtain the naval superiority on lake 
Erie ; but, should they fail, and the troops be assembled at Cleve- 
land, it would be difficult to get again upon the proper track for 
making the attack round the head of the lake. The attempt to 
cross the lake from Cleveland should not be made with any other 
than well disciplined troops. A comparatively smaller number 
of men of this description could effect the object, and for those 
the means of conveyance might be obtained ; but the means of 
transporting such an army as would be required of militia, or 
undisciplined regulars, could not be procured. I can see no 



140 

reason why Cleveland should be preferred as the point of em- 
barkation for the troops, or the deposit for the provisions and 
stores. Those are already accumulated at the Rapids of Miami, 
or in situations easily to be sent thither, to an amount nearly 
equal to the consumption of a protracted campaign. Although 
the expense and difficulty of transporting the provisions, artillery, 
and stores for an army, round (lie head of the lake, would be 
very considerable, the lake being possessed by our ships, and the 
heavy baggage taken in boats along the margin, the troops would 
find no difficulty in the land route. The force contemplated in 
your letter is, in my opinion, not sufficient to secure success. 
Admitting that the whole should be raised by the time pointed 
out, they would be very little superior to militia; the officers 
having, with scarcely an exception, to learn their duty before they 
could instruct their men ; we have, therefore, no alternative but 
to make up by numbers the deficiency in discipline. 

I am well aware of the intolerable expense which attends 
the employment of a large militia force. We are now, however, 
in a situation to avoid those errors, which made that of the last 
campaign BO peculiarly heavy. Our supplies are procured, and 
SO deposited, that the period for the march of the army from the 
advanced posts can be ascertained to an hour, and of course the 
troops need not be called out until the moment they are to act. 
Experience has convinced ine that militia are more efficient in 
the early, than in the latter part of their service. Upon the 
whole, it is my decided opinion that the Rapids of Miami should 
be the point of rendezvous for the troops, as well as the principal 
depot ; indeed it must necessarily be the first deposit, — the pro- 
visions of the army are so placed, that tl y can be taken to the 
fake in no other way. The artillery and a considerable supply of 
ammunition are already there. Boats and perogues have been 
built in considerable numbers on the Auglaize and St. Mary's ri- 
vers ; and even exertion is now making to increase them, intended 
for the double purpose of taking down the provisions to the Ra- 
pids, and for coasting the lake with the baggage of the army in 
its advance. I had calculated on being able partially to use this 
mode of transportation, even if the enemy should continue his 
naval superiority on the lake ; but with this advantage on our side, 
the whole baggage of the army could be safely and expeditiously 
carried along the coast in the boats and perogues, winch could 
be taken into the strait to transport the army to the Canada shore. 

As I have before observed, the army, unincumbered with heavy 
baggage, would find no difficulty in marching round the lake at 
any season, but what the enemy would create, and we have the 
means of subsisting a force that would be irresistible. 

The objections to proceeding this way, stated in my letter to 
colonel Monroe, arose from the time that would be necessary to 
construct boats after we should have arrived at the strait; but 
this objection is entirely obviated, by our obtaining the command 



141 

of the lake, as the boats and perogues built upon the Miami will 
answer the purpose. With regard to the quantum of force, my 
opinion is, that not only the regular troops, designated in your let- 
ter, but a large auxiliary corps of militia should be employed. 
The only objection arises from the expensiveness of troops of that 
description. This, however, could not be an object, consider- 
ing the very short time that it would be necessary to employ them. 
Let the moment for the commencement of the march from the 
Rapids be fixed, and the militia might be taken to that point, 
proceed and accomplish the object, and return home in two 
months. 

Amongst the reasons which make it necessary to employ a large 
force, I am sorry to mention the dismay and disinclination to the 
service which appears to prevail in the western country. Numbers 
must give that confidence which ought to be produced by con- 
scious valour and intrepidity, which never existed in any army in a 
superior degree, than amongst the great pai't of the militia which 
were with me through the winter. The new drafts from this state 
are er.+iroly of another character, and are not to be depended upon. 
I have no doubt, however, but a sufficient number of good men 
can be procured, and should they be allowed to serve on horse- 
back, Kentucky would furnish some regiments that would not be 
inferior to those that fought at the river Raisin, and they were, in 
my opinion, superior to any militia that ever took the field in 
modern times. Eight troops of cavalry have been formed in 
Kentucky to offer me their service ; and several of them were 
intended for twelve month's volunteers. , Governor Shelby has 
some thought of taking the field in person — a number of good 
men will follow him. He thinks that an address from me to the 
people of the state would produce a good effect. I have strong 
objections to those addresses, but will nevertheless have recourse 
to one, should other means fail of bringing forward a sufficient 
force. Every exertion shall, in the mean time, be used to forward 
the recruiting service ; for a few weeks I think that my services 
would be more useful in that, than any other employment. 

I have the honour to be yours, &c. 

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 

lion. John Armstrong. 



UNITED STATES' SHIP HORNET, 

Holmes' Hole, March 19th, 1813. 

SIR, 

I have the honour to inform you of the arrival, at this port, 
of the United States' ship Hornet, under my command, from a 
cruise of 145 days, and to state to you, that after commodore 
Bainbridge left the coast of Brazils, (on the 6th of January last,) 
the Hornet continued oft* the harbour of St. Salvador, blockading 



142 

the Bonne Citoyenne until the 34th, when the Montagu 74 hove 
in sight and chased me into the harbour; but night coming on, I 
wore and stood to the southward. Knowing that she had left 
Rio Janeiro for the express purpose of relieving the Bonne Cito- 
yenne and the packet, (which 1 had also blockaded for fourteen 
days, and obliged her to send her mail to Rio, in a Portuguese 
smack,) I judged it most prudent to change my cruising ground, 
and stood to the eastward, with the view of cruising off' Pernam- 
buco, — and on the 4th day of February, captured the English brig 
Resolution, from Rio Janeiro, bound to Moranham, with coffee, 
jerked beef, flour, fustic and butter, and about 25,000 dollars in 
specie. As the brig sailed dull, and could ill spare hands to man 
her, I took out the money and set her on tire. 1 then run down 
the coast for Moranham, and cruised there a short time ; from 
thence ran oft* Surrinam. After cruising off that coast from the 
5th to the 22d of February, without meeting a vessel, I stood for 
Demarara, with an intention, should I not be fortunate on that 
station, to run through the West Indies, on my way to the United 
States. But on the morning of the 24th, I discovered a brig to 
leeward, to which I gave chase ; ran into quarter less four, and 
not having a pilot, was obliged to haul off* — the fort at the entrance 
of Damarafa river at this time bearing south west, distance about 
2", Leagues. Previously to giving up the chase, I discovered a 



vessel at anchor without the bar, with English colours flying, ap- 
parently a brig of war. In beating round Corobano bank, in or- 
der to get at her, at half past 3 P. M. I discovered another sail 
on my weather quarter, edging down for us. At 4 20 minutes she 
hoisted English colours, at which time we discovered her to be a 
large man of war brig ; — beat to quarters, and cleared ship for 
action ; kept close by the wind, in order, if possible, to get the 
weather jjage. At 5 10 minutes, finding I could weather the ene- 
my, I hoisted American colours, and tacked. At 5 20 minutes, 
in passing each other, exchanged broadsides within half pistol 
shot. Observing the enemy in the act of wearing, I bore up, 
received his starboard broadside, ran him close on board on the 
starboard quarter, and kept up such a heavy and well directed 
fire, that in less than fifteen minutes he surrendered, being lite- 
rally cut to pieces, and hoisted an ensign, union down, from hie 
fore rigging, as a signal of distress. Shortly after, his main-mast 
went by the board : — despatched lieutenant Shubrick on board, 
who soon returned witli her first lieutenant, who reported her tf> 
be his Britannic majesty's late brig Peacock, commanded by cap- 
tain William IVake, who fell in the latter part of the action — that 
a number <>l tier crew were killed and wounded, and that she was 
sinking fast, having then six feet of water in her hold: — des- 
patched the boats immediately for the wounded, and brought both 
vessels tn anchor. Such shot holes as could be got at, were then 
plugged ; her guns thrown overboard, and every possible exertion 
used to keep her afloat, until the prisoners could be removed, by 



143 

pumping and bailing, but without effect, and she unfortunately 
sunk in five and a hall" fathoms waters, carrying down thirteen of 
her crew, and three of my brave fellows, viz : John Hart, Joseph 
Williams, and Hannibal Boyd. Lieutenant Conner, midshipman 
Cooper, and the remainder of the Hornet's crew, employed in 
removing the prisoners, with difficulty saved themselves by jump- 
ing in a boat that was lving: on her bows as she went down. Four 
men, of the thirteen mentioned, were so fortunate as to gain the 
foretop, and were afterwards taken off by the boats. Previous to 
her going down, four of her men took to her stern boat, which had 
been much damaged during the action, which I hope reached the 
shore in safety : but from the heavy sea running at the time, the 
shattered state of the boat, and the difficulty of landing on the 
coast, I much fear they were lost. I have not been able to ascer- 
tain from her officers the exact number killed. Captain Peake 
and four men were found dead on board. The master, one mid- 
shipman, carpenter, and captain's clerk, and twenty-nine seamen 
were wounded, most of them very severely, three of whom died 
of their wounds after being removed, and nine drowned. Our 
loss was trifling in comparison. John Place, killed ; Samuel 
Coulsan and Joseph Dalrymple, slightly wounded ; George Coffin 
and Lewis Todd, severely burnt by the explosion of a cartridge. 
Todd survived only a few days. Our rigging and sails were much 
cut ; one shot through the fore-mast, and the bowsprit slightly 
injured. Our hull received little or no damage. At the time the 
Peacock was brought to action, the L'Espeigle, (the brig men- 
tioned above as being at anchor) mounting sixteen two and thirty 
pound carronades, and two long nines, lay about six miles in shore, 
and could plainly see the whole of the action. Apprehensive that 
she would beat out to the assistance of her consort, such exertions 
were made by my officers and crew in repairing damages, &c. 
that by 9 o'clock the boats were stowed, a new set of sails bent, 
and the ship completely ready for action. At 2 A. M. got under 
weigh, and stood by the wind to the northward and westward, 
under easy sail. 

On mustering next morning, found we had 277 souls on board, 
including the crew of the American brig Hunter, of Portland, 
taken a few days before by the Peacock. And, as we had been 
on two-thirds allowance of provisions for some time, and had but 
3,400 gallons of water on board, I reduced the allowance to three 

tints a man, and determined to make the best of my way to the 
Inited States. 
The Peacock was deservedly styled one of the finest vessels 
of her class in the British navy, probably about the tonnage of 
the Hornet. Her beam was greater by five inches ; but her ex- 
treme length not so great by four feet. She mounted sixteen 
twenty-four pound carronades, two long nines, one twelve pound 
carronade on her top-gallant-forecastle, as a shifting gun, and one 
four or six pounder, and two swivels mounted aft. 1 find by her 



144 

quarter bill, that her crew consisted of 134 men, four of whom 
were absent in a prize. 

The cool and determined conduct of my officers and crew dur- 
ing the action, and their almost unexampled exertions afterwards, 
entitle them to my warmest acknowledgments, and 1 beg leave 
most earnestly to recommend them to the notice of government. 

By the indisposition of lieutenant .Stewart, I was deprived of 
the services of an excellent officer : had he been able to stand 
the deck, I am confident his exertions would not have been sur- 
passed by any one on board. I should be doing injustice to the 
merits of lieutenant Shubrick, and acting lieutenants Conner and 
Newton, were I not to recommend them particularly to your no- 
tice. Lieutenant Shubrick was in the actions with the Guerriere 
and Java. Captain Hull and commodore Bainbridge can bear 
testimony as to his coolness and good conduct on both occasions. 
With the greatest respect, I remain, &c. 

JAMES LAWRENCE. 

Hon. Wm, Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 

P. S. At the commencement of the action my sailing master 
and seven men were absent in a prize, and lieutenant Stewart and 
six men on the sick list. 



BRIGADE ORDER. 

SACKETTS HARBOR, April 25th, 1813. 

When the debarkation shall take place on the enemy's shore, 
major Forsyth's light troops, formed in four platoons, shall be first 
landed. They a\ ill advance a small distance from the shore, and 
form the chain to cover the landing of the troops. They will not 
fire, unless they discover the approach of a body of the enemy, 
but will make prisoners of every jjcrson who may be passing, and 
send to the general. They will be followed by the regimental 
platoons of the first brigade, with two pieces of Brook's artillery, 
one on the right and one on the left Hank, covered by their mus- 
ketry, and the small detachments of riflemen, of the 15th and 
16th infantry. Then will be landed the three platoons of the 
reserve of the first brigade, under major Swan ; then major Eustis, 
with his train of artillery, covered by his own musketry; then 
colonel M'Clure's volunteers in four platoons, followed by the 
21st regiment, in six platoons. When the troops shall move in 
column, either to meet the enemy or take a position, it will be in 
the following order, viz: 1st, Forsyth's riflemen, with proper 
front and flank guards; the regiments of the first brigade, with 
their pieces; then three platoons of reserve; major Eustis's train 



145 

of artillery; volunteer corps; twenty-first regiment; each corps 
sending out proper flank -guards. When the enemy shall be dis- 
covered in front, die riflemen will form the chain, and maintain 
their ground, until they have the signal (tlie preparative) or receive 
orders to retire, at which they will retreat with the greatest velo- 
city, and form equally on the two Hanks of the regiments of the 
first brigade, and then renew their lire. The three reserve pla- 
toons of this line will form under the orders of major Swan, one 
hundred yards in the rear of the colours, ready to support any 
part which may show an unsteady countenance. Major Eustis 
and his train will form in the rear of this reserve, ready to act 
where circumstances may dictate. 

The second line will be composed of the 21st infantry, in six 
platoons, Hanked by colonel M'Clure'9 volunteers, equally divided, 
as light troops. The whole under the orders of colonel Ripley. 

It is expected that every corps will be mindful of the honour of 
the American arms, and the disgraces which have recentlv tarnish- 
ed our arms ; and endeavour, by a cool and determined discharge 
of their duty, to support the one, and wipe oft* the other. The 
riflemen in front will maintain their ground at all hazards, until 
ordered to retire, as will every cm-})* of the army. With an as- 
surance of being duly supported, >hould the commanding general 
find it prudent to withdraw the front line, he will give orders to 
retire by the heads of platoons, covered by the riflemen ; and the 
second line will advance by the heads of platoons, pass the inter- 
vals, and form the line ; call in the light troops, and renew the 
action : but the general may find it proper to bring up the second 
line, on one or both flanks, to charge in columns, or perform a variety 
of manouvres which it would be impossible to foresee. But as a 
general rule, whatever may be the directions of line at the com- 
mencement of the action, the corps will form as before directed. 
If they then advance in line, it may be in parallel eschelons of 
platoons, or otherwise, as the ground or circumstances may dic- 
tate. 

No man will load until ordered, except the light troops in front, 
until within a short distance of the enemy, and then charge bayo- 
nets ; thus letting the enemy see, that we can meet them with 
their own weapons. Any man firing, or quitting his post, without 
orders, must be put to instant death, as an example may be neces- 
sary. Platoon officers will pay the greatest attention to the cool- 
ness and aim of their men in the fire ; their regularity and dress- 
ing in the charge. The field officers will watch over the conduct 
of the whole. Courage and bravery in the field do not more dis- 
tinguish the soldier, than humanity after victory; and whatever 
examples the savage allies of our enemies may have given us, the 
general confidently hopes, that the blood of an unresisting or 
yielding enemy, will never stain the weapons of the soldiers of his 
column. 

19 



146 

The unoffending citizens of Canada are many of them our own 
countrymen, and the poor Canadians have been forced into the 
war. Their property, therefore, must be held sacred ; and any 
soldier who shall so far neglect the honour of his profession as to 
be guilty of plundering the inhabitants, shall, if convicted, be 
punished with death. But the commanding general assures the 
troops, that should they capture a large quantity of public stores, 
he will use his best endeavours to procure them a reward from his 
government. 

This order shall be read at the head of each corps, and every 
field officer shall carry a copy, in order that he may at any mo- 
ment refer to it; and give explanations to his subordinates. 

All those found in arms in the enemy's country, shall be treated 
as enemies ; but those who are peaceably following the pursuits 
of their various vocations, friends — and their property respect- 
ed. 

By order of the brigadier general, 

Z. M. PIKE, 

Chahles G. Jones, 

assistant aid-de-camp. 



. UNITED STATES' SHIP MADISON, 

at anchor oft' York, Upper Canada, April 28th, 1813. 

SIR, 

Agreeably to your instructions and arrangements with major 
general Dearborn, I took on board the squadron under my com- 
mand, the general and suite, and about 1700 troops, and left* 
Sackett's Harbor on the 25th instant for this place. We arrived 
here yesterday morning, and took a position about one mile south 
and westu aid of the enemy's principal fort, and as near the shore 
as we could, with safety to the vessels. The place fixed upon by 
the major general and myself for landing the troops, was the site 
of the old French fort Tarento. 

The debarkation commenced about 8 o'clock A. M. and was 
completed about ten. The wind blowing heavy from the east- 
ward, the boats fell to leeward of the position fixed upon, and 
were, in consequence, exposed to a galling fire of the enemy, who 
had taken a position in a thick wood near where the first troops 
landed; however, the cool intrepidity of the officers and men 
overcame every obstacle. Their attack upon the enemy was so 
vigorous thai lie lied in every direction, leaving a great many of 
his killed and wounded upon the field. As soon as the troops 
were landed, I directed the schooners to take a position near the 
forts, in order that the attack on them by the army and navy might 
be simultaneous. The schooners were obliged to beat up to their 
position, which they did in a very handsome order, under a very 
heavy fire from the enemy's batteries, and took a position within 



147 

about six hundred yards of their principal fort, and opened a 
heavy cannonade upon the enemy, which did great execution, and 
very much contributed to their final destruction. The troops, 
as soon as landed, were formed under the immediate orders of 
brigadier general Pike, who led in a most gallant manner the at- 
tack upon the forts, and after having carried two redoubts in their 
approach to their principal works, the enemy (having previously 
laid a train) blew up his magazine, which in its effects upon our 
troops, was dreadful, having killed and wounded a great many, 
and amongst the former, the ever to be lamented brigadier general 
Pike, who fell at the head of his column by a contusion received 
by a heavy stone from the magazine. His death at this time, is 
much to be regretted, as he had the perfect confidence of the 
major general ; and his known activity, zeal and experience, 
make his loss a national one. 

In consequence of the fall of general Pike, the command of 
the troops devolved, for a time, upon colonel Pearce, who soon 
after took possession of the town. About 2 P. M. the American 
flag was substituted for the British, and at about four our troops 
were in quiet possession of the town. As soon as general Dear- 
born learned the situation of general Pike, he landed, and assumed 
the command. I have the honour of enclosing a copy of the 
capitulation which was entered into, and approved by general 
Dearborn and myself. 

The enemy set fire to some of his principal stores, containing 
large quantities of naval and military stores, as well as a large 
ship upon the stocks, nearly finished. The only vessel found 
here, is the Duke of Gloucester, undergoing repairs. The Prince 
Regent left here on the 24th, for Kingston. We have not yet 
had a return made of the naval and military stores ; consequently 
can form no idea of the quantity, but have made arrangements to 
have all taken on board that we can receive ; the rest will be des- 
troyed. 

I have to regret the death of midshipmen Thompson and Hat- 
field, and several seamen killed — the exact number I do not 
know, as the returns from the different vessels have not yet been 
received. From the judicious arrangements made by general 
Dearborn, I presume that the public stores will be disposed of, 
so that the troops will be ready to re-embark to morrow, and pro- 
ceed to execute other objects of the expedition the first fair wind. 
I cannot speak in too much praise of the cool intrepidity of the 
officers and men generally, under my command, and I feel my- 
self particularly indebted to the officers commanding vessels, for 
their zeal in seconding my views. 

I have the honour to be yours, &c. 

ISAAC CHAUNCEY, 

Honourable William Jones, 

Secretary of the Navy. 



14S 

HEAD QUARTERS, YORK, UPPER CANADA, 

April 28th, 1813. 

SIR, 

After a detention of some days, by adverse winds, we ar- 
rived here yesterday morning, and at 8 o'clock commenced landing 
our troops, about three miles westward of the town, and one and 
a half from the enemy's works. The wind was high and in an 
unfavourable direction for our boats, which prevented the troops 
landing at a clear field, the ancient site of the French fort Ta- 
rento. The unfavourable wind prevented as many of the armed 
vessels from taking such positions as w ould as effectually cover 
our landing, as they otherwise would have done; but every thing 
that could be done was effected. 

Our riflemen, under major Forsyth, first landed, under a heavy 
fire from Indians and other troops. General Sheatfe commanded in 
person. He had collected his whole force in the woods, near w here 
the wind obliged our troops to land, consisting of about 700 regu- 
lars and militia, and 100 Indians. Major Forsyth was supported, 
as promptly as possible with other troops ; but the contest was 
sharp and severe for near half an hour. The enemy was repulsed 
by a far less number than their own ; and as soon as general Pike 
landed with 7 or 800 men, and the remainder of the troops were 
pushing for the shore, the enemy retreated to their works ; and as 
soon as the whole of the troops had landed and formed on the clear 
ground intended for the first landing, they advanced through a 
thick wood to the open ground near the enemy's works, and after 
carrying one battery by assault, were moving on in columns to- 
wards the main works ; when the head of the columns was within 
about sixty rods of the enemy, a tremendous explosion occurred 
from a huge magazine prepared for the purpose, which discharged 
such immense quantities of stone, as to produce a most unfortu- 
nate effect on our troops. I have not yet been able to collect the 
returns of our killed and wounded, but our loss by the explosion, 
must, I fear, exceed 100; and among them, I have to lament the 
loss of the brave and excellent officer, brigadier general Pike, 
who received such a contusion from a large stone, as terminated 
his valuable life within a few hours. His loss will be severely felt. 

Previous to the explosion, the enemy had retired into the town, 
excepting a party of regular troops, which did not retire early 
enough to avoid the shock ; it is said that upwards of forty of 
them were destroyed. General Sheaife moved off with the regu- 
lar troops, and left directions with the commanding officer of the 
militia, to make the best terms he could. In the mean time, all 
further resistance on the part of the enemy ceased, and the out- 
lines of a capitulation were agreed on. As soon as I was informed 
of general Pike's being wounded, I went on shore. I had been 
induced to confide the immediate command of the troops in ac- 
tion to general Pike, from a conviction that he fully expected it, 
and would be much mortified at being deprived of the honour. 



149 

which he highly appreciated. Every movement was under my 
view. Our troops behaved with great firmness, and deserve much 
applause, especially those who were first engaged, under circum- 
stances that would have tried the firmness of veterans. Our loss in 
the action in the morning, and in carrying the first battery, was not 
great, probably about fifty killed and wounded ; among them, were 
a full proportion of officers; and although the enemy had a de- 
cided advantage in point of numbers and position, at the com- 
mencement, their loss was greater than ours, particularly in of- 
ficers. 

It was with the greatest exertion that the small vessels of the 
fleet could work into the harbour against a gale of wind directly 
ahead ; but as soon as they got in contact with the batteries, a 
tremendous cannonade commenced from 24 and 32 pounders, and 
was kept up without intermission, under a heavy fire from two 
batteries, until the enemy's batteries were carried or blown up by 
the explosion, which undoubtedly had a powerful effect on the 
enemy. I am under the greatest obligations to commodore Chaun- 
cey for his able and indefatigable exertions in every possible man- 
ner that could give facility and effect to the expedition. He is 
equally estimable for deliberate sound judgment, bravery and in- 
dustry. The government could not have made a more fortunate 
selection for the important trust he holds. Unfortunately, the 
enemy's armed ship, the " Prince Regent," left this place for 
Kingston, four days before we arrived. A large ship on the stocks, 
nearly planked up, with a large store of naval stores, were set on 
fire by the enemy, soon after the explosion of the magazine. 
There are no vessels fit for use in the harbour. A considerable 
quantity of military stores and provisions remained. We shall 
not possess the means of transporting the prisoners from this 
place, and must, of course, leave them on parole. I hope we shall 
so far complete the necessary measures at this place, in the course 
of this day, as to be able to sail to-morrow for Niagara, by which 
route I shall send this by a small vessel, with notice to general 
Lewis of our approach. 

I am sir, your obedient servant, 

H. DEARBORN. 

Hon. John Armstrong', 

Secretary of War. 



HEAD QUARTERS, CAMP MEIGS, May 5th, 1813. 

SIR, 

I am sorry to inform you of another disaster to the Kentucky 
troops, not indeed bearing any comparison to that of the river 
Raisin in point of killed and wounded, but exceeding it as to the 
number ot prisoners. I had the honour to inform you in my 
Fetter of the 28th instant, that the British troops destined to be 



150 

siesc this place were then in view. On the succeeding night they 
broke ground upon the 1 '.eights opposite, and on the Following 
morning our batteries opened upon them and continued a partial 
firing throughout that and the following day. On the first of May 
the enemy returned it from a two gun and one mortar battery, and. 
on the second from a third gun battery. On the night of the third 
they passed a part of their troops to this side of the river, and 
opened another gun and mortar battery within two hundred and 
fifty yards of our lines. They were soon however driven from 
that position, and obliged to take one at a more respectful distance. 
On the first, second, and third instant, the fire was most inces- 
sant and tremendous. Five and a half and eight and a half inch 
shells, with twenty-four pound ball, fell in showers in our camp, 
and would haA e produced the most unfortunate effect, but from 
the great pains and labour which had been bestowed in the erec- 
tion of traverses, which in a great degree shielded our camp from 
the former. For the latter there was no preventative but that of 
taking the batteries. About twelve o'clock last night an officer 
arrived in a boat from general Clay, to inform me of his approach, 
and that he would reach this place in about two hours. I imme- 
diately determined upon a general sally, and sent an officer to 
general Clay directing him to land eight hundred men some short 
distance above, to attack and carry the batteries, spike the cannon 
and destroy the artillery. The general was unfortunately delayed 
longer than he expected in passing the Rapids, and the detach- 
ment destined to make the attack did not reach the landing until 
near nine o'clock. This however did not prevent them from 
making the attempt, and never was any thing more completely 
successful. The four batteries were immediately taken possession 
of, and their defenders driven oft", and the cannon spiked. Here 
the work of our men was done. But that confidence which always 
attends militia when successful, proved their ruin, although there 
was time sufficient to return to the boats before a reinforcement 
arrived to the enemy. They remained upon the grounds in spite 
of the repeated calls which we made across the river to bring 
them back, suffered themselves to be amused and drawn into the 
woods by some faint skirmishing, whilst the British troops and an 
immense body of Indians, were soon brought up. A severe action 
then took place. The British immediately interrupted the retreat 
of our men to the plain over the river, where they would have been 
under cover of our cannon ; but about one hundred and fifty 
only, out of nearly eight hundred effectives, made their escape to 
the boats. Where the balance of general Clay's force made its 
appearance and attempted to land above the garrison, their flank 
was attacked by a large body of Indians. I immediately ordered 
out a detachment consisting of part of the 19th United States' 
regiment, about one hundred twelve months' volunteers, and some 
militia. They however succeeded in driving the enemy entirely 
off. Pursuant to the plan which 1 had formed, an attack was then 



151 

made upon the batteries on this side of the river, conducted by 
colonel Miller, of the 19th regiment, with part of his regiment, 
the aforesaid volunteers, and a few militia. This attack was also 
completely successful. The enemy were driven from their works, 
a number killed, and two British officers and forty-one privates 
brought into camp. This attack was intended to be simultaneous 
with that on the other side, and it was nearly so. Notwithstand- 
ing the severe loss we have sustained in the Kentucky militia, 
the events of the day have been honourable to the American arms. 
The detachment under colonel Miller suffered very little, and 
had the militia been contented with executing what they were 
ordered to do, every object which I had contemplated would 
have been accomplished. 

I have only time to add that I am confident of my ability to 
defend this place until the expected large reinforcements arrive ; 
and that I am, with great respect, &c. 

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 
Honourable John Armstrong, 

Secretary of War. 



Extract of a letter from Stephen H.Moore, captain of the Balti- 
more volunteers, to his brother, dated 

NIAGARA, May 5th, 1813. 

"I last wrote you from the harbor, stating that I was then about 
to embark with my company, together with general Pike's brigade, 
for the purpose of making a descent on the Canada shore. I have 
to inform you now of the result, which has been victorious and 
glorious to the American arms, although peculiarly unfortunate to 
me. We arrived at the head of lake Ontario on Tuesday morning 
the 27th ultimo, and debarked the forces about a mile above York, 
the capital of Upper Canada. Here we were met on the beach by 
about five hundred British regulars and two hundred and fifty 
Indians. We contended with them warmly for about an hour, 
when we succeeded in driving them before us, and made good 
our landing, with a loss of some brave officers, and about forty 
men killed and wounded. We then formed immediately, moved 
up to York, and when arrived just at the opening of the main 
street, the enemy sprung a mine upon us, which destroyed about 
eighty of his own men, and killed and wounded about one hun- 
dred "and thirty of our men. This horrible explosion has deprived 
me of my leg, and otherwise grievously wounded me. I was 
taken from the field, and carried on board the commodore's ship, 
where my leg was amputated, and I am now likely to recover. 
Two of my company were killed at the same time, and four or 
five more of my bra\e fellows were severely wounded, now out of 
danger. We have taken the capital of the enemy, and about a 



152 

million and a half worth of public stores and other property. We 
have killed and wounded about three hundred British and their 
savage allies, and have taken prisoners about seven hundred men. 
We have taken from them also several vessels of war which were 
found in the harbor, and destroyed a 32 gun frigate, then on the 

stocks. 

" This is the severest blow the British have felt since the war, 
and is to them irremediable. It will teach them a lesson of Ame- 
rican bravery, which they cannot soon forget. The conquest of 
Upper Canada is now no longer doubtful, as almost all the guns, 
munitions of war, and provisions, necessary to carry on the present 
campaign, were deposited at York, and have been taken by us. 
General Pike, however, the brave and gallant projector of this 
enterprize, fell in the very moment of complete victory, at the 
head of his column. We have suffered severely in loss of officers ; 
two captains and fourteen lieutenants have been killed, and five 
captains and seven lieutenants wounded. My wound, they say, 
is a very good one, but it has maimed me for life. Lieutenant 
Irvine received a bayonet through his right shoulder, at the mo- 
ment of stepping out of the boat, but is doing very well. Gill and 
W r arner escaped unhurt. My company distinguished themselves 
gloriously, and were noticed for their determined spirit." 

HEAD QUARTERS, CAMP MEIGS, May 9th, 1813. 

SIR, 

i have the honour to inform you that the enemy having been 
several days making preparations for raising the siege of this post, 
accomplished tins clay the removal of their artillery from the op- 
posite bank, and about 12 o'clock, left their encampment below, 
were soon embarked and out of sight- I have the honour to enclose 
you an agreement entered into between general Proctor and my- 
self, for the discharge of the prisoners of the Kentucky militia in 
his possession, and for the exchange of the officers and men of the 
regular troops which were respectively possessed by us. My 
anxiety to get the Kentucky troops released as early as possible, 
induced me to agree to the dismission of all the prisoners I had, 
although there was not as many of ours in general Proctor's pos- 
session. The surplusage is to be accounted for, and an equal 
number of ours released from their parole, whenever the govern- 
ment may think proper to direct it. 

The two actions on this side the river on the 5th, were infi- 
nitely more important and more honourable to our arms, than I 
had at first conceived. In the sortie made upon the left flank, 
captain Wariiig's company of the 19th regiment, a detachment of 
twelve month's volunteers under major Alexander, and three 
companies of Kentucky militia under colonel Boswell, defeated at 
least double the number of Indians and British militia. 



153 

The sortie on the right was stilKmore glorious ; the British 
batteries in thai direction were defeated by the grenadier and light 
infantry companies of the 41st regiment, amounting to two hun- 
dred effectives, and two companies of militia, flanked by a host 
of Indians. The detachment sent to attack those, consisted of all 
the men of duty belonging to the companies of Groghan and Brad- 
ford, of the 17th regiment; Langham's, Elliott's (late Graham's) 
and Waring's, of the 19th ; about eighty of major Alexander's 
volunteers, and a single company of Kentucky militia under cap- 
tain Sebree; amounting in the uhole to not more than three 
hundred and forty. Y T et the event of the action was not a 
moment doubtful, and had not the British troops been covered 
in their retreat by their allies, the whole of them would have 
been taken. 

It is not possible for troops to behave better than ours did 
throughout ; all the officers exerted themselves to execute my 
orders, and the enemy, who had a full view of our operations 
from the opposite shore, declared that they had never seen so 
much work performed in so short a time. 

To all the commandants of corps 1 feel particular obligations. 
These were colonel Miller of the 19th infantry, colonel Mills of 
the Ohio militia, major Stoddard of the artillery, major Ball of >> 
the dragoons, and major Johnson of the Kentucky militia. Cap- 
tain Gratiot of the engineers, having been for a longtime much 
indisposed, the task of fortifying this post devolved on captain 
Wood. It could not have been placed in better hands. Permit 
me to recommend him to the President, and to assure you that 
any mark of his approbation bestowed on captain Wood, would 
be highly gratifying to the whole of the troops who witnessed 
his arduous exertions. 

From major Hu\ill, acting inspector general, my aid-de-camp, 
major Graham, lieutenant O'Fallon, who has done the duty of 
assistant adjutant general in the absence of major Adams, and 
my volunteer aid-de-camp John Johnson, esq. I received the 
most useful assistance. 

1 have the honour to enclose you a list of the killed and woun- 
ded during the siege, and in the two sorties; those of the latter 
were much greater than I had at first expected. 

Want of sleep and exposure to the continued rains which 
have fallen almost every day for some time past, render me incapa- 
ble of mentioning many interesting particulars; amongst others 
a most extraordinary proposition of general Proctor's, on the sub- 
ject of the Indians within our boundary : this shall form the sub- 
ject of a communication to be made to-morrow or next day, and 
for which 1 will provide a safer conveyance than that which carries 
this. All the prisoners and deserters agree in saying, that the 
information given to major Stoddard, by Ryland, of the British 
having launched a sloop of war this spring, is incorrect, and the 

20 



154 

most of them say, that the one which is now building, will not be. 
launched for many weeks. 

I have the honour to be yours, &c. 

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 

Honourable John Armstrong 1 , 

Secretary of War. 

P. S. Captain Price, of the regiment light artillery, and the 
twenty regulars, prisoners with general Proctor, were taken on 
the north-western side ol the river, with the Kentucky militia. 
We had nO prisoners taken on this side during the siege. 



GENERAL ORDERS. 

HEAD QUARTERS, FORT MER1S, May 9th, 1813. 

The information received by the general, and the movements of 
the enemy, indicating their having abandoned this post, the gen- 
eral congratulates his troops on having completely foiled their 
foes, and put a stop to that career of victory which has hitherto 
attended their arms. He cannot find words to express his sense 
of the good conduct of the troops of every description and of 
every corps, as well in sustaining and returning the fire of the 
enemy, as for their assiduity and patience in performing those 
laborious duties which the occasion called for. Where merit 
was so general, indeed almost universal, it is difficult to discrim- 
inate. The general cannot, however, omit to mention the names 
of those whose situation gave them an opportunity of being more 
particularly useful. From the long illness of captain Gratiot, of 
the corps of engineers, the arduous and important duties of forti- 
fying the camp devolved on captain Wood, of that corps. In 
assigning to him the first palm of merit, as far as relates to the 
transactions within the works, the general is convinced his deci- 
sion will be awarded by every individual in the camp who wit- 
nessed his indefatigable exertions, his consummate skill in 
providing for the safety of every point, and in foiling every at- 
tempt of the enemy, and his undaunted bravery in the performance 
of his duty in the most exposed situations. An unfortunate 
wound in the commencement of the siege deprived the general, 
after that time, of the able services of major Stoddard, of the 
artillery, whose zeal and talents had been eminently useful. 
Captain Gratiot, in the remission of a severe illness, took charge 
of a battery, and managed it with ability and effect. Captain 
dishing, of the artillery, and captain Hall, of the 17th infantry, 



\5b 



(but doing duty wit!, the former corps) were extremely active and 
attentive to their post. To colonel Miller and major Todd, of 



the 19th United States' infantry; majors Ball of the dragoons, 
Sodwick, and major Riteer of the Ohio militia, and major Johnson 



Of the Kentucky militia, rendered the most important services. 
To each of the above gentlemen, as well as to each captain, 
subalti-rn, non-commissioned officer, and private of their respec- 
tive commands, the general gives his thanks and expresses his 
Warmest approbation ; also to adjutant Brown, Mr. Peters, con- 
ductor of artillery ; Mr. Lieu, principal artificer : Mr. Timberlee, 
and to Serjeants Henderson, Tomme's and Meldrum, who seve- 
all v had charge of batteries and block-houses. The battery man- 
aged by Serjeant Henderson was, as the enemy confessed, managed 
with peculiar efficacy and etfect with respect to the sorties which 
wore made on the "51 h instant. The subsequent information 
which has been received from the prisoners, has given the gallant 
|roops which were engaged on those occasions additional claims 
upon the gratitude of their general. It i- ascertained that in 
both instances the enemy far outnumbered our troops. The 
general gives his thanks to brigadier general Clay, for the promp- 
titude with which the detachment of hi- brigade were landed, 
and the assiduity BhoWri by him in forming them for the attack 
bn the left: to colonel Boswell and major Fletcher, for their 
gallantry and good conduct in leading them in the charge made 
On the enemy, and to captains Dudley, Simons and Medea. f, the 

subalterns, non-commis&ioned officers and privates, for the dis- 
tinguished valor with which they defeated the enemy. The gene- 
ral has, in the order of the 6th instant, expressed his sense of the 
conduct of the regular troops and volunteers, which were engaged 
in the sorties on the left flank, but he omitted to mention captain 
Sebree's company of Kentucky militia, whose gallantry was not 
surpassed by that of any of the companies which fought by their 
side. The Pittsburg blues, led by lieutenant M'Gee, in the ill- 
ness of their gallant captain, sustained the reputation which they 
had acquired at Mississineway. The Petersburg volunteers and 
lieutenant Drum's detachment, discovered equal intrepidity. To 
the detachments from the 17th and 19thUnited States' regiments, 
under their respective commanders, captains Croghan, Bradford, 
Langham, Elliott, and Nering, the honourable task was assigned 
Of storming the British batteries, defended by two hundred Bri- 
tish grenadiers and light infantry, flanked by an host of Indians 
and two companies of Canadian 'militia. Colonel Miller speaks 
in the highest terms of the captains before mentioned, and lieute- 
nants Campbell, Gwynn, Lee, Kercheval and Rees ; and of en- 
signs Shep, Hawkins, Harrison, Mitchell, and Stockton. The 
general requests colonel Miller, major Todd, and each of the 
officers above named, together with all the officers, non-commis- 
sioned officers and soldiers, who were engaged on the fifth in stant^ 



156 

to accept his thanks. The general is under the highest obliga- 
tions to his staff for their conduct, as well in the action of the 
fifth as for the assistance which he received from them throughout 
the siege. Major Hukill, the acting inspector general, distin- 
guished himself by his assiduity in forwarding the part of our 
works which was most necessary and which was most exposed 
to the fire of the enemy. From major Graham, his aid-de-camp, 
his volunteer aid -de-camp, J. Johnson, esq. and from lieutenant 
O'Fallon, acting assistant adjutant general, as well as from the 
deputy quarter-master, Mr. Eubank, he received the greatest 
assistance. 

It rarely occurs that a general has to complain of the excessive 
ardour of his men, yet such appears always to be the case when- 
ever the Kentucky militia are engaged. It is indeed the source 
of all their misfortunes. They appear to think that their valour 
can alone accomplish any thing. The general is led to make tins 
remark from the conduct of captain Dudley's company of the 

regiment, as he has understood that that gallant officer was 

obliged to turn his espontoon against his company to oblige them 
to desist from a further pursuit of the enemy, in compliance with 
an order from the general. Such temerity, although not so dis- 
graceful, is scarcely less fatal than cowardice. And in the in- 
stance above, had it been persisted in, would have given a differ- 
ent result to the action, as the whole of the enemy's force which 
were placed near the batteries, would have been precipitated upon 
the rear of our detachment. The pursuit being stopped, allowed 
time for a new disposition under cover of our cannon, and the. 
enemy's batteries were attacked and carried without difficulty. 

JOHN O'FALLON, 

Acting assist. Jidj. Gen. 



LOWER SANDUSKY, May 13th, 1813. 

SIR, 

Having ascertained that the enemy (Indians as well as Bri- 
tish) had entirely abandoned the neighbourhood of the Rapids, I 
eft the command of Camp Meigs with general Clay, and came 
here last night. It is with the greatest satisfaction I inform you, 
sir, that the loss of the Kentucky troops in killed, on the north 
side of the river, does not exceed fifty. On the 10th and 11th 
instant, I caused the ground which was the scene of action, and 
its environs, to be carefully examined, and after the most diligent 
search, forty -five bodies only of our men were discovered; 
amongst them was the leader of the detachment, colonel Dudley. 
No other officer of note fell in the action. I have strong reason 
to believe that a considerable number of the Kentuckians effected 
their retreat up the river to fort Winchester. General Proctor 
did not furnish me with a return of the prisoners in his possession, 



157 



although repeatedly promised. His retreat was as precipitate as 
it tould properly be, Leaving a number of cannon ball, a new 
elegant >linir carriage for cannon, and other valuable articles. 
The night before his departure, two 'persons that were employed 
in the British gUn-boata (Americans bv birth) deserted to us. The 
information they gave me was very interesting: they say that 
the Indian-, of which there were from 1600 to 2000, left the Brit- 
ish the day before their departure, in a high state of dissatisfac- 
tion, from' the great loss they had sustained in the several en- 
gagements of the 5th, and the failure of the British in accom- 
plishing their promise of taking the post at the Rapids. From the 
account given by these men, my opinion is confirmed of the great 
superiority of the enemy which were defeated by our troops in the 
two sallies made on the 5th inst. That led by colonel Miller did 
not exceed 350 men, and it is very certain that they defeated 200 
British regulars, 150 militia, and 4 or 500 Indians. That Ameri- 
can regulars (although they were raw recruits) and such men as 
compose the Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, and Petersburg (Va.) volun- 
teer-, should behave well isnotto.be wondered at; but that a 
company of militia should maintain it- ground against four times 
it- number, as did captain Sebree's, of the Kentucky, is truly as- 
tonishino-. These brave fellows were a' length, however, entirely 
surrounded bv Indians, and would have been cut off, but for the 
gallantry of lieutenant (nivnne, of the 19th regiment, who, with 
part of captain Elliott's company, charged the enemy, and re- 
leased the Kentuckian-. I enclose you a list of the killed and 
wounded during the whole siege ;— it is considerably larger than 
1 supposed it would be, when 1 last wrote you — but it is satis- 
factory to know, that they did not bleed uselessly, but in the 
course of successful exertions. The return does not embrace 
those who fell on the north-western side of the Miami. 

You will also receive, herewith, a monthly return of the troops 
at camp Meigs for the last month ; the communication with the 
other post- being cut off, the returns were not received. A copy 
of general Clay's report to me, of the manner of his executing 
my order, for the attack on the enemy's batteries, is likewise tor- 
warded, bv which it will be seen that my intentions were per- 
fectly understood, and the great facility with which they might 
have been executed, is apparent to every individual who witnessed 
the scene. Indeed the cannon might have been spiked, the car- 
riages cut to pieces, the magazine "destroyed, and the retreat ef- 
fected to the boats, without the loss of a man, as none were killed 
in taking the batteries, so complete was the surprise. 

An extensive open plain intervenes between the river and the 
hill, upon which the batteries of the enemy were placed ; this 
plain was raked by four of our eighteen pounders, a twelve and a 
six. The enemv", even before their guns were spiked, could not 
have brought one' to bear upon it. So perfectly secured was their 



158 

yetre.at, that the 150 men who came oft", effected it without loss, 
and brought off some of the wounded, one of them on the backs 
of his comrades. The Indians followed them to the woods, but 
dared not enter into the plain. 

I am unable to form a correct estimate of the enemy's force. 
The prisoners varied much in their accounts ; those who made 
them least, stated the regulars at 560, and militia at 800, but the 
numbers of the Indians were, beyond comparison, greater than 
have ever been brought into the field before ; numbers arrived, 
after the seige commenced. I have caused their camps on the 
south-east side of the river, to be particularly examined, and the 
general opinion is, that there could not have been fewer on that 
side, than 1000 or 1200; they were, indeed, the efficient force of 
the enemy. 

I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your favours, 
of the 14th, 18th, and 28th ultimo, and 5th instant 

I am soivy to inform you, that major Stoddard died the night 
before I left the Rapids, of a lock-jaw, produced by a slight 
Avound, from a fragment of a shell, which struck him on the thigh. 
Several have died in this way, from their great and unavoidable 
exposure to the cold ; but perhaps there were never so many in- 
stances of desperate wounds likely to do well. 

The gallant captain Bradford will recover. 

I shall go from here, to Upper Sandusky, and shall take my 
station at Delaware or Franklinton, until the troops are assembled. 
General Clay, who commands at the Rapids, is a man of capacity, 
and entirely to be relied on. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 

The Hon. John Armstrong, 

Secretary of War. 

Killed 81, — wounded 189, in the seige of camp Meigs and the several 
sorties of the 5th of May, 1813. 



eAMP AT FORT MEIGS, May 13th, 1813. 

SIR, 

On the 5th instant, about 8 o'clock, A. M. descending the 
Miami of the lake, about midway to the Rapids, with 1200 of the 
Kentucky troops in the eighteen flat bottomed boats, I was met 
by captain Hamilton and a subaltern, who delivered me, (as he 
said) the orders of major general Harrison, to the following ef- 
fect : 

" You must detach about 800 men from your brigade, who will 
land at a point 1 will show, about one or one and a half miles 
above the tort, and 1 will conduct them to the British batteries on 
the left bank of the river. They must take possession of the 



159 

enemy's cannon, spike them, cut down the carriages, and return 
to their boats." 

Observing that the British force at their large batteries, was in- 
considerable, but that their main force was at the old garrison, 
about l^ miles below, on the same side of the river; that the 
Indian forces were chiefly on the right bank of the river: "The 
balance of the men under your command, must land on the right 
bank, opposite to the first landing, and will fight their way through 
the Indians to the fort:" observing that the route thus to betaken, 
would be shown by a subaltern officer there, in company with 
captain Hamilton, who would land the perogue at the point on 
the right bank, at which the boats would land. 

The order of descending the river in boats, was the same as 
the order of march in the line of battle, in solid column, each 
officer taking position according to his rank. Colonel Dudley, 
the eldest colonel, led the van, and in this order the river had 
been descended. As soon as captain Hamilton had delivered 
these orders, being in the thirteenth boat from the front, I directed 
him to proceed immediately to colonel Dudley, and order him to 
take the men in the twelve front boats, and execute general Har- 
rison's orders on the left bank of the river ; and to post his (cap- 
tain Hamilton's) subaltern on the right bank to conduct myself 
with the men in the six boats to the fort. I ordered the five boats 
in the rear to fall in a line, and follow me. High winds and the 
rapidity of the current, drove four of the rear boats ashore, in 
the attempt to follow on according to order, where they remained 
a short time, sufficient, however, to detain them half, or three 
quarters of a mile to the rear. To land according to order, I 
kept close along the right bank, until opposite colonel Dudley's 
landing. There I found no guide left to conduct me to the fort, 
as captain Hamilton had promised. 1 then made an attempt to 
cross the river and join colonel Dudley, but from the rapid current 
on the falls, I was unable to land on the point with him. Being 
nearly half way across the river, and the waves running too high 
to risk the boats ; then driving down the current sidewise — veered 
about the boat and rowed the best way we could to save our boat. 

My attempt to cross the river to colonel Dudley, occasioned 
all the boats, (I presume in the rear of me) and which were then 
out of hailing distance, to cross over and land with colonel Dud- 
ley. Having been defeated in landing on the left, we then en- 
deavoured to eftect one on the right, even without a guide : but 
before a landing could be effected, we received a brisk fire from 
the enemy on shore, which was returned and kept up on both sides. 
And I was in this unavoidable situation, compelled to make fort 
Meigs, with no other force than about 50 men on board, (the other 
boats being still in the rear) and to receive the enemy's fare, until 
we arrived under the protection of the fort. Colonel Boswell's 
command (except the men in my boat) having landed to join colo- 
nel Dudley, were, as I have been informed, ordered by captain 



1G0 

Hamilton immediately to embark and land on the right hand shore, 
about a mile above the fort, and prepare to fight his way through 
to the garrison. 

The colonel embarked, landed, as he conceived, at the proper 
point, pursuant to captain Hamilton's order, and was forming his 
men in order of battle, when he was met by captain Shaw, and 
ordered to march into the garrison at open order, the safest route. 

When my own boat landed, we were met by two men who took 
charge of the boat, as we understood, to bring her under the pro- • 
tection of the fort batteries. Believing our baggage to be thus 
made safe, we forbid our servants to carry any portion of it, but 
loaded them with cannon ball, which thev bore to the fort. Our 
baggage was, however, taken by the Indians in a very short time 
after we left the boat. Upon receiving the orders of captain 
Hamilton, I asked if he had brought spikes to spike the enemy's 
cannon, to which he replied he had plenty. 

I am, sir, respectfully, &c. 
GREEN CLAY, Brig. Gen. 

His excellency major general Harrison. 

P. S. Captain Hamilton, on delivering the orders of general 
Harrison, observed, that the object of landing and marching a 
portion of the troops on the right bank, was to draw the attention 
of the Indians, and by thus engaging them, aftbrd an opportunity 
to the garrison to make a sally, and by a circuitous route, surprise 
and carry the batteries and cannon of the enemy below the fort 
on the right bank. 



BRIGADE ORDERS. 

BRIGADE HEAD QUARTERS, 

Camp, Tour Mile Creek, May 26th, 1813. 

Conformity to the general order of the 25th and 26th instant, 
the first brigade will embark at 3 o'clock to-morrow morning. 
The several regiments will hold themselves in readiness accord- 
ingly. The boats of the brigade will form in three lines suc- 
ceeding colonel Scott's advance party. The 15th regiment, 
formed in column of battalion, the right in front, will precede. 
The 6th and 16th will successively tollow in the same order. 
Colonel Mdure's volunteers will ilank the right of the brigade, 
and move accordingly. Four pieces of the light artillery will 
move in the rear of the 1 8th regiment, and four in the rear of the 
16th regiment; the first four to form on the right of the brigade, 
the other to form on the left of the brigade. The troops will land 
in column, and form immediately in order of battle. Colonel 
Miller, of the 6th, on the right, major King, of the 15th, in the 



161 

centre, and colonel Pearce, of the 16th, on the left. Colonei 
M'Clure's volunteers on the right flank of the brigade. The com- 
manding officers of regiments will carry + he regimental standard 
in the boat in which they embark, and each boat its regimental, 
camp colour. To guard the stores and camp equipage of each. 
regiment, one commissioned officer, one non-commissioned officer, 
and a sufficient Dumber of non-effiectives, will be left. 

The commanding officers of regiments will be responsible that 
the boat-, which have been assigned to them, are in perfect readi- 
ness to receive the troops by the time designated for embarkation. 

The troops which compose the 1st brigade, have already oiice 
triumphed over the foe they have again to encounter. Their 
oeuntry expects much from them, and will not be disappointed. 
With their present numbers and accustomed bravery, the flag of 
the United stated will once more wave over the territory of Ca- 
nada. 

JOHN P. BOYD, 
Brig. Gen. Comd'g 1st Brigade: 



HEAD QUARTERS, FOI{T GEORGE, 

Upper Canada, May 27th, 1813. 

SIR, 

The light troops under the command of colonel Scott and 
major Forsyth, landed this morning at 9 o'clock. Major general 
Lew is's division, \\ ith coloi el Porter's command of light artillery, 
supported them. General Boyd's brigade landed immediately 
afte, (lie lignt troops, and general-; Winder and Chandler fol- 
lowed in quick succession. The landing was warmly and obsti- 
nately disputed by the British forces; but the coolness and intre- 
Sidity of our troops, soon compelled them to give ground in every 
irection. Genera) Chandler with the reserve (composed of his. 
brigade and colonel Macomb's artillery) covered the whole. 
Commodore Chauncej had made the most judicious arrange- 
ments for silencing the enemy's batteries near the point of land- 
ing. The army is under the greatest obligation to that able 
naval commander, for his indefatigable exertions, in co-operating 
in all its important movements, and especially in its operations 
this day. Our batteries succeeded in rendering fort George un- 
tenable ; and when the enemy had been beaten from his position, 
and found it necessary to re-enter it, after firing a few guns, 
and setting fire to the magazines, which soon exploded, moved 
©if rapidly in dift'erent routes. Our light troops pursued them 
several miles. The troops having been underarms from 1 o'clock 
in the morning, were too much exhausted for any further pursuit. 
We are now in possession of fort George and its immediate de- 
pendencies ; to morrow we shall proceed further. The behaviour 
«f our troops, both officers and men, entitle them to the highest 
21 



16S 

praise : and the difference of our loss with that of the enemy.. 
• . we consult _s his posidons afforded hin 

- ng. We had sevemeen killed and forty five wounded. 
T . had ninety killed and one hundred and sixty woun- 

ded of * . :lar troop-. We have taken one hundred prisoners 

exclusive oi the wounded. Major Meyers of the 49th was 
wounded 2nd taken prisoner. Of ours only one commissioned 
officer was killed. Lieutenant Hobart, of the light artillery. Ia- 
. »ed is the report of major general Lewis. 

I have the honour to be, >\ . 

II. DEARBORN. 
H . n. John Armstrong 1 . 



ON THE FIELD. 1 o'clock. V 

DEAR SIR, 

r rt George and its dependencies are ours. The enemy, 

ten at all points, has blown up Ids magazines and retired. It 

possible at this moment to say any tiling of individual 

lantrv. TTiere was no man who did no r perform his dut\ in a 

manner which did honour to himself and his country, ^cott and 

Forsyth's :;>roniands. supported by Boyd's and Winder's brigades. 

- -^ined t t of the action." Our loss is trifling, perhaps 

nore than twenty killed and thrice that number wounded. 

left in the hospital one hundred and twenty -four, 

- ral on board the fleet. We have also made about 

one hundred prisoners of the regular forces. 

I am, sir, vour obedient servant, 
' " MORGAN LEWIS. 



BRIGADE ORDER. 

NEWARK. I 1, 1813. 

The general commanding 1st brigade feels a peculiar satisfac- 
tion in c g _ oop> on their glorious achievements 
of vesterduv. Their conduct was such as to entitle them to the 
thanks of their commander, and the gratitude of their country. 

Colonel Miller of the 6th regiment deserves great applause 
for the s - and rapidity with which he supported the 

advance I galla it S : : the 15th, under major 

K _-. .. share in 1 honour of the day, immediately 

rided and formed under a most galling fire : the 16th, under 
colonel Pearce. urged their boats to t t, and bore an honour- 

able participation" in the contest. The light artillery, under 
colonel Porter, merits the highest encomiums, for their indefati- 

«:: ^gade was not in this action. The battle •eras won by 

rigadeand S 1 Forsvtl -:•-■:■; Winder was en- 

— - 



163 

gable exertions and persevering success in brin<rin2 up their 

-ui mounted ei 
ed from colonel M'< lure's voluntoi - g » ntit 

: it will be his duty a- well a>> i:. a to 

•• the ir i - know n to the commander in chief. As al 

>eha\ed so well, it would be a difficult task to di&crinu 

eminent; but the general caniiot supj -- 

- idmiration of the I le of major K. aued to 

1 • - test, long iter 

rat mad debilitating 1 e exertions 

imlmenwl ! the bank ami formed amidst 

itructive fire, t - admiration, i -■ mished 

I - aid will convince their countrymen as well - I 

that ratonr will o\eicome even - \ince. 1 • general will 

find . ^faction in obeying the order of the commander in 

chief, which required him ke a report of < - tous merit, 

found in the commissioned officer or in the rank-, and 

may l>.- assured that their disting - actions shall not 

- without the proper encomi; . 

\ . _ i/ed discriminate merit, 

he ii .duct of 

bis aid-de-caiup, lieutenant Whiting ;or captain 

1 i i\e justified hia -, and are entitled 

If there i- ai,\ ,r due to your brigadier general, it is his 

having had the command of sucli _ at band 

Jer of bri^adit g al Bo 
* 11. \ SG, 



SACKETTS HARBOR, Ksj 29th, 1813. 

DK \R SIR, 

:ked at the dawn of this day l - regular 

fore- . - • at lea*t, 900 men, most probably 1200. The 

id. The enemy's fleet cc B 
of two ships - .aid thirty I en beats. 

elv victori I enemy let - - !v num- 

ber of killed ami wounded on the field, among the nun. - eral 
officers of distinction. After having re-embarked t :it me a 

ir killed and wounded attended to. I 

made them satisfied upon that su;je< :t Ai eri - rtin- 

_ »hed for humanity ami braver}*. Our lo»s is not numei 

but serious from the great worth ofthose who have fallen. Lieu- 

r.t colonel Mills - - ' dead at tiie commencement of 

the action, and lieutenant colonel Bacchus, of the nent of 

-. nobly fell at tue head of bis regiment as victory 

declaring kqrns. I will not presume t<> - tbis regiment; 

.cl on this day merit* much mure than pr* 



164 

'Hie new ship and commodore Chauncey's prize, the "Duke of 
Gloucester," are yet safe in Sackett's Harbor. 

Sir George Prevost landed and commanded in person. Sir 
James Yeo commanded the enemy's fleet. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

JACOB BROWN. 
Slajor general Dearborn. 

P. S. It is very probable we shall be again attacked, as sir 
George Prevost must feel very sore. We are however greatly 
reinforced from the country, and by the arrival of 450 regulars 
under colonel Tuttle, who arrived very shortly after the action 
was over, and I trust that you may rest satisfied that we shall 
not be disgraced. 



FORT GEORGE, June 6th, 1813. 

SIR, 

I have received an express from the head of the lake this 
evening, with the intelligence that our troops were attacked at 
2 o'clock this morning, by the whole British force and Indians ; 
and by some strange fatality, though our loss was small and the 
enemy was completely routed and driven from the field, # both 
br die? generals Chandler and Winder were taken prisoners. 
They; had advanced to ascertain the situation of a company of 
artillery, where the attack commenced. General Chandler had 
his horse shot under him and was bruised by the fall. General 
Vincent, their commander, is supposed to have been killed. 
Colonel Clark was mortally wounded, and fell into our hands, 
with sixty prisoners of the 49th. The command devolved on 
colonel Burn, who has retired to the Forty Mile Creek. If 
either of the general officers had remained in command, the ene- 
my would have been pursued and cut up, or if colonel Burn h°ad 
been an officer of infantry. The loss of the enemy in killed, 
wounded, and prisoners, must exceed two hundred and fifty. The 
enemy sent in a flag next morning with a request to bury their 
dead. Generals Lewis and Boyd set off immediately to join the 
advanced army. I never so severely felt the want of health as at 
present, at a time when my services might perhaps be most useful, 
.Ihope general Hampton will repair here as soon as possible. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

H. DEARBORN. 
Hon. John Armstrong". 



L'ORIENT, (FRANCE,) June 12th, 181S. 

*IR, 

I have the honour to inform you that the United States' brig 
Argus, has arrived here in a passage of 33 days, all well. On our 



165 

passage foil in with (in pursuing our course) the British schoo&ei 
{Salamanca, (formerly the King of Rome, of Now York) of L 2<-(\ 
tons, pierced for eighteen guns, mounting six, and manned with 
sixteen men. She was from Oporto, bound to Newfoundland in 
ballast : captured and burnt her. 

I shall immediately proceed to put in execution your orders as 
to our ulterior destination. 

I have the honour tobe, 

WILLIAM H. ALLEN. 
Hon. Wm. Jones, Secretary- of the Navy. 



NIAGARA, June 14th, 1813. 
SIR, 

You will perceive by the enclosed copy of orders marked 1, 
that general Dearborn, from indisposition, has resigned his com-' 
maud, not only of the Niagara army-, but of the district, i i ve 
doubts whether he will ever again be lit for sendee. He lias been 
repeatedly in a state of convalescence, but re!.., - - on the least 
agitation of mind. 

In my last I mentioned the unfortunate circumstance of the 
capture of our two brigadiers, Chandler and Winder. The par- 
ticulars are detailed in the report of colonel Burn, which he gives 
from the b»-^t information he could collect. His corps lay a con- 
siderable distance from the scene of active operation, as you will 
perceive by the enclosed diagram, which is on a scale of about 
one hundred yards in the inch. The light corps spoken of, were 
captains Hindraan's, Nicholas's, and Middle's company of the 2d 
artillery, serving as infantry. These three gentlemen, and captains 
Archer and Towson, of the same regiment, and Leonard, of the 
light artillery, are soldiers who would honour any service. Their 
gallantry, and that of their companies, was equally conspicuous 
on this occasion as in the aft'air of the 27th ultimo. A view of 
general Chandler's encampment will be sufficient to show that his 
disaster was owing to its arrangements. Its centre being; its 
weakest point, and that being discovered by the enemy in the 
evening, received the combined attack of the whole force, and 
his line was completely cut. The gallantry of the oth, 25th, and 
part of the 23d, and light troops, saved the army. Of the 5th 
it is said, that when the day broke, not a man was missing — and 
that a part of the 23d, under major Armstrong, was found sus- 
taining its left flank. Their tire was irresistible, and the enemy- 
was compelled to give way. Could he have been pressed the 
next morning, his destruction was inevitable. He was dispersed in 
every direction, and even his commanding general was missing, 
without his hat or horse. I understand he was found ihe next 
morning almost famished, at a dhta*nr^ «f four miles from the 
srenp of action. 



160 

Lieutenant M'Chesney's gallantry recovered a piece of artillery, 
and prevented the capture of others. He merits promotion for it. 

On the evening of the Gth of June, 1 received the order No. 
4, and joined the army at 5 in the afternoon of the 7th. I found 
it at the Forty -Mile Creek, ten miles in the rear of the ground 
on which it had been attacked, encamped on a plain of a mile in 
width, with its right flank on the lake, and its left on the creek 
which skirts the base of a perpendicular mountain of a consider- 
able height. On mv route I received No. 5 and 6, enclosed. 

At 6 in the evening, the hostile fleet hove in sight, though its 
character could not be ascertained with precision. We lay on our 
arms all night. At dawn of day struck our tents, and descried 
the hostile squadron abreast of us, about a mile from the shore. 
Our boats which transported the principal part of our baggage and 
ramp equipage lay on the beach ; it was a dead calm, and about 6, 
the enemy towed in a large schooner, which opened her fire on our 
boats. As soon as she stood for the shore, her object being evident, 
I ordered down Archer's and Towson's companies, with four 
pieces of artillery, to resist her attempts. 1, at the same time, 
sent captain Totten, of the engineers (a most valuable officer) to 
construct a temporary furnace for heating shot, which was pre- 
pared and in operation in less than 30 minutes. Her fire was re- 
turned with a vivacity and effect (excelled by no artillery in the 
universe) which soon compelled her to retire. A party of savages 
now made their appearance on the brow of the mountain, (which 
being perfectly bald, exhibited them to our view,) and commenced 
a fire on our camp. I ordered colonel Chrystie to dislodge them, 
who entered on the service with alacrity, but found himself antici- 
pated by lieutenant Eldridge, the adjutant of his regiment, who, 
with a promptness and gallantry highly honourable to that young 
officer, had already gained the summit of the mountain, with a 
party of volunteers, and routed the barbarian allies of the defender 
of the Christian faith. This young man merits the notice of go- 
vernment. 

These little affairs cost us not a man. Sir James Yeo, being 
disappointed of a tragedy, next determined, in true dramatic style, 
to amuse us with a farce. An officer, with a flag, was sent to me 
from bis ship, advising me, that as 1 was invested with savages in 
my rear, a fleet in my front, and a powerful army on my flank, he, 
and the officers commanding his Britannic majesty's land forces, 
thought it their duty to demand a surrender of my army. 1 an- 
swered, that the message was too ridiculous to merit a reply. 

No. 7 was delivered to me, about G this morning; between 7 
and 8 o'clock, the four wagons we had, being loaded, first with the 
sick, and next with the ammunition, &c. the residue of camp 
equipage and baggage was put in boats, and a detachment of 200 
men of the 6th regiment, detailed to proceed in them. Orders 
were prepared to be given them to defend the boats, and if as- j 
sailed by any of the enemy's small vessels, to carry them by 



oarding. By some irregularity, which I have not been able t» 
iscover, the boats put off without the detachments, induced pro- 
ably bv the stillness of the morning. When they had progressed 
bout three miles, a breeze sprang up, and an armed schooner 
verhauled them ; those who were enterprizing kept on and es- 
aped, others ran to the shore and deserted their boats; we lost 
vvelve of the number, principally containing the baggage of the 
fficers and men. 

At ten, I put the army in motion, on our return to this place, 
["he savages and incorporated militia hung on our flanks and rear 
liroughout the march, and picked up a few stragglers. On our 
etiring, the British army advanced, and now occupy the ground 
ve left. 

The enemy's fleet is constantly hovering on our coast, and in- 
errupting our supplies. The night before last, being advised ot 
heir having chased into Eighteen Mile Creek, two vessels laden 
rith hospital stores, &c. I detached at midnight, 75 men for their 
irotection. The report of the day is (though not official) that they 
irrived too late for their purpose, and that the stores were lost. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

MORGAN LEWIS. 

Honourable John Armstrong , 

Secretary of War. 

Ueport of killed, wounded and missing, in the action of the 6th of 

Jane, at Stoney Creek. 

Killed, 17 

Wounded, - - - - - 38 

Missing, - .... 99 

Total, 154 



HALIFAX, June 15th, 1813. 

SIR, 

The unfortunate death of captain James Lawrence, and lieu- 
tenant Augustus C. Ludlow, has rendered it my duty to inform 
you of the capture of the late United States' frigate Chesapeake. 

On Tuesday, June 1st, at 8 A. M. we unmoored ship, and at 
meridian got under weigh from President's Roads, with a light 
wind from the southward and westward, and proceeded on a cruise. 
A ship was then in sight in the offing, which had the appearance 
of a ship of war, and which, from information received from pilot- 
boats and craft, we believed to be the British frigate Shannon. 
We made sail in chase, and cleared ship for action. At half past 
4 P. M. she hove to with her head to the southward and eastward. 
At 5 P. Mi took in the royals and top-gallant sails, and at half 



16fc 

past 5, hauled the courses up. About 15 minutes before 6 P. Ml 
fee action commenced within pistol shot. The first broadside did 
great execution on both sides, damaged our rigging, killed, among 
others, Mr. "White the sailing master, and wounded captain Law- 
rence. In about 1 2 minutes after the commencement of the action, 
we fell on board of the enemy, and immediately after, one of our 
arm chests on the quarter-deck was blown up by a hand-grenade 
thrown from the enemy's ship. In a few minutes, one of the cap- 
tain's aids came on the gun-deck to inform me that the boarders 
were called. I immediately called the boarders away, and pro • 
ceeded to the spar-deck, where I found that the enemy had suc- 
ceeded in boarding us, and gained possession of our quarter deck. 
I immediately gave orders to haul on board the fore-tack, for the 
purpose of shooting the ship clear of the other, and then made an 
attempt to re -gain the quarter-deck, but was w ounded and thrown 
down on the gun-deck. I again made an effort to collect the 
boarders, but in the mean time the enemy had gained complete 
possession of the ship. On my being carried down in the cock- 
pit, I there found captain Lawrence and lieutenant Ludlow, both 
mortally wounded ; the former had been carried below, previously 
to the ship's being boarded ; the latter was wounded in attempting 
to repel the boarders. Among those who fell early in the action, 
was Mr. Edward J. Ballard, the 4th lieutenant, and lieutenant 
James Broom, of marines. 

I herein enclose you a return of the killed and wounded, by 
which you will perceive that every officer, upon whom the charge 
of the ship would devolve, was either killed or wounded, previously 
to her capture. The enemy report the loss of Mr. Watt, their first 
lieutenant, the purser, the captain's clerk, and 23 seamen killed ; 
and captain Broke, a midshipman, and 56 seamen wounded 

The Shannon, had, in addition to her full complement, an officer 
and 16 men belonging to the Belle Poule, and a part of the crew 



belonging to the Tenedos. 



I have the honour be, &c. 

GEORGE BUBD: 



The Hon. "William Jones, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington. 

Return of killed and wounded on board the Chesapeake, in her 
action with the Shannon. 



illed — Officers, 


- 10 


Wounded — Officers, 


- 21 


Seamen, 


- - 26 


Seamen, - 


- - 57 


Marines, - 


- 11 


Marines, 


- 20 



Total killed, 47 



Total wounded, 98 



169 

SACKETT'S HARBOR, June 18th, 1813. 

MR, 

According to your orders of the 14th instant, I proceeded off 
Presque Isle, in the schooner Lady of the Lake. On the morning 
of the Kith fell in with and captured the English schooner Ladj 
Murray, from Kingston, bound to York, loaded with provisions 
and ammunition. 

Enclosed ia a list of one ensign, fifteen non-commissioned offi- 
• ers and privates, found on board, with six men attacked to the 
vessel. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

WOLCOTT CHAUNCEY. 

Commodore Chuuucer. 



SIR, 



MONTREAL, June 13th, 1813. 



I deem if mv duty to embrace the earliest opportunity possi- 
ble to u,iv»' you ;i more detailed account of the affair of the oth in- 
stant near Stony Creek, than 1 have before had it in mv power to do. 
On the morning of the 5th I arrived at Forty Mile Creek. The 
detachment under general Winder was then under marching 
Orders for Stony Creek. After a short halt the whole marched 
Tor that place and arrived there between live and six o'clock, P. M. 
at which place a small picket of the enemy was posted, but retired 
on our approach. The advanced guard pursued, and soon tell in 
with a picket of about !()<> strong, under colonel Williams. A 
skirmish ensued. I hastened to the main body. Williams retreat- 
ed, and our advance pursued. The pursuit was continued rather 
longer than I could have wished, but returned to their proper posi- 
tion in the line of march, not far from sun-set. 1 had ordered the 
13th and 14th, who were in the rear, to take » position for the 
night, near the mouth of the creek, to coyer the boats, (should 
they arrive) which would be no the route which I intended to pur- 
sue the next morning; and a favourable position presenting itself, 
I encamped with the residue of the troops (except captain Archer's 
company of artillery, which encamped with the 13th and 14th) on 
the spot where we had halted, with an advanced picket from half 
to three quarters of a mile in front, with express orders for them to 
keep out constantly a patrole. A right and left flank guard and a 
rear guard were also posted. 1 gave positive orders for the troops 
to lay on their arms. Contrary to my orders fires were kindled ; 
but there are doubts whether this operated for or against us, as the 
fires of the 23th, which were in tront, and by my orders had 
been abandoned, enabled us to see a small part of the enemy, 
while the fires on our left enabled the enemy to see our line. On 
the whole, I think it operated against us. I did expect the enemy 
would attack us that night, if he intended to fight; but perhaps 
this was not expected by all. I had my horse confined near me, 

22 



170 

aad directed that the harness should not be taken from the artil- 
lery hor es. I directed where and how the line should be formed, 
in case of attack. About an hour before day-light on the morn- 
ing of the 6th, the alarm was given. I was instantly up, and the 
2.5th, which lay near me, was almost as instantly formed, as well 
as the 5th and 2Sd, which was on the left, under the immediate 
eye of general Winder. Owing to the neglect of the front 
picket, or some other cause, the British forces say that they were 
not hailed, or an alarm given, until they were within 300 yards 
of our line. The extreme darkness prevented us from seein or 
knowing at what point they intended to attack us, until an attack 
was made upon our right. A well directed fire was opened upon 
them from the 25th, and from nearly the whole line. After a few 
minutes I heard several muskets in our rear, in the direction of 
the rear guard, and then expected that the enemy had gained our 
rear by some path unkown to us, and was about to attack us in. 
the rear. I instantly ordered colonel Milton, with the 5th, to 
form in our rear near the woods, to meet such circumstances as 
might take place, knowing that I could call him to any other 
point if necessary, at any moment. I had observed that the ar- 
tillery was not covered, and directed general Winder to cause the 
23d to be formed so far to the right, that their right should cover 
the artillery. At this moment I heard a new burst of fire from 
the enemy's left, on our right, and not able to see any thing which 
took place, I set out full speed towards the right, to take mea- 
sures to prevent my right flank from being turned, which I ex- 
pected was the object of the enemy. I had proceeded but a few 
yards before my horse fell under me, by which fall I received a 
serious injury. Here was a time when 1 have no recollection of 
what passed, but I presume it was not long. As soon as I re- 
covered, T recollected what my object was, and made my way to 
the right, and ^ave major Smith such directions as I thought, 
proper, to prevent his right from being turned by surprise. I was 
then returning toward the centre, and when near the artillery, 
heard men, who, by the noise, appeared to be in confusion, it 
being the point at which I expected the 23d to be formed; I ex- 
pected it was that regiment. 

I approached them, and as soon as I was near enough, I saw a 
body of men, who I thought to be the 23d, in the rear of the ar- 
tillery, broken. I hobbled in amongst them, and began to rally 
them, and directed them to form ; but I soon found my mistake; 
it was the British 49th who had pushed forward to the head of 
their column, and gained the rear of the artillery. I was imme- 
diately disarmed, and conveyed down the column to its rear. It 
Avas not yet day, and the extreme darkness of the night, to which 
was added the smoke of the fire, put it totally out of our power 
to see the situation of the enemy. This was all that saved their 
columns from sure and total destruction, of which some of their 
officers are aware. After seeing the situation of the column as I 



171 

t tagged, I did hope ami expect that general Winder, on the 
ii -i dawn of li^ht, would See their situation, and bring colonel. 
Milton with the 5th (whom [had still kept in reserve until I could 
have day -light to discern their situation) to attack this column, 
whirl) I am sure he would have done to advantage ; but, to my 
mortification, I -non learned that he had fallen into the same mis- 
take with myself; ami by endeavouring to learn what was taking 
■lace in the centre, he was also taken, as well as major Van De 
ter. To the extreme darkness of the night, the enemy's 
knowledge of hi9 intended point of attack, and our aot know- 
ing at what point to expect him, must be attributed this partial 
success, and not to a want of strength or bravery in our troops, 
who general!} behaved remarkably well under all circumstances] 
and however unfortunate the event, as it relates to myself, 1 otdy 
ask thai all the circumstances may be taken into consideration, in 
making upvour opinion upon the conduct of general Winder 
ami m\ self in this affair, which 1 am sure you \\ ill do, and I flatter 
myself you will gee no cause of (ensure. 1 regret that nn decre- 
pid situation, and the rapidity with which we have been brought 

10 this plate, has put it out of my power to give \ou a detailed 

mnl ol the affair earlier. 1 am now able to walk some with 
the aid of a cane, and hope 1 shall continue to recover. 

1 have the honour to be, 8cc. 
JUilX CH ^NDLER, 

Brigadier General. 
r General Dearborn. 



WAV* YARD, GOSPORT, June 21st, 181J. 
SIR, 

On Saturday, at 11 P. Nt. captain Tarhell moved with the 
flotilla under his command, consisting of 15 gun-boats in two 
divisions ; lieutenant John M. Gardner, Is1 division, and lieutenant 

it Henley, the 2d, manned from the frigate : and 50 musket- 
neral Taylor ordered from C'raney Island, and proceeded. 
down the riverj but adverse winds and squalls prevented his 
approaching the enemj until Sunday morning at 4 P. M. when 
the flotilla commenced a heavy galling fire on a frigate, at about 
three quarters of a mile distance, lying well up the roads, two 
other frigates lying in sight At half past 4 a breeze sprung up 
from easl north east, which enabled the two frigates to £et tinder 
way, one a razee or very heavy -hip, and the other a frigate, to 
come near into the action. The boats in consequence of their 
approach hauled off, though keeping up a well directed lire on the 
razee and other ship, which gave us several broad-ides. The fri- 
gate first engaged, supposed to be the Junon, was certainly very 
severely handled. Had the calm continued one half hour, that 
frigate must have fallen int» m hands or been destroyed* Sh« 



172 

must have slipt her mooring so as to drop nearer the razee, who 
had all sails sot coming up to her with the other frigate. The 
action continued one hour and a half with the three ships. Shortly- 
after the action the razee got along side of the ship, and had her 
upon a deep careen in a little time with a number of boats and 
beiges round her. I am satisfied considerable damage was done 
to her, for she was silenced some time, until the razee opened her 
fire, when she commenced again. Our loss is very trifling. Mr. 
Allison, master's mate on board number 139, was killed early in 
the action b\ an eighteen pound ball, which passed through him 
and lodged in the mast. Number 134 had a shot between wind 
and water. Number 67 had her franklin shot away, and several 
of them had some of their sweeps as well as their stauntions shot 
away ; but two men slightly injured by the splinters from the 
sweeps. On the flood tide several ships of the line and frigates 
came into the roads, and we did expect an attack last night. There 
are now in the roads thirteen ships of the line and frigates, one 
brig and several tenders. 

1 cannot say too much of the officers and men on this occasion, 
for every man appeared to go into action with so much cheerful- 
ness, apparently to do their duty, resolved to conquer. I had a 
better opportunity of discovering their actions than any one else, 
being in my boat the whole of the action. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

JOHN CASSIN. 

The Secretary of the Navy . 



ATTACK UPON CRANEY ISLAND. 

NAVY YARD, GOSPORT, June 23d, 1813. 
SIR, 

I have the honour to inform you that on the 20th the enemy 
got under way, in all thirteen sail, and dropped up to the mouth 
of James River, one ship bearing a flag at the mizen. At 5 P. M. 
were discovered making great preparation with troops for landing, 
having a number of boats for the purpose. Finding Craney Island 
rather weak manned, captain Tarbell directed lieutenants Neale. 
Shubrick and Sander:-, with 100 seamen on shore, at 11 A. M. to 
a small battery on the north west point of the island. Tuesday 
B2d, at the dawn, the enemy were discovered landing round the 
point of Nansemond River, said to be 4,000 troops ; and at 8 A. 
M. the barges attempted to land in front of the island, out of reach 
of the shot from the gun-boats, when lieutenants Neale, Shubrick 
and Sanders, w ith the sailors ; and lieutenant Brackenbridge, with 
the marines of the Constellation, 150 in number, opened the fire, 
which was so well directed, that the enemy were glad to get oft', 
after -inking three of then- largest boats. One of them, called the 
Centipede, admiral Warren's bout, fifty feet in length, carried 75 



173 

men, the greater part of whom were lost by her sinking. Twenl > 

liers and sailors saved, and the boats hauled up. I| 

sume thru- were forty fell back in the rear of the island, and 
commenced throwing rockets from Mr. Wise's houses; when 
gun -boat 67 threw a few shots over that way, they dispersed and 
• back. 
We have had all day deserters from the army coming i I 
have myself taken in 25, and 18 prisoners belonging to the Cen- 
tipede. 

Tin- officers of the Constellation fired their 18 pounder more 
like riflemen than artillerists. 1 never saw such shooting, and 
seriously believe tl ed the island. La the evening their b< ts 

came round the point of Nansemond, and at sun-set were seen 
returning to their '-hip- full of men. At dusk they strewed the 
shore along with fires, in order to runaway by the light. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

JOHN CiSSIN, 

The honourable William Jones 

Secretary of the Xavy. 



AFFAIR AT BEAVER DAMS. 

FORT GEORGE, June 25th, 1813. 
SIR, 

I have the mortification of informing you of an unfortunate 
and unaccountable event which occurred yesterday. On the -23d, 
at evening, colonel Bq with 570 men, infantry, artillery* 

cavalry and riflemen, in due proportion, was ordered to march, 
b\ the way (if Qoeenstown, to a place called the Beaver Dams, on 
the high ground, about eight or nine miles from Queen-town, to 
attack and disperse a body of the enemy collected there for the 
purpose of procuring provisions and harassing those inhabitants 
who are eonsidi n d friendly to the United States ; their force was, 
from tin' mo-r direct information, composed of one company of 
the l()4th regiment, above 80 strong; from 150 to -200 militia, 
and from 50 to GO Indians. At 8 o'clock yesterday morn: 
when within about two miles of the Beaver Dams, our detachment 
was attacked from an ambuscade, but soon drove the enemy some 
distance into the woods, and then retired to a clear field, and sent 
an express for a reinforcement, >ayin<^he would maintain his posi- 
tion until reinforced. A reinforcement of 300 men, marched 
immediately, under the command of colonel Chrystie; but on ar- 
riving at Queenstown, colonel Chrystie received authentic infor- 
mation, that lieutenant colonel Boerstler, with his command, had 
surrendered to the enemy, and the reinforcement returned to camp. 
A man who belonged to a small corps of volunteer i 
in this morning, who states that the enAny surroundi d our de 



174 

taehment in the woods, and towards 12 o'clock, commenced a 
genera] attack; that pur troops fought more than two hours, until 
the artillery had expended the whole of its ammunition, and then 
surrendered, and at the time of the surrender, the informant 
made his escape. Why it should have been deemed proper to 
remain several hours in a position surrounded with woods without 
either risking a decisive action, or effecting a retreat, remains to 
be accountecffor, as well as the project of waiting for a reinforce- 
ment, from a distance of 15 or 16 miles. 

No information has been received of the killed or wounded. 
The enemy's fleet has again arrived in our neighbourhood. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

rL DEARBORN. 
The Secretary of War. 

U. S. FLOTJJLLA, CAPE MAY, June 29th, 1813, 

SIR, 

Laying: off Dennis's Creek this morning, I discovered that 
an enemy's sloop of war had chased a small vessel, and had taken 
her near the Overfalls. I immediately got under weigh and 
stood down the bay. The sloop of -war stood so near the Over- 
falls that she grounded slightly on the outer ridge of Cr< v's 
Shoals. I thought proper to endeavour to bring him to action. 
I succeeded and got within three quarters of a mile; and anchor- 
ed the boats (consisting of eight gun boats and two bio k sloops) 
in a line ahead. A heavy frigate had by this time anchored about 
a half mile further out. After a cannonade of one hour and forty- 
five minutes, in which the ships kept up a constant and heavy fire, 
heaving their shot from a half to three quarters of a mile over us, 
they doing us little or no damage, their shot seldom striking us, the 
sloop of war and frigate finding our shot to tell on their hulls, 
manned their boats, ten in number, ( 2 launches, the rest large 
barges and cutters) with from SO to 40 men each, and despatched 
them after gun boat No. 121, sailing marter Sf.ead, which had un- 
fortunately fell a mile and a half out of the line, although it had 
been my possitive and express orders to anchor at half cable 
length apart, and not further. From the strong ebb tide they 
succeeded in capturing her, after a gallant resistance, (for three 
times did No. 121 discharge her long gun, apparently full of can- 
sister, among the whole line ol boats, when at a very short dis- 
tance, which must have done execution, and not till after he v as 
boarded did the colours comedown) before an} assistance could be 
given her : how ever, we got near enough to destroy three or lour of 
their boats, and must have killed a vast number of men. It being a 
calm, they succeeded in getting her away, by sending all their 
boats ahead and towing her, butnave | aid dearly for theirtemer- 
ity ; they must at least have had one-third of their men killed anel 



175 



wounded. Thev put one shot through the foot of the Buffaloe's 
jib, and oin- th he undei part of the bowsprit, and cu1 j;un 

boat No. i 5, tiling master L. Moleire's rigging in several 
places, and an eighteen pound shot struck her long gun and hi- 
de ited it several inches; but happy am I to say, that not a man 
was wounded in any of the boats,' except the one captured, and 
have not yet learned their fate. I feel ouch indebted to lieuten- 
ant Mitchell, and officers commanding gun boats, for their spirit- 
ed conduct in carrying into execution my orders ; and if i may 
Judge from the gallant resistance made by sailing master Shead, 
ii engaging when surrounded by the boats of the enemy, that 
y officer and man of the flotilla will do their duty in all situa- 
tions. 

Ihavt the honour to be, &c. 
SAMUEL ANGUS, 
Commanding U. S. DeL flotilla. 

P. S. The action commenced at 7 minutes before 1 P. M.and 
ended at 37 minutes alter 2 P. M. 



U. S. FRIGATE ESSEX, PACIFIC OCEAN, 

July 2d, 1813. 

sin, 

I have the honour to inform you that on the 29th of April, in 
the latitude of 40 north, Longitude 91 15 west, about 20 miles to 
the northward of the island of Albermarle, one of the Gallapagoe, 
in the Pacific Ocean, I captured the British ship Montezuma ; 
t\\ o others being in sight, close together, distant from us about 
7 miles, which we were informed were the British letters of 
marque ships Policy and Georgiana; the first mounting 10 guns, 
6 and 9 pounders; the other six 18 pounders, 4 swivels, and 6 
long blunderbusses mounted on swivels. The wind being light 
and variable, and confiding greatly in the bravery and enterprise 
of my officers and men, and apprehensive of their escape from 
the prevalence of fogs in that climate, I directed the boats of this 
ship to be armed and manned, and divided into two divisions, 

Idacing the first under the command of lieutenant Downes, 1st 
ieutenant, in a whale boat, accompanied by midshipman Farra- 
gutt. The officers in command of boats under lieutenant Downed, 
were lieutenant S. D. M* Knight, in the 3d cutter, accompanied 
by midshipman W. H. Odenheimer, sailing master John P. Cow- 
ell, in the jolly boat, accompanied by midshipman H. W. Ogden, 
and midshipman George Isaacs, in the 2d cutter. The 2d division 
under the command of lieutenant YV'ilmer, 3d lieutenant in the 
pinnace, accompanied by midshipman Henry Gray, and master's 
mate James Terry; lieutenant Wilson and Mr. Shaw, purser, in 
the 1st cutter, and lieutenant Gamble, of the marines, in the gig, 



176 

Suitable signals were established, and each boat had her particular 
station pointed out for the attack, and every other previous ar- 
rangement was made to prevent confusion. The boats, seven in 
number, rowed oil* in admirable order. Guns were fired from the 
enemy to terrify them ; they rowed up under the muzzles of the 
guns and took their stations for attacking the first ship, and no 
sooner was the American flag displayed by lieutenant Downes, as 
the signal for boarding, and the intention was discovered by the 
enemy, than the colours were struck, without a shot being fired ; 
go much were they daunted by the intrepidity of our brave officers 
and men. They then left a crew on board the prize and took their 
stations for attacking the other vessel, when her flag was also 
struck; on the first call to surrender. Thus were two fine British 
ships, each pierced for 20 guns, worth near half a million of dollars, 
mounting between them 16 guns and manned with 55 men, well 
supplied with ammunition and small arms, surrendered, without 
the slightest resistance, to seven small open boats, witli fifty men, 
armed only with muskets, pistols, boarding-axes, and cutlasses! 
Be assured, sir, that Britons have either learned to respect the 
coinage of Americans, or they are not so courageous themselves 
as they would wish us to believe. 

I have the honour to be yours, &c. 

D. PORTER. 

The Secretary of the Navy, at Washington. 



U. S. FRIGATE ESSEX, AT SEA, 

Pacific Ocean, July 2d, 1813. 

-SIR, 

On the 23d March last, I sailed from shaping my 

course to the northward, and on the 26th of the same month fell 
in with the Peruvian corsair ship Nereyda, mounting 15 guns. 
She had, a few days before, captured two American whale ships, 
the crews of which (amounting in number to twenty-four men) 
were then detained prisoners on board her ; and they could assign 
no other motive for the capture, than that they were the allies ol 
Great Britain, and as such should capture all American vessels 
they could fall in with ; therefore, to prevent in future such vexa- 
tious proceedings, I threw all her armament into the sea, liberated 
the Americans, and dismissed the Nereyda. I then proceeded 
with all possible despatch for Lima, to intercept one of the detain- 
ed vessels, which had parted with the Nereyda only three days 
before, and I was so fortunate as to arrive there and re-capture 
her on the 5th of April, at the moment she was entering the port. 
This vessel (the ship Barclay, captain Gideon Randall, of New 
Bedford) I took under my protection, and have had her with me 
over since.' 



21 men, 


2 guns 


26 


10 


25 


6 


24 


8 


25 


10 



177 

Vrom Lima I proceeded to the Gallapagos Islands, where I 
• aptured the following British ships, viz : 

Letters of Marque. 

Montezuma, 270 tons, 

Policy, 275 

Georgiana, 280 

Atlantic, 351 

Greenwich, S38 

The Georgiana being reputed a very fast sailer, and apparently 
well calculated for a cruiser, I mounted 16 guns on her, and gave 
the command of her to that excellent officer, lieutenant John 
Downes, with a complement of 42 men; appointing midshipman 
W. H. Had aw ay acting lieutenant on board her, and sent her on 
a cruize. Lieutenant Downes joined me at Tumbez, near Guya- 
quil, on the coast of Peru, on the 24th June, after capturing 3 
prizes, to wit : 

Letters of Marque ships. 

Hector, 270 tons, 25 men, 11 guns: 

Catharine, 270 29 8 

Rose, 220 21 8 

The 1st had two men killed and six badly wounded in her 
rencontre with the Georgiana ; and the Rose was discharged (after 
being deprived of her armament) with all the prisoners captured 
by the Georgiana, as they amounted to nearly double her crewj 
she was furnished with a passport to proceed to St. Helena. 

My own prisoners I liberated on parole at Tumbez. I fonnd 
by experience that the Georgiana did not deserve the character 
given of her sailing. I therefore shipped her officers and crew to 
the Atlantic, and mounted on her 20 guns, with a complement of 
60 men, and appointed midshipman R. Dashiell acting sailing 
master on board of her. To this vessel I gave the name of the 
Essex Junior. I also fitted up the ship Greenwich, as a store-ship, 
and mounted on her 20 guns, placing her under the command of 
lieutenant Gamble, of the marines. On board her 1 have put all the 
provisions and stores of my other prizes, except a supply of three 
and a half months for each, and have by this means secured my- 
self a full supply of every necessary article for seven months. I 
had hoped to dispose of my other prizes at Guyaquil : the govern- 
ors in Peru, however, are excessively alarmed at my appearance 
on the coast, as my fleet amounts now to nine sail of vessels, all 
formidable in their appearance, and they would, if they dare, treat 
us with hostility little short of declared enemies. 

I have given to Mr. John G. Cowell, sailing master, an appoint- 
ment to act 3d lieutenant ; midshipman John S. Cowan to act 4th 
lieutenant, and midshipman Odenheimer as sailing master. I beg, 
sir, that the appointment of those officers, as well as of lieutenant 
S. D. M'Knight, who is acting second lieutenant, and those serving 

25 



178 

«n board the Essex Junior, may be confirmed by the department. 
1 have given to Mr. M. W. Bostwick, my clerk, the appointment 
of acting midshipman ; not that he is desirous of coming forward 
in the navy in that line, but I hoped by this means to introduce 
him to the notice of the department, as I shall take the liberty to 
recommend him strongly as a suitable person to hold the appoint- 
ment of purser. Doctors Richard R. Hoffman, and Alexander M. 
Montgomery, two gentlemen of great merit, who volunteered their 
services with me at the commencement of hostilities, have received 
acting appointments from me, the first as surgeon to fill the vacancy 
occasioned by the death of doctor Miller ; the other as surgeon's 
mate. To the great care and attention of those gentlemen, may, 
in a considerable degree, be attributed the extraordinary health of 
the crew ; and as they are both desirous of joining the navy, I 
hope their appointments may be confirmed. 

I have also appointed my marine officer and chaplain to the 
command of prizes. They all enter with cheerfulness into their 
new duties ; and if the expedition should not prove successful, it 
will not be, I am persuaded, owing to our want of activity or 
vigilance ; and of this you must be satisfied, as for the last eight 
months we have been constantly at sea, with the exception of 23 
days, and yet, sir, we have enjoyed extraordinary health and 
spirits ; no symptom of the scurvy having yet appeared in the 
ship, nor have we, at this moment, more than two on the sick list; 
and their diseases are more owing to the infirmities of old age 
than any other cause. Indeed, sir, when I compare my present 
situation with what it was when I doubled Cape Horn, I cannot 
but esteem myself fortunate in an extraordinary degree. There 
my ship was shattered by tempestuous weather, and destitute of 
every thing; my officers and crew half starved, naked and worn 
out with fatigue. Now, sir, my ship is in prime order, abundantly 
supplied with every thing necessary for her. I have a noble ship 
for a consort of 20 guns, and well manned ; a store-ship of 20 guns 
well supplied with the best of every thing we may want, and 
prizes which would be worth in England two millions of dollars ; 
and what renders the comparison more pleasing, the enemy has 
furnished all. Excuse me, sir, for not making known my present 
intentions, as this letter may not reach you. It, however, may 
be satisfactory to you to know how I intend to dispose of my 
prizes ; let it suffice to say that I shall endeavor to [cypher.] 

British letters of marque are numerous in these seas, and, were 
it not for my arrival, our whale fishers would have been much 
harrassed; but they now find it necessary to keep together for 
mutual protection. I expect to be [cypher] but shall be [cypher.} 
Subjoined is a list of deaths since 1 left the United States, and 
beg you will relieve the anxiety of my family, and all our friends, 
by communicating as much of this letter as you may think proper, 
The times of my best men have expired: but their attachment 
to the ship, and their zeal for the service we are engaged on. 



179 

prevent all complaints on that account. It is not probable that 
you will hear from me for several months to come, unless some 
disaster happens ; but, T beg leave to assure you, sir, that I shall 
not be idle ; and I hope before my return to make the services of 
the Essex as important as those of any other ship. We may not, 
be individually benefitted, but we shall do the enemy much injury, 
which will be a sufficient compensation to us for all the hardships 
and privations we must naturally experience, while cut off from 
all communication with the rest of the world, and are dependent 
•on the precarious supplies the enemy may afford. 

I have the honour to be, with great respect, yours, &c. 

D. PORTER. 
Hon. Secretary of the Navy, Washington. 

List of deaths on board the Essex since my departure from the 

United States. 

1812, Decembers, Levi Ilnlmes, seaman, palsy. 

1813, January 24, Edward Sweeny, ordinary seaman, old age. 

January 24, Samuel Groce, seaman, contusion of the brain, by a fall from 

the main yard. 
March 1, Lewis Price, marine, consumption. 
April, 4, James Shafford, gunner's mate, accidental gun shot — wound off 

the lungs. 
May 25, Dr. Robert Miller, surgeon, disease of the liver. 
May 26, Benjamin Geers, qr. gr. inflammation of the stomach. 
June 29, John Itodgers, qr. gr. fall from the main yard. 



WASHINGTON, July 30th, 1813. 

SIR, 

I consider myself bound to lay before you, what came under 
my knowledge, w hile on board the Chesapeake, as well as on board 
the Shannon. 

After the enemy had completely possession of the ship, midship- 
men Randolph and Flushman were ordered from the fore and 
main-top. In coming down the shrouds, lieutenant Faulkner, 
(the British officer) said to his men, kill those damned rascals. 
Then, and immediately, several muskets were discharged at them, 
but without effect. My station was in the mizen-top, where I 
had an opportunity of seeing their actions. I was looking on deck, 
when I saw one of the Chesapeake's men crawling along, at- 
tempting to get below, with one ot his legs ofl*. One of the enemy 
stepped up to him with his cutlass, and immediately put an end to 
his existence. 

Lieutenant Faulkner 1< in the mizen-top ; pointed at 

me , — said to his men, go up iree ot you, and throw that damned 
yankee overboard. They i lediaiely rushed up, seizing me by 
the collar; now, said the- ied yankee, you sl*.dl swim 

for it, attempting to throw ' ^ard ; but I got within the 

rigging, when one of them \. > ' in the breast, which was the 



• 



18tt 

cause of my falling; being stunned by the fall, I lay some tiiue 
senseless, and when I came to, I was cut over the head with a 
cutlass, which nearly terminated my existence. Eleven of our 
midshipmen were confined in a small place, nine feet by six, with 
an old sail to lie on, and a guard at the door, until a day or two 
before our arrival at Halifax; and likewise eleven of us upon five 
rations, and some days only one meal. Our clothes were taken 
on board of the Shannon ; lieutenant Wallis, the commanding 
officer on board, would not let us take our clothes below with us, 
but pledged his word and honour as an officer, we should receive 
our clothes. But we discovered next morning that their midship- 
men had on our clothes and side-arms. We were conversing toge- 
ther respecting our clothes, one of their midshipmen overheard 
our conversation, and made report to the lieutenant commanding. 
He then sent word to us, that if we said any thing more about 
the clothes, he would put us in the forehold with the men. We ex- 
pected to receive our clothes when we arrived in port ; but I 
assure you, sir, nothing w r as ever restored. Other rascally things 
occurred, which our officers will, when they return, make known to 
the public, disgraceful to a civilized nation. If your request could 
have been made sooner, I should have felt gratified in making a 
fuller statement. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 
WILLIAM BERRY. 
Hon. L. Condit, Washington. 



GEORGETOWN, July 30th, 1813. 

SIR, 

Having perused a letter of yours to Mr. Berry, requesting 
information respecting the treatment of the American officers and 
seamen of the late Chesapeake, I consider myself bound, sir, to 
lay before you what came under my knowledge. My having been 
wounded and remaining on board the Chesapeake might not give 
me that scope for observation which others possessed ; but I 
am sorry to say, many things transpired disgraceful to a 
brave enemy. Whilst undressing myself in the steerage, after 
the Americans were driven below or had surrendered, and after 
resistance had ceased, I believe entirely, several muskets and pis- 
tols were at once pointed down the hatchway, and discharged in 
the direction of the cock-pit, and as the steerage and cock-pit 
were filled with wounded (ability some of them were 

killed outright. 

It was midshipman Hopewei not Livingston, who was so 

inhumanly treated, as described in ; J public prints. It has been 
the custom in our navy, to take th< side-arms of officers, (prison- 
ers) but to return them on leavini tiie ship. Ours were taken, 
worn, and never restored, together with what nautical instru- 



181 

ments they could lay their hands on. When spoken to by the 
American officers on the subject, the answer was, such things 
wen 'free plunder. A day or two after the action, I was convers- 
ing with lieutenants Budd and Mr. Nichols, near the taffrail, re- 
specting the engagement, when it was observed some of the Shan- 
non's men were listening to our conversation. Immediately 
after, lieutenant Faulkner, the commanding officer, ordered senti- 
nels to be placed at the mizen-mast. And said he to them, if 
you see any of the Chesapeake's officers abaft the mizen-mast, 
cut them down, if you see them conversing together cut them 
down without hesitation. It will be remefhbered that three officers 
who caused this order, were all severally wounded. We received 
no caution, and overheard it by accident. So great was the rage 
for plunder, that captain Lawrence, before his death, could not 
obtain a bottle of wine from his private stores, without a note 
from the doctor to the lieutenant commanding. I pass over the 
robbing of the midshipmen on board the Shannon, as it did not 
come under my immediate notice. If your request could have 
been made earlier, I should have felt gratified in making a fuller 
statement. 

Yours respectfully, 

WM. A. WEAVER. 

The Hon. Lewis Condit, Washing-ton. 



HEAD QUARTERS, SENECA TOWNS, 

Augiist 4th, 18LV 

SIR, 

In my letter of the 1st instant, I did myself the honour to in- 
form you that one of my scouting parties had just returned 
from the lake shore, and had discovered the day before, the 
enemy in force near the mouth of the Sandusky bay. The party- 
had not passed Lower Sandusky two hours before the advance, 
consisting of Indians, appeared before the fort, and in half an 
hour after a large detachment of British troops; and in the course 
of the night they commenced a cannonading against the fort with 
three six pounders and two howitzers. The latter from g:in boats. 
The firing was partially answered by major Croghan, having a 
six pounder, the only piece of artillery. 

The fire of the enemy was continued at intervals during the 
second instant, until about half after five P. M. when finding that 
their cannon made little impression upon the works, and having 
discovered my position, and here apprehending an attack, an at- 
tempt was made to carry the place by storm. Their troops were 
formed in two columns, lieutenant colonel Short headed the princi- 
pal one composed of the light battalion companies of the 41st regi- 
ment. This gallant officer conducted his men to the brink of the 
ditch under the most galling and destructive fire from the garrison, 



182- 

and leaping into it, was followed by a considerble part of his own 
ie light company; at this moment a masked port hole was 

denly opened, and a six pounder with an half load of powder, 

I a double charge of leaden slugs at the distance of 30 feet 
poured destruction upon them, and killed or wounded nearly 
every man who had entered the ditch. In vain did the British 
ers exert themselves to lead on the balance of the column ; 
it retired in disorder under a shower of shot from the fort, and 
sought safety in the adjoining woods. The other column, headed 
by the grenadiers, had also retired, after having suffered from the 
muskets of our men, to an adjacent ravine. In the course of the 
night the enemy, with the aid of their Indians, drew oft* the greater 
part of the wounded and dead, and embarking them in boats, de- 
scended the river with the utmost precipitation. . In the course of 
the 2d instant, having heard the cannonading, I made several j 
attempts to ascertain the force and situation of the enemy. Our 
scouts were unable to get near the fort from the Indians that sur- 
rounded it. Finding, however, that the enemy had only light j 
artillery, and being well convinced that it could make little im- ! 
pression upon the works, and that any attempt to storm it would 
be resisted with efiect, 1 waited for the arrival of 250 mounted J 
volunteers, which on the evening before had left Upper Sandusky^ 
But as soon as I was informed that the enemy were retreating, J , 
set out with the dragoons to endeavour to overtake them, leaving 
generals M' Arthur and Cass to follow with all the infantry (about 
700) that could be spared from the protection of the stores and 
sick at this place. I found it impossible to come up with them. | 
I 'non my arrival at Sandusky, I was informed by the prisoners that 
the enemy's forces consisted of 490 regular troops and 500 of Dix- 
on's Indians, commanded by general Proctor in person, and that 
Tecumseh, with about 2000 warriors, was somewhere in the J 
swamps between this and Fort Meigs, expecting my advance or 1 
that of a convoy of provisions. As there was no prospect of J 
doing any thing in front, and being apprehensive that Tecumseh ; 
might destroy the stores and small detachments in my rear ; I j 
sent orders to general Cass, who commanded the reserve, to fall 
back to this place, and to general M* Arthur, with the front line, to 
follow and support him. 

I remained at Sandusky until the parties that were sent out in 
every direction returned ; not an enemy was to be seen. 

I am sorry that I cannot transmit you major Croghan's official 
report. 

lie was to have sent it to me this morning. But I have just ] 
heard that he was so much exhausted by thirty-six hours of con- ( 
tinued exertion as to be unable to make it. It will not be amongst 
the least of general Proctor's mortifications to find that he has 
been bullied by a youth who has just passed his twenty-first year. , ; 
He is however a hero worthy of his gallant uncle (general William 
Clark) and I blesB my good fortune in having first introduced this 



183 



promising shoot of a distinguished family to the notice of the" 
government. 

Captain Hunter of the 17th regiment, the second in command, 
conducted himself with great propriety, and never were a set of 
finer young fellows than the subalterns, viz: lieutenants Johnson 
and Baylor of the 17th, Anthony of the 24th, Meeks of the 7th, 
and ensigns Ship and Duncan of the 17th. 

The following account of the unworthy artifice and conduct of 
the enemy will excite your indignation. Major Chambers was 
sent by general Proctor, accompanied by colonel Elliott, to de- 
mand the surrender of the fort. They were met by ensign Ship. 
The major observed that general Proctor had a number of can- 
non, a large body of regular troops, and so many Indians whom it 
was impossible to control, and if the fort was taken as it must be, 
the whole of the garrison would be massacred. Mr. Ship an- 
swered that it was the determination of major Croghan, his officers 
and men, to defend the garrison or be buried in it, and that they 
might do their best. Colonel Elliott then addressed Mr. Ship, 
and said, " you are a fine young man, I pity your situation, for 
God's sake surrender and prevent the dreadful slaughter that 
must follow resistance.'' Ship turned from him with indignation 
and was immediately taken hold of by an Indian, who attempted 
to wrest his sword from him. Elliott pretended to exert himself 
to release him, and expressed great anxiety to get him safe into 
the fort. 

In a former letter I informed you, sir, that the post of Lower 
Sandusky could not be defended against heavy cannon, and that 
I had ordered the commandant, if he could safely retire upon the 
advance of the enemy, to do so after having destroyed the fort, as 
there was nothing in it that could justify the risk of defending it, 
commanded as it is by a hill on the opposite side of the river, 
within range of cannon, and having on that side old and illy con- 
structed block houses and d ry friable pickets. The enemy ascending 
the bay and river with a fine breeze, gave major Croghan so little 
notice of their approach, that he could not execute the order for 
retreating. Luckily they had no artillery but six pounders and. 
five and a half inch howitzers. 

General Proctor left Maiden with the determination of storming 
Fort Meigs. His immense body of troops were divided into three 
commands, and must have amounted to at least 5000. Dixon 
commanded the Mackanawand other northern tribes; Tecumseh 
those of the Wabash, Illinois and St. Joseph ; and Round Head, a 
Wyandot chief, the warriors of his own nation and those of the 
Ottaways, Chippeways, and Putawattamies of the Michigan terri- 
tory. Upon seeing the formidable preparations to receive them 
at Fort Meigs, the idea of storming was abandoned, and the plan 
adopted of decoying the garrison out, or inducing me to come to 
its relief with a force inadequate to repel the attack of his 
immense horde's of savages. Ifaviftg waited several days for 



184 

the latter, and practising ineffectually several stratagems to 
accomplish the former, provisions began to be scarce and the 
Indians to be dissatisfied'; The attack upon Sandusky was the 
dernier resort. The greater part of the Indians refused to accom- 
pany him and returned to the river Raisin. Tecumseh, with his 
command, remained in the neighbourhood of fort Meigs sending 
parties to all the posts upon Hull's road and those upon the Auglaize 
to search for cattle. Five hundred of the northern Indians under 
Dixon attended Proctor. I have sent a party to the lake to as- 
certain the direction that the enemy have taken. The scouts 
which have returned saw no signs of Indians later than those made 
in the night of the 2d instant, and a party has just arrived from 
Fort Meigs who make the same report. I think it probable that 
they have all gone off. If so, this mighty armament, from which 
so much was expected by the enemy, will return covered with 
disgrace and mortification. As captain Perry was nearly ready 
to sail from Erie when I last heard from him, I hope that the 
period will soon arrive when we shall transfer the labouring bar 
to the enemy, and oblige him to encounter some of the labours and 
difficulties which we have undergone in waging a defensive War- 
fare, and protecting our extensive lrontier against a superior force. 
I have the honour to enclose you a copy of the first note received 
from major Croghan. It was written before day, and it has since 
been ascertained that of the enemy there remained in the ditcli 
one lieutenant colonel (by brevet), one lieutenant and twenty-five 
privates, fourteen of them badly wounded. Every care has been 
taken of the latter and the officers buried with the honours due to 
their rank and their bravery. All the dead that were not in the 
ditcli were taken off in the night by the Indians. It is impossible, 
from the circumstances of the attack, that they should have lost 
less than one hundred. Some of the prisoners think that it 
amounted to two hundred. A young gentleman, a private in the 
Petersburg volunteers of the name of Brown, assisted by fr, e or 
six of that company, and of the Pittsburg blues, who were acci- 
dentally in the fort, managed the six pounder which produced 
such destruction in the ranks of the enemy. 

I have the honour to be, &.c. 
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 
The Secretary of War. 

N. B. Of our few wounded men there is but one that wifT 
not be well in less than six days. 



LOWER SANDUSKY, August 5th, 1813. 
DEAR SIR, 

I have the honour to inform you that the combined force of 
the enemy, amounting to at least 50<; regulars and seven or eight 
hundred Indians, under the immediate command of general Proctoi 



1S6 

made its appearance before this place, early on Sunday evening 
last, and so soon as the general had made such disposition of his 
troops, as would cut off my retreat, should I be disposed to make 
one, he sent colonel Elliott, accompanied by major Chambers, 
with a flag to demand the surrender of the fort, as he was anxious 
to spare the effusion of blood, which he should probably not have 
in his power to do, should he be reduced to the necessity of 
taking the place by storm. My answer to the summons was, that 
I was determined to defend the place to the last extremity, and 
that no force, however large, should induce me to surrender it. 
So soon as the flag had returned, a brisk fire was opened upon 
us from the gun boats in the river, and from a 5% inch howitzer on 
shore, which was kept up with little intermission through the 
night. At an early hour the next morning, three sixes (which had» 
been placed during the night within 250 yards of the pickets) 
began to play upon us, but with little effect. About 4 o'clock P. 
M. discovering that the fire from all his guns was concentrated 
against the north-western angle of the fort, I became confident 
that his object was to make a breach, and attempt to storm the 
works at that point. I therefore ordered out as many men as could 
be employed for the purpose of strengthening that front, which was 
so effectually secured by means of bags of flour, sand, &c. 
that the picketing suffered little or no injury. Notwithstanding 
which, the enemy, about 5 o'clock, having formed in close column, 
advancing to assail our works at the expected point, at the same 
time making two feints at the front of captain Hunter's lines, the 
column which advanced against the north-western angle, consisting 
of about 350 men, was so completely enveloped in smoke, as not to 
be discovered until it had approached within fifteen or twenty 
paces of the lines ; but the men being all at their posts and ready to 
receive it, commenced so heavy and galling a fire, as to throw the 
column a little into confusion. Beiug quickly rallied, it advanced to 
the outer works and began to leap into the ditch. Just at that mo- 
ment a fire of grape was opened from our six pounder, (which 
had been previously arranged so as to rake in that direction) 
which, together with the musketry, threw them into such confu- 
sion, that they were compelled to retire precipitately to the 
woods. During the assault, which lasted about halt an hour, an in- 
cessant fire was kept up by the enemy's artillery (which consisted 
of five sixes and a howitzer) but without effect. My whole loss 
during the siege, was one killed and seven wounded slightly. The 
loss of the enemy in killed, wounded, and prisoners, must exceed 
one hundred and fifty ; one lieutenant colonel, a lieutenant and fifty 
rank and file, were found in and about the ditch ; those of the* re- 
mainder, who were not able to escape, were taken off during the 
night by the Indians, Seventy stand of arms and several brace of 
pistols have been collected near the works. About three in the 
morning the enemy sailed down the river, leaving behind them a 
boat, containing clothing and considerable military stores. Too 

24 



much praise cannot be bestowed on the officers, non-commission- 
ed officers, and privates under my command for their gallantry 
and good conduct during the siege. 

Yours, with respect, 

G. CROGHAN. 
.Major ]~Hi U. S. Infantry comdg. L. S. 
Major C.cn. Harrison, commanding N. W. army. 



Con-cspondencc between the Secretary of War ami major general Wilkinsqn. 

Submitted to the President by the Secretary of War, on the 
23d July, and communicated to general Wilkinson on the 5th of 
August, 1813. 

The time at which we have reason to expert an ascendency on 
lake Ontario has arrived. If our hopes on that head be fulfilled, 
though but for a short period, we must avail ours el es ol the cir- 
cumstance, to gn e to the i << increased activity. 

For this purpose our forces on the Ontario should be concm- 
trai&d, because neither section of them, as they arc now divided, 
is competent to any great i bject, 

The point of concentration is more doubtful: 
1st. If at Fort George, our utmost succes: can but give us the 
command of the peninsula, which, if general Harrison succeeds 
against Maiden, will be of diminished interest, both to us end 
to the enemy: tons, because Maiden v» 11 fore completely 
cover our western frontier and control the savages than Forts 
George and Erie : to the enemy, because Maiden lost, our 
inroad upon the peninsula, will but have the effect of shortening, 
not of dividing, the enemy's line of operations; in a word, 
success at this" point will not give to the campaign a character 
of decisive advantage. 
2d. If, on the other hand, we make Sackctt's Harbor the point of 
concentration, Kingston may become the object of our attack, 
which, by the way, will but be returning to the original plan of 
campaign, prescribed to general Dearborn. This place is of 
much importance to the enemy, and will no doubt be defended 
by him with great obstinacy, and with all the resources which 
can be safely drawn from other points. That it may be taken 
by a joint application of our naval and military means, is not 
however to be questioned. The enclosed diagram will show the 
number and character of the enemy's defences. His batteries 
on No. 1 cannot be sustained but by his fleet. These car- 
ried, he is open to a descent at Nos. 2 and 3. If he divides 
his force between both, we oppose one half of his strength with 
the whole of ours. If he concentrates at No. 2, we seize 
No. 3, and command both the town and the shipping. If 



1S7 

he concentrates at Xo. S, we occupy No. 2, and with nearly 
the same results. 
Confe. 1 i this movement, another may be made on the 

side of 1 ike Champlain, indicating an intention of attacking 
Montreal and its dependencies, and really attacking them, if 
to i, 'hese posts have been materially weakened. 

3d. A: different operation, to winch our means are 

competent, would be a movement from .^ackett's Harbor toMa- 
dri on St. Lawrence. At this place the river may be most 
easily crossed. The ground opposite to it is a narrow bluff, 
skirted by the river on one side, and a swamp of great extent 
and of difficult, passage on the other. This gained and fortified, 
our Heel contin ling to command the water line from the head 
of the river to Ogdensburg, and lake St. Francis occupied with 
a fcw gun boats and barges, the army may march against Mon- 
treal, it) convert with general Hampton. The only natural 
to the execution of tins plan, would be presented by 
a branch of the Grand river which must be crossed; but at this 

. i deep, it is believed to be fordable. 

Under the ceding supposition it is respectfully submitted, 

whether it will not be most advisable to make SackeWs Harbor 

the point of concentration, and leave to the commanding general 

an electi ermined by circumstances) between the tw0 

ted under the 2d and 3d head'. 

JOHN ARMSTRONG. 
Approved and adopted, July 23<7, 1813. 



WASHINGTON, August 6th, 1813. 

MR, 

I have examined the projects of the campaign, intended for 
the past and ensuing stages of it, on the side of Canada, which 
you put into my hands yesterday. The novelty of the subject to 
me, aad the pressure of time, will prevent the deliberate conside- 
ration of it which its importance merits; and therefore I shall 
myself to a few brief observations touching the project of 
the 23d ultimo. 

i l. If we command lake Ontario (without which the project is 
impracticable), and our force be competent to carry Kingston, the 
incorporation of our troops should take place at Sackett's Harbor, 
and the attack be made as promptly as possible. 

2d. On the contrary, should our combined disposable force b« 
deemed incompetent to the certain and speed) reduction of Kings- 
ton, then it may be preferable to strengthen our force at Fort 
St. George, cut up the British force in that quarter, destroy the 
Indian establishments, and (should general Harrison fail in hi* 
objects) march a detachment to capture. Maldeo. 



188 

While these operations are pending, a bold feint or provisional 

■ attack on Montreal, by major general Hampton, -will certainly call 

sir George Provost to that place, and it is presumable, that seeing 

our movements directed towards Erie, he may carry his best troops 

with him from Kingston. 

These suggestions spring from my desire to hazard as little as 
possible in the outset, and to secure infallibly whatever may be 
attempted, with the intention to increase our own confidence, to 
diminish that of the enemy, and to popularise the war. 

After our operations on the peninsula have been closed, we 
may raze the works there under your provisions, leave our settle- 
ments on the strait in tranquillity, and like lightning must direct 
our whole force against Kingston ; and having reduced that place, 
and captured the shipping, we may descend the stream, and form 
a junction with the column of general Hampton in the neighbour- 
hood of Montreal, should the lateness of the season permit, by 
which all our movements, after the conquest of Upper Canada, 
must be governed. 

To give general Hampton's movements a menacing aspect, and 
to enable him to profit by events, he should take with him a heavy 
train of battering cannon and mortar pieces, which will be found 
indespensable in the attack of Montreal ; and to weaken that 
place, and to favour a protracted season, I would advise that a 
heavy column of militia or volunteers, if engaged for three months 
only, should be put in motion from the vicinity of lake Memphra- 
magog, to descend fhe river St Francis, and take post on the right 
bank of lake St. Petre, with a battering train of travelling carriages, 
organized and equipt, either to keep post or retire, when the 
S< ason or other circumstances should render expedient. 

Before I close this letter, I will beg leave to call your attention 
to several specific points, on which I require information and 
authority, which 1 deem essential to the salutary discharge of the 
high and solemn trust about to devolve upon me. 

1st. A copy of the instructions to major general Hampton, for 
my government in the correspondence to ensue between us. 

2d. Shall I be allowed a private secretary, which is necessarv, 
and of right belongs to t'io command on which I am about to en- 
ter? 

3d. I require permission to take for my aids-de-camp such 
officers as are best fitted to discharge the important duties of the 
station, 

4th. I ask authority (or is it understood that I possess it ?) to sap* 
ply every defect of the munitions of war, and transport by land o» 
water by means of the authorized agents. 

5th. I entreat that ample funds may be deposited in prope? 
hands, to give effect to the department of intelligence, without 
which, the chief will find himself hood-winked. 

6th. I trust no order, of whatever nature, will be passed to any 
officer under my command, but through my hands. This is not 



189 

snly necessary to the regular conduct of the public service, but 
it is vital 1 \ esi <htial to the preservation of sound subordination, 
and is conformable to the rules of service in all armies, in as much 
as he who is responsible for all, should have the contronl of all. 

7th. I hope I may be expressly authorized to detach from my 
command, all persons who may manifest a temper or disposition 
to excite discontents, to generate factions, or embitter the service. 
This is indispensable to put down seditious spirits, and to har- 
monize the corps. 

8th Should we move against Kingston in the first instance, the 
withdrawal of our force from Fort George will enable the enemy 
to re-occupy that point, and for a brief period to harrass our fron- 
tier on that' strait. May not the militia, or a body of volunteers, 
be called forth to relieve the regular troops at that place, and 
prevent discontents and complaints? 

9th. For the maintenance of the necessary authority of the chief, 
it is hoped the secretary of war will decline and forbid all corres- 
pondence with his subordinate ollicers, except in cases of persona! 
grievance. 

10th. 1 beg to be advised of the means of communication be- 
tween our military positions, and particularly from Sackett's- 
Harbor to Burlington, which should be rapid and infallible. 

11th. I ask. authority to equip the whole of our horse artillery, 
and to mount the whole of our dragoons, because these arms will 
be found all-important in every combat which may ensue. 

A serious impression of the dread responsibility which awaits 
me, and a correct sense of the public expectation which accompa- 
nies me, must be my apology for giving you so much trouble. 
With great respect, &c. your obedient servant, 

' JAMES WILKINSON. 

Honourable John Armstrong-, 

Secretary of War. 



WAR DEPARTMENT, August 8th, 1818. 

SIR, 

I have "-iven to vour observations of the 6th instant all the 
consideration they so justly merit. 

The main objection to any plan, which shall carry our operation* 
wide of Kingston and westward of it, is, that in the event of its 
success, it leaves the strength of the enemy unbroken ; it but 
wounds the tail of the lion, and of course, is not calculated to 
hasten the termination of the war, either by encreasin^ our own 
vigour, or by diminishing that of the enemy. Kingston is the 
great depot of his resources, and so long as he retains this ami 
keeps open his communication with the sea, he will not want the 
moans of multiplying his naval and other defences, and of rein- 
forcing or renewing the war in the west. Kingston, therefore - 



190 

well on grounds of policy as of military principle* presents the 
first and great object of the campaign. 

There axe two ways of approaching this : by direct, or indvrecti 

attack: by breaking down the enemy's battalions and forcin : his 
works; or by seizing and obstructing the line of his communica- 
tion, and thus dryingup the sources by which he is nouiftfehed and 

maintained. Circumstances must gover-jn in choosing between 
these different modes. Were our asse abled laud ,md naval 
forces competent to the object, a direct attack would no doubt be 
the shorter and better way ; but if, on the contrary, our strength 
be inferior, or hardly equal to that of the enemy, {i\e indirect 
attack must be preferred. These considerations have sm^-csted 
the third plan, to be found in my note of the 23d ultimo. To give 
execution to this, I would collect my force at the head of the 
St. Lawrence, make every demonstration of attacking Kingston, 
proceed rapidly down the river, seize the northern bank at the 
village of Hamilton, leave a corps to fortify and to hold it, march 
upon Montreal with the main body, effect there a junction with 
Hampton, and take a position which shall enable you to secure 
what you gain. On this plan the navy would perform its part by 
occupying the mouth of the river, and preventing a pursuit by 
water; by clearing the river of the armed boats of the enemy; 
by holding, with its own, the passage at Hamilton, and by giving 
support to that position. If the enemy pursues, it must he by 
land, without subsistence, (excepting what he carries on his back) 
and without artillery. If he remains stationary, his situation 
must soon become even more serious, as the country in which he 
is cannot long subsist him. It will then but remain for him to 
fight his way to Quebec, to perish in the attempt, or to lay down 
his arms. After this exposition, it is unnecessary to add, that 
in conducting the present campaign, you will make Kingston 
your primary object, and that you. will choose (as circumstances 
may warrant) between a direct and indirect attack upon that post. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

JOHN ARMSTRONG. 

Maj. Gen. "Wilkinson, comnd'g - district No. 9. 



WAR DEPARTMENT, August 9tl>, 1813. 
SIR, 

In answer to that part of your letter of the 6th instant, which 
calls I'm- information, &c. on certain enumerated points, I have 
: e honour to state : 

1st. That general Hampton's instructions go only to assemble 
and organize his division at Burlington, it is intended that he 
shall operate cotemporaiily with you, and under your orders, 
in prosecution 'if the plan of campaign which lias been given to 

YOU. 



191 

3d.. The senior major general commanding the principal army is 
entitled t>(!ie services of a private secretary. 

3d. The ordnance and other departments of supply within the 
district (No. 9.) are subject of course to your orders. 

4th. The quarter master general of the army will supply the 
funds for secret service. 

5th. All orders to subordinate officers pass from the war de- 
partment to the adjutant general ; to be communicated by him 
to the general commanding the district in which such subordi- 
nate officer may serve. 

6th. No specific permission is necessary for removing factious 
or disorderly men. All such will properly become subjects of 
the confidential reports to be made by inspectors. To detach 
such men from one district to another, is only shifting the evil ; 
the better way is to report them for dismission. 

7th. If the corps at fort George be recalled, the works should 
be razed or occupied by a force competent to hold it against an 
assault. There is a corps of militia and volunteers (to whom 
(he Six Nation Indians have associated themselves) at Black 
Rock, which may be kept in service. They are commanded by 
general Porter and Mr. Parrish. 

8th. The secretary of war will decline and forbid all improper 
communications, and particularly such as may bear any colour 
of insubordination. 

9th« Besides the ordinary mode of communication by mail, ex- 
presses may be employed in extraordinary case-;. 

10th. The dragoons and light artillery corps shall be made effi- 
cient. Horses may be bought for both. An officer from each 
corps should be directed to superintend the purchases. Price 
(average) not to exceed 120 dollars. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

JOHN ARMSTRONG, 

M:ij. Gen. Wilkinson, comtlg. the N. Army. 



SACKETT'S HARBOR, August 21st, 1813. 
SIR, 

I arrived here yesterday: my machinery is in motion, and 
I have strong hopes of giving the change to sir George which will 
lead directly to the object of first importance. 

Commodore Chauncey is in port here, and his antagonist, sir 
James Yeo, at Kingston. In the late interviews between these, 
naval commanders, the first has zealously sought a combat, which 
the latter has cautiously avoided ; the superiority on the lake 
therefore remains still to be settled; but I have Chauncey's assu- 
rance for it, and place much confidence in his word; it is obvious 
ly sir James's plan to decline a conflict; but on what ground I 
cannot determine. 



192 

■Our schooner here will be equipt and manned by Wednesday, 
and 1 shall sail with the squadron tor fort George probably the day 
after; I am endeavoring to draw sir George after me; but whether 
1 succeed in this attempt or not, should our men and means an- 
swer report, and Heaven favour me, i will be in possession of 
Kingston, or below that place, on the 26th proximo. 

Major general Hampton must not budge until every thing is 
matured in this quarter, and we have either got possession of 
Kingston or have cut its communication with Montreal, of which 
I shall give him seasonable advice, via Plattsburg, where I shall 
calculate on his arrival the 20th of the ensuing month, completely 
equipt for a forward movement. If he changes his position and 
shows his column west of the lake sooner, it may cany sir George 
io Montreal and produce precautions which might otherwise be 
neglected until too late for any salutary effect. 

The militia called forth by governor Tompkins, of which by the 
bye you gave me no information, should not be arrayed before he 
hears from me at fort George, because the assembly of such a 
body would increase the alarm, and put all Canada in counter- 
motion, while incidents beyond the controul of man may inter- 
vene to procrastinate my movements and thus baffle the effects of 
the proposed co-operation on the side of Vermont: should a 
corps of militia be drawn from thence, no movement should be 
made by them, until general Hampton has crossed Champlain. 

It would be highly interesting to the public service and ex- 
tremely acceptable to me. to see you at Niagara, from whence, 
should' I find it practicable, it is my intention to commence my 
movement down the lake, about the loth of the next month; the 
best possible disposition for the safety of that frontier, and for the 
security of the vast mass of ordnance and stores which I must 
leave there, may render your advice and authority indispensably 
necessary to avert clamors and prevent any obstruction to my 
prompt movement. 

I am, sir, your obedient servant, &c. 

JAMES WILKINSON. 
lion. John Armstrong, SecretiuyofWar. 



SACKETT'S HARBOR, August 26th, 1813. 

SIR, 

Chauncey will go out, he says, to-morrow or next day to seek 
sir Jam* s. I see the necessity of settling the point of naval su- 
jjeriority before we commit ourselves, and therefore, the decision 
cannot be had too soon. I.i the mean time the essential arrange- 
ments progress, and if the means can be mustered, they will 
ensure the end. 

I fear Yeo will avoid a contest to spin out the campaign, and 
' time for reinforcements, and the organization of militia; 



1$3 

but iflie will not eonie out, we must blockade him. I go to Niagara 
the moment our arrangements are matured here. Sir George has 
actual! y gone for the head of the lake with a reinforcement. To 
prevent his playing tricks with Boyd, I have sent him (Boyd) the 
note of which you nave a copy. 

On Saturday 21st, one hundred and sixty regular troops as-> 
tended by Ogdensburg to Kingston, and on the 23d and 24th, 
they were followed by five hundred Highlanders in their kilts, who 
conducted up one hundred boats. Thus we see that this quarter 
attracts chief attention. All my efforts will be made to induce sir 
George to draw after him a chief part of the garrison of Kings- 
ton, which must now be near five thousand strong. The situation 
of Proctor and the irruption of our Indians have gone far to excite 
these dispositions. Meet me at Niagara, if possible, and for 
God's sake press on the recruits from Albany and the southward, 
and send me Wadsworth, Swift, Fenwick, and Izard. All 
things go well here, and thank God, the men are recovering ra- 
pidly. I hear not a word from Hampton. I hope he does not 
mean to take the stud ; but if so, we can do without him, and he 
should be sent home. 

Truly vours, 

JAMES WILKINSON. 

Secretary of Warj 

WAR DEPARTMENT, SACKETT'S HARFfoR, 

September 6th, 1813. 

DEAR GENERAL, 

I arrived here yesterday. Nothing new, excepting that 
Prevost has returned to Kingston. General Hampton will go 
through the campaign cordially and vigorously, but will resign at 
the end of it. He will be ready to move by the 20th, w ith an ef- 
fective regular force of 4000, and a militia detachment of 1500.. 
On the supposition that sir George had decidedly taken his part,, 
and had chosen the peninsula as his camp de battaile, I had or-* 
dered Hampton to move immediately against the Isle Aux Noix. 
Two thousand militia will be promptly assembled at Champion, 
twenty -four miles from this place, and on the route to the St* 
Lawrence. The place was selected, as ottering two objects, and 
of course leaving his knightship to guess. To have pushed them 
directly to Ogdensburg, would not have had that advantage. A 
larger draft would have been difficult. Another view- of the sub- 
ject is, that this part of the plan cannot be confided to militia 
exclusively ; they must be propped by a regular corps, otherwise 
the back door may not be sufficiently closed and barred. 

The battle on the lake ! Shall we have one ? If Yeo fights and 
is beaten, all will be well. If he does not fight, the result mat 
also be favourable. 

Yours cordially, 

JOHN ARMSTRONG* 
Gbterfl WiBdflson; 

#5 



194 

HEAD QUARTERS, UPPER SANDUSKY, 

August 6th, 1815. 

DEAR SIR, 

Your excellency's of the 4th instant, was delivered to me 
yesterday morning, by colonel Brush. The exertions which, \ou 
have made, and the promptitude with which your orders have 
been obeyed, to assemble the militia to repel the late invasion of 
the enemy, is truly astonishing, and reflects the highest honour on 
the state. 

Believing, that in a formal interview, I could best explain to 
you the intentions of the government and my own views, I deter- 
mined to come on to this place to see you. I have now the ho- 
nour to repeat to you in this way, the result of my determination 
upon the employment of the militia, and most of the facts upon 
which my determination is founded. It has been the intention of 
government to farm the army destined for operation, upon the 
lake Erie, exclusively of regular troops, if they could be raised ; 
the number was limited to T000. The deficiency of the regulars 
was to be made up from the militia. From all the information I 
at present possess, I am convinced that there will be a great de- 
ficiency in the contemplated number of troops, after the militia 
now in service, and whose term of service will not expire imme- 
diately, have been added to the regulars. I have therefore called 
on the governor of Kentucky, for 2000 effectives: with these, 
there will still be a defect of perhaps 1200 troops. Your excel- 
lency has stated, the men who have turned out on this occasion, 
have done it with the expectation that they would be effectually 
employed, and that, should they be sent home, there is no pros- 
pect of getting them to turn out, should it be hereafter required. 
To employ them all, is impossible. YVith my utmost exertions, 
the embarkation cannot be effected in a less time than 15 or 18 
days. 

Should I even determine to substitute them for the regular 
troops, which are expected, to keep so large a force in the field, 
even for a short period, would consume the means which are pro- 
vided for the support of the campaign, and which are only calcu- 
lated for the number of men above stated. 

I would recommend, under these circumstances, to your excel- 
lency, a middle course, viz: to dismiss all the militia but two re- 
giments of 10 companies, of 100 men each, and an usual propor- 
tion of field and platoon non-commissioned officers and musician-. 
That this corps be encamped at or near this place, until it is as- 
certained whether their service will be wanted. A short time 
will determine this question. 

Permit me to request vour excellency to give your countenance 
and support to the exertions which general M f Arthur will make 
to fill up the 26th regiment of 12 month's troops. 

It appears that the venerable governor of Kentucky, is about 
i>) take command of the troops of that state; could your excel- 



106 

lencv think proper to follow his example, 1 need not tell you how 
highly gratilying it would be to, dear sir, your friend, 

WILLIAM II. HARRISON. 
Tt bu i Gov. Meigs. 



UN BOAIM) THE SHIP GENERAL PIKE, 

AT SACKETT S HARBOR, August 18th, 1813. 
8IR, 

I arrived here thi> day with this ship, the Madison, Oneida, 
I ernor Tompkins, Conquest, Ontario, Pert, and Lady of the 
I e. The Fair American and Asp, I left at Niagara. s,,i. I 
had the honour of addressing you lust, 1 have been much distressed 
and mortified: distressed at a lossof apart of the force entrusted 
to my command, and mortified at not being able to brin* the ene- 
my to action. The following movements and transactions of the 
squadron, since the 6th instant, will give you the best ideas of the 
difficulties and mortifications that I havenad to encounter. 

On the 7;h, at day-light, the enemy's Meet, consisting of two 
ships, two brigs, ami two lar toners, were discovered bear- 

ing west north -west, distant a. tout five or sis miles, wind at est. 
\i ., weighed with the Beet and manouvred to gain the wind. 
At 9, having passed to the leeward of the enemy's line, and 
abreast of^his van sh p, [the Wolfe) hoisted our colours and tired 
a few guns to ascertain whether we could reach him with our shot; 
finding thej fell Bhort, 1 wore and hauled upon a wind on the 
Btarboard tack ; the rear of our schooners then about six miles 
astern. The enemy wore in succession and hauled upon a wind 
on the same tack, but soon finding that we should be aole to wea- 
ther him upon the next tack, he tacked and made all sa.il to the 
northward. A> soon as our rear vess U could fetch his wake, 
tacked and made all sail in chase. In the afternoon the wind be- 
came very light, and towards night quite calm. The schooners 
used their sweeps all the afternoon, in order to close with the 
enemy, but without success. Late in the afternoon I made the 
signal of recal, and formed in close order ; wind during the night 
from the westward, and after midnight Squally ; kept all hands at 
quarters^ and beat to the windward, in hopes to gain the wind ot 
the enemy. At 2 A. M. missed two of our schooners — at day- 
light discovered the missing schooners to be the Hamilton and 
Scourge. Soon after, spoke the Governor Tompkins, who informed 
me that the Hamilton and Scourge both overset and sunk in a 
heavy squall about 2 o'clock ; and, distressing to relate, every 
soul "perished, except 16. This fatal accident deprived meat 
once of the services of two valuable officers, lieutenant Winter 
and sailing master ()>good,and two of my best schooners, mount- 
ing together 19 guns. This accident giving decidedly to the 
enemy the superiority, I thought he would take advantage of iL, 



19G 

particularly as by a change of wind, he was again brought dead 
to windward of me ; formed the line upon the larboard tack and 
hove to. Soon after 6 A. M. the enemy bore up and set studding 
sails, apparently with an intention to bring us to action. When 
he had approached us within about four miles, he brought to on 
starboard tack. I wore and brought to on same tack. Finding 
the enemy had no intention of bringing us to action, I edged 
away to gain the land, in order to have the advantage of the land 
breeze in the afternoon. It soon after fell calm, and I directed 
the schooners to sweep up and engage the enemy. About noon 
we got a light breeze from the eastward. I took the Oneida in 
tow, as she sails badly, and stood for the enemy. When the van 
of our schooners was within about one and a half or two miles 
of his rear, the wind shifted to the westward, which again brought; 
him to windward ; as soon as the breeze struck him, he bore up 
tor the schooners, in order to cut them off' before they could rejoin 
me ; but with their sweeps, and the breeze soon reaching them 
also, they were soon in their station. The enemy finding himself 
foiled in his attempt upon the schooners, hauled his wind and hove 
to. It soon after became very squally, and the appearance of 
its continuing so during the night ; and as we had been at quarters 
for nearly 40 hours, and being apprehensive of separating from 
some of the heavy sailing schooners in the squall, induced me to 
run in towards Niagara, and anchor outside the bar. General 
Boyd very handsomely offered any assistance in men that I might 
require. I received 150 soldiers and distributed them indifferent 
vessels, to assist in boarding, or repelling boarders, as circum- 
stances might require. It blew very heavy in squalls during the 
night. Soon after day-light discovered the enemy's fleet bearing 
north; weighed and stood after him. The winds soon became 
light and variable, and before 12 o'clock, quite calm. At 5, fresh 
breezes from north, the enemy's fleet bearing north, distant about 
4 or 5 leagues. Wore the fleet in succession, and hauled upon a 
wind on the larboard tack. At sun-down the enemy bore N. W. 
by N. on the starboard tack. The wind hauling to the westward, 
I stood to the northward all night, in order to gain the north shore. 
At day -light, tacked to the westward, the wind having changed 
to north north-west. Soon after, discovered the enemy's fleet 
bearing south-west; I took the Asp and the Madison, the Fair 
American in tow, and made all sail in chase. It was at this time 
we thought of realizing what we had been so long toiling for, but 
before 12 o'clock, the wind changed to west south-west, which 
brought the enemy to windward — tacked to the northward. At 3, 
the wind inclining to the northward, wore to the southward and 
westward, and made the signal for the fleet to make all sail. At 
4, the enemy bore south south-west, bore up and steered for him. 
At 5, observed the enemy becalmed under the land, nearing him 
very fast, with a fine breeze from north north-west. At 6, formed 
the order of battle, within about four miles of the enemy; tliQ 



1S17 

wind at this time very liirht. At 7, the wind changed to seutb- 
v est, ami a fresh breeze, which again placed the enemy to Wind- 
ward of me : tacked and hauled upon a wind on the larboard tack, 
under ea-v sail, the enemy standing aft* us. At 9, when within 
about two gun shot of our rear, he wore to the southward — 1 stood 
on to the northward under easy sail — the fleet formed in two lines, 
a part of die schooners forming the weather line, with orders to 
commence die fire upon the enemy as soon as their shot would 
take effect, and as the enemy reached them, to edge down upon 
the line to windward and pass through the intervals and form to 
let ward. At about half past 10, the enemy tacked and stood 
after ue. At II, the rear of our line opened his fire upon the 
eiie.ny : in about 15 minutes, the fire became general from the 
weal her line, which was returned from the enemy. At half 
pest 11, the weather line bore up and passed to the leeward, ex- 
cept the Growler and Julia, which soon after tacked to the south- 
ward, which brought the enemy between them and me. Filled 
the ir.ain-to|)->ail and edged away two points to lead the enemy 
down, not only to i him to more advantage, but to lead him 

from the Growler and Julia. He, however, kepi his wind, until he 
eempletelj separated t! se two vessels from the rest of the squad- 
ron, exchanged a few shot with hi- ship as h , - d, without in- 
jury to us, and made -ail after our l 2 si ho utters. Tacked and stood 
after him. At 12 (midnight) finding that I must either separate 
from the rest of 'he squadron, or relinquish the hope of saving 
die two which had separated, 1 reluctantly gave up the pursuit, 
rejoined the squadron, then to the leeward, and formed the line 
on the starboard t,ack. The firing was continued between our 
2 schooners, and the enemy's fleet until about 1 A. M. when, I 
presume, they were obliged to surrender to a force so much their 
Superior ; saw no more of the enemy that night : soon alter day- 
light discovered them close in with the north shore, with one of 
our schooners in tow, the other not to be seen. I presume she may 
have been sunk. The enemy showed no disposition to come 
down upon us, although to windward, and blowing heavy from W. 
The schooners laboring very much, I ordered 2 of the dullest to 
run into Niagara and anchor. The gale increasing very much, 
and as I could not g* into Niagara with this ship, I determined to 
run to Genesee bay, as a -belter for the small vessels, and with the 
expectation of beimj; aide to obtain provisions for the squadron, as 
we were all nearly out, the Madison and Oneida, having not a sin- 
gle day's on board when we arrived opposite Gene-ee bay. 1 
ound "there was every prospect of the gale's continuing, and if 
it did, I could run to this place and provision the whole squadron 
with more certainty, and nearly in the same time that I could at 
Genesee, admitting that I could obtain provisions at that place. 
After bringing the" breezes as for as Oswego, the w ind became 
light, inclining to a calm, which prolonged our passage to this 
day. I -hall provision the squadron for 5 weeks, and proceed up 



198 

the lake this evening, and when I return again I hope to be able to 
communicate more agreeable news than this communication con- 
tains. 

The loss of the Growler and Julia, in the manner in which they 
have been lost, is mortifying in the extreme ; and although their 
commanders disobeyed my positive orders, I am willing to believe 
that it arose from an error of judgments and excess of zeal to do 
more than was required of them, thinking probably that the enemy 
intended to bring us to a general action, they thought by gaining 
the wind of him they would have it more in their power to annoy 
and injure him than they could by forming to leeward of our line. 
From what I have been able to discover of the movements of the 
enemy, he has no intention of engaging us, except he can get de- 
cidedly the advantage of wind and weather, and as his vessels in 
squadron sail better than our squadron, he can always avoid 
an action — unless I can gain the wind, and have sufficient day- 
light to bring him to action before dark. His object is, evident- 
ly, to harrass us by night attacks, by which means he thinks to 
cut oil our small dull sailing schooners in detail. Fortune has 
evidently favored him thus far. I hope that it will be my turn 
next, and although inferior in point of force, I feel very confident 
of success. 

I have the honour to be, sir, &c. 

ISAAC CHAUNCEY, 
■Hon. Yin. Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 



UNITED STATES, FLOTILLA, NEW CASTLE, 

August 17th, 181-3. 

'SIR. 

I have just received a letter from sailing-master Shead, .res- 
pecting the capture of the gun-boat No. 121 (a copy of which I 
have the honor of inclosing to you.) I see from this the enemy 
had 7 killed and 12 wounded, 4 since dead. I am convinced 
they have deceived him, both as to the number of killed and woun- 
ded, as well as the number of men in the boats, which at the 
smallest calculation could not have been less than 250. 

I have the honour to remain, &c. 

SAMUEL ANGUS. 
7Ion. Win, Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 



(iXCLOSURE.) 

ON BOARD H. M. SLOOP MARTIN, 

Off Rhode Island, August 6th, 1813. 

SIR, 

U is with the deepest regret that I announce to you the cap- 
ture of the United States gun-boat No. 121, under my command, 
by the boats of the Junon frigate and Martin sloop of war, 8 in 



199 

number, 5 of which mounted 12 pound carronades, and carrying 
in all 150 men. At in minutes before meridian on the 27th of" 
Julv, 1 received orders from you to form a line a head and to fire 
(in the enemy, but finding myself drove away from the squadron 
b. the wind dying away and a strong ebb tide, 1 remained sweep- 
ing and tiring ic 32 pounder* At the same time folding my 
shot did not reach, I placed all hands to the sweeps to endeavour 
to gain the squadron. At 20 minutes before 1 P. M. I com- 
menced firing on the enemj 's boats and sweeping at the same time ; 
but tinning I could gain nothing, I anchored to receive them as 
American tars lave been accustomed to. The enemy then get- 
ting within grape reach, I commenced it, but unfortunately the 
pintle of the I rg - gun gave way the 1st round ; I again char 
and got her to bear, which discharge did considerable damage, 
but tearing my gun carriage all to pieces. I loaded with the hope 
of getting her to bear again, but found it utterly impossible ; 
the enemy now close on board, discharging vollies of shot from 
th sir carronades and musketry, 1 called the boarders and small 
arms men awa* to repel the enemy ; they now surrounding us, 
poured in a heavy fire which wo ret irned with a- mui h prompt- 
ness as our feebie numbers would admit : al of my men 
haunt:; now fell, our ensign halyards shot away, and seeing the 
superiority of tfie enemy's \'»\(.c in the act of boarding us in every 
quarter, thej began to fire briskly, and I found ii necessan for 
the. preservation of those few valuable lives left, to surrei 
to seven times our number : the enemy boarding, loaded our decks 
with men ; we were all driven below, and it was with the utmost 
difficulty that the officers could stay the revenge of the seamen, 
who seemed to thirst for blood and plunder, the last of which they 
had, by robbing us of even thing: we had none killed, but seven 
w 'Mided, :i i - _htly. The enemy's loss by us, was seven killed 
and twelve wounded, lour of whom have since died. They have 
conquered me, bit t'nev have paid dearly for it, and 1 trust, sir, 
when you come t,» view the disadvantages that 1 laboured under, 
having been but seven days onboard my boat, and scarcely time 
to station mv men, and the misfortune of entirely disabling my 
gun, and the superiority of numbers to oppose me; you will be 
convinced thai the flagl had tl e honour to wear, has not lost ahj 
of that national character which has ever been attached to it. 

I have the honour to be, ike. 

WILLIXM SHEAD, Sailing Master 

Lieut. Samuel Angus, 

commanding U. S. Flotilla, Delaware. 



HEAD QUARTERS, FORT GEORGE, August L7th, 1815. 
SIR, 

In the last letter which I had the honour toaddressto you, 
I had to communicate the information that commodore. Chauncey 



bad left this pari of the lake; yesterday .an express arrived irotfl 

the 18 Mile Creek, statingthat he was then off that place, in pur- 1 
.suit of the British fleet, which was likewise to he seen. 

A body of volunteers, militia and Indians, under the command 
of brigadier general Porter} of the New York militia, having ar- 
rived at this place, and very impatient to engage the enemy, a 
plan was, this morning, concerted to cut off one of his pickets. 
About 500 volunteers and Indians under the command of major 
Chapili, was to effect this object, supported by 200 regulars under 
the command of major Cummings, of the 16th infantry. A heavy 
Fain, and other untoward circumstances, defeated the primary. 
object, but in a skirmish that ensued, in which the enemy were 
completely routed, our Indians captured 12 of the British Indians, 
and lour whites. Many of the enemy's dead were left on the held, 
among whom is supposed to be the famous chief, Norton. Our 
loss was only two Indians, and a few slightly wounded. Those 
who participated in this contest, particularly the Indians, conduct- 
ed with irreat bravery and activity. General Porter volunteered 
in the affair, and major Ghapin evinced his accustomed zeal and 
courage. The regulars under major Cummings, as far as they 
were engaged", conducted well. The principal chiefs who led the 
warriors this day, were, Farmer's Brother, lied Jacket, ' Little 
Billv, Pollard, Black Snake, Johnson, Silver Heels, Captain Half- 
town, Major Henry 0. Ball, (Cornplanter's son) and captain Cold, 
chief of Onondago, who was wounded. In a council which was 
held with them yesterday, they covenanted not to scalp or mur- 
der ; and I am happy to say, that they treated the prisoners with 
humanity, and committed no wanton cruelties upon the dead. 

The Canadian volunteers, under major Wilcox, were active and 
brave as usual. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 
JOHN P. BOYD, Brig. Gen. Comndg: 
Hon. John Armstrong. 



HEAD QUARTERS, FORT GEORGE, August 18lh, 1813. 

SIR, 

Yesterday I Had the honour to address you a letter, detailing 
the conduct of the Indians in a late skirmish. Their bravery and 
humanity were equally conspicuous. Already the quietness in 
which our pickets are suffered to remain, evinces the benefit aris- 
ing from their assistance. Permit me to suggest the propriety of 
immediately depositing presents for them in the hands of Mr. 
Granger, oi whose exertions* and those of Mr. Parrish, 1 must ex- 
press my approbation* 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

JOHN P. BOYD, Brig. Gen* 



Hon. John Armstrong* 






201 

Extract of a letter from captain John H. Dent, •ommttnding naval 
officer at Charleston, S. C. dated August 2lst, 1813. 

" SIR, 

" I have the honour to inform you that the privateer 
schooner Decatur, of this port, arrived here yesterday, with his 
Britannic majesty's schooner Dominico, her prize. She was 
captured on the 5th instant, after a most gallant and desperate 
action of one hour, and carried by boarding, having all her officers 
killed or wounded. She was one of the best equipped and man- 
ned vessels of her class I have ever seen. The Decatur mounts 
seven guns, and had a complement of 103 men at the commenced 
ment of the action, nineteen of whom were killed and wounded. 

" I have the honour to be, &c. 

"JOHN H. DENT." 
Hon. Wm. Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 

HEAD QUARTERS, FORT (JEORGE, August 24th, 181S. 
SIR, 

I have the honour to report, that at day break this morning 
the enemy attacked us at all our pickets, which retired towards 
the camp, pursued bv his advance guards. A skirmish ensued in 
the village, with little effect upon us; after which he retreated, 
having come within reach of our cannon, but never within musket- 
shot of our entrenchments. One captain of the 49th and a lew 
privates have been brought in prisoners. We lost two men and 
a few wounded ; the enemy left about fifteen dead on the different 
grounds. He is supposed to have brought his whole force into 
the field ; but finding our position so strong, desisted from a 
general attack. Sir George Prevost was in person at the attack. 
His force is withdrawn out of our reach into his strong holds. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 
JOHN P. BOYD, B. G. C. 
Hon. J. Armstrong", Secretary of War. 



CHARLESTON, (S C.) August 26th, 1813. 

SIR, 

I have the honour to acquaint you, that I received a letter 
express, last night, from major Jenkins, commanding the St. Hele- 
na militia, stating that the enemy's two brigs, the Calibre and 
Charybdis, got under way on Monday morning, with an intention 
of proceeding to sea, when the wind shifted to the eastward ; and 
in attempting to beat over the bar, one of them (supposed to be 
the Calibre) grounded on Cole Scarce Reef, and in a short time 
after bilged and became a complete wreck. The crew was taken 
off by the other, which now lies about five miles from Bay Peint, 
waiting a wind to proceed to sea. 

26 



£02 

Major Jenkins states, that they landed twice at a plantation of 
Mr. Pope's, and took one of his large canoes oft", with some provi- 
sions. It appears their object in entering Port Royal was princi- 
pally to sound the bar, and roadstead, which they have effected, 
as their boats were seen on that service the whole time they were 
at anchor. The officer who delivered major Jenkins's letter fur- 
ther states, that the wreck had entirely gone to pieces, a great 
part drifted on shore, among which were her boats and the stolen 
canoe. . 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

JOHN H. DENT. 
Honourable William Jones, 

Secretary of the Navy. 



Extract of a letter from General Ferdinand L. Claiborne, t* 
General Floumoy, commanding the 7th Military District. 

« CANTONMENT, MOUNT VERNON, September 3d, 1813. 
"SIR, 

" On the 3 1st ultimo, I had the honour to receive your letter of 
the 24th, with its enclosure, forwarded by express to me, then at 
Easley's station, near the Creek line, and about 85 miles above 
this, on the Tombigbee. 

" Colonel Hawkins's communications for some time past have 
unfortunately had a tendency to lessen our apprehensions, and 
to beget a belief of our almost perfect security. My little, but 
inestimable corps, have felt the effects begotten by the doubts 
which existed as to the real intention of the Creeks. It proba- 
bly prevented yourself, and certainly governor Holmes, from 
sending troops to this exposed part of the country. About the 
23d ultimo, I received information that 1200 Indians were on 
the eve of entering the territory, with the intention to attack the 
upper posts in the Tombigbee, that commanded by colonel Carson 
in the fork of the Tombigbee and Alabama rivers, and the one on 
Tensaw commanded by major Beasley. The Indians from the 
Black Warrior were to attack the upper posts; and those from the 
Alabama, that on Tensaw. This information was immediately 
communicated to colonel Carson and major Beasley, and my ar- 
rangements made for the defence of the three places threatened, 
in the best manner of which the limited means I possessed would 
admit. 

" With 80 men, I went myself to Easley's, and was joined by 
two detachments of volunteer militia under the command of co- 
lonel Haines, aid-de-camp to governor Holmes, and by a captain 
Cassity. The place was attacked at the time expected, and after 
several unsuccessful attempts to gain intelligence, my scouts fell 
in with 2 Chocktaw Indians, from whose information I was induced 
to believe, that no attack would soon be made. In fact they seem- 
ed rather to insinuate that the enemy was rather intimidated, and 



203 

stated that the Chocktaws in the immediate neighbourhood, who 
had joined them, had, at the instance of Pooshemataha, (a medal 
chief) withdrawn from them, intending to remain neutral ; and that 
they had removed and were removing from the scene of action 
to a more secure place for their women and children. This I 
ascertained to be the fact. Their towns were visited by captain 
Wells of dragoons, and found abandoned. Under these circum- 
stances I left Easley's station, and, on my way to this post, learned 
that major Beasley had been attacked. I reached this place at 
twelve o'clock last night, having rode 70 miles since morning. 

" The attack on major Beasley was made at about 11 o'clock, A. 
M. on the 30th ultimo. It was unexpected at the moment it oc- 
cured, but the whole garrison was immediately under arms. The 
front gate was open, and the enemy ran in great numbers to pos- 
sess themsevles of it. In the contest for the gate many fell on 
both sides : soon, however, the action became'general, the enemy 
fighting on all sides in the open field, and as near the stockade 
•as they could get. The port-holes were taken and retaken seve- 
ral times. A block-house was contended for by captain Jack, at 
the head of his brave riflemen, for the space of an hour after the 
enemy were in possession of a part of it, when finally they suc- 
ceeded in driving this company into a house in the fort, and hav- 
ing stopped many of the port -holes with the ends of rails, possess- 
ed themselves of the walls. From the houses our troops made a 
gallant defence, but the enemy set fire to the roofs, and an 
attempt to extinguish the flames proved unsuccessful. The few 
who remained now attempted to retreat under the direction of 
captain Bailey of the militia, and ensign Chambliss of the rifle 
company, both of whom had been badly wounded. Previously to 
their retreat, they threw into the flames many of the guns of the 
dead men. Few of them succeeded in escaping. Both the 
officers are missing, and supposed to be dead. Nine of the vo- 
lunteers and three of the volunteer militia have reached this, 
several of them wounded. A few citizens who fought in the 
stockade, but not enrolled in any company, also escaped, one of 
them leaving a wife and six children, who were probably burnt to 
death. Major Beasley fell gallantly fighting at the head of his 
command near the gate, at the commencement of the action. 
Captain Jack was killed about the close of the scene, having pre- 
viously received two wounds. Captain Middleton also distin- 
guished himself, having received four or five wounds before he 
fell. He was active, and fought bravely from the commencement 
of the action until he died. Lieutenant S. M. Osborn, of Wil- 
kinson county, after receiving two wounds, was taken into a house, 
but requested to die on the ground, that he might as lone as pos- 
sible see the men tight. The other officers fell noblv doing their 
duty; and the non-commissioned officers and privates deserve 
equally well. The action continued until five in the evening. 



204 

"Our loss is great : sixty-five, including officers and men, were 
killed belonging to the first regiment of Mississippi territory 

volunteers, ami twenty-seven volunteer militia, officers included. 
Many respectable citizens, with numerous families, who had 
abandoned their farms tor security, were also killed or burnt in 
the houses into which they had iled. The loss of the enemy must 
have been from 150 to -200 killed and wounded. Their force is 
supposed to have been from 5 to r00« 

•• At the mills of Messrs. J. and W. Pierce, about a mile from 
the post, is a small guard, commanded by lieutenant Montgomery, 
which were stationed previous to, and at the time of, the attack; 
but it is believed he abandoned his posi ion in time to save his 
command. He has not yet been heard of, but 1 hope made good 
his retreat to Mobile. 

" Lieutenant colonel Ross, whilst at Mobile, hearing of the fate, 
or probable fate, of our troops on Tensaw, ordered capiain Blue, 
of the 7th United States' regiment, with 100 men, to this place, 
and he arrived about day-break this morning, ami will here wait 
your orders. We are busily engaged in fitting this cantonment 
for defence, and will be prepared to give a good account of the 
enemy, should an opportunity ort'er. They will, however, not 
attack us until they unite all their forces; but when they do, you 
may rely on their baing warmly received. It is my belief that 
thev er.nnot bring a force against us which we will not be able to 
defeat; but we can do no more than defend ourselves in this 
place. 

" I have not heard from colonel Carson. He has a good stockade, 
and a garrison of about 150 volunteers, and within -200 yards is 
a >tation, in which are many families, and about 50 fighting men. 
Should the Indians attack the colonel, he will certainly defeat 
them. Dent and Scott's companies are ordered from Easley's to 
St. Stephens, where are also the broken companies of Morrison 
and Foelckill. In the Chocktaw factory at St. Stephens, there is 
much public property. At this place we have the papers belong- 
ing to the land-office ; the citizens having left them and fled to 
the different forts, and the enemy will enrich themselves with 
plunder. I have not a force which will enable me to guard this 
extensive frontier, and the country must rest upon governor 
Holmes, in part, for aid. I know that your situation will not 
admit of your drawing much, if any force, from Mobile and Mobile 
point, and that you ha*e no disposable troops on the Mississippi. 
Manac.a half breed, who can be relied on, was at Pensacola about 
ten days ago. He says, that while he was there, three vessels with 
Spanish troops arrived. 

"Judge Ton I min and a great many families have left this part of 
the country, and <;one to Mobile. I fear many negroes will run 
off to the enemy ; indeed they are already in possession of about 
100 of them, and a large quantity of stock and other property. 



205 

" Six o'clock, P. M. An express this moment arrived from 
•■eneral Flournoy, with orders for the 3d United States' regiment 
-to march immediately. 

* The volunteer cavalry are also under similar orders." 



UNITED STATES' SLOOP PRESIDENT, 

Near Plattsburg, September 9tb, 181S, 

SIR, 

I have the honour to inform you that I arrived here yesterday 
from near the lines, having sailed from Burlington on the 6th, 
with an intention to fall in With the enemy who were then near 
this place ; having proceeded to within a short distance of the 
lines, I received information that they were at anchor there. Soon 
after, thev weighed and stood to the northward out of the lake; 
thus if not acknowledging our ascendancy on the lake, evincing 
an unwillingness (although they had the advantage of situation, 
owing tn the narrowness of the channel in which their galleys 
could work, when we should want room) to determine it. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

THOMAS MACDONOUGH. 

Hon. Wm. Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 



U. S. BRIG NIAGARA, OFF THE WESTERN SISTERS, 

Head of lake Erie, September 10th, 1815, 4 P. Jt. 

SIR, 

It has pleased the Almighty to give to the arms of the United 
States a signal victory over their enemies on this lake. The Bri- 
tish squadron, consisting of two ships, two brigs, one schooner, 
and one sloop, have this moment surrendered to the force under 
my command, after a sharp conflict. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

O. H. PERRY. 
Hon. Wm. Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 



U. S. SCHOONER ARIEL, PUT-IN-B \Y, 

September 13th, 1813. 

SIR, 

In my last I informed you that we had captured the enemy's 
fleet on this lake. I have now the honour to give you tie most 
important particulars of the action. On the morning of die 10th 
instant, at sun-rise, they were discovered from Put-m-Bay, whelk 
I lav at anchor with the squadron under my command. We got 
under weiu r h, the wind lig t at south-west, and stood for them. At 
10 A. M. the v\ind hauled to south-east and brought us to wind- 
ward ; formed the line and bore up. At i.^ minutes before 12, 
the enemy commenced firing ; at five minutes before 12, the actio* 
cwajaeoiced on ear part. " Finding their fire very destructive 



306 

tiring to their long guns, and its being mostly directed at the 
Lawrence, I made sail, and directed the other vessels to follow, 
for the purpose of closing with the enemy. Every brace and 
bowline being soon shot away, she became unmanageable, not- 
withstanding the great exertions of the sailing master. In this 
situation, she sustained the action upwards of two hours within 
canister distance, until every gun was rendered useless, and the 
greater part of her crew either killed or wounded. Finding she 
could no longer annoy the enemy, 1 left her in charge of lieuten- 
ant Yarnall, who, I was convinced, from the bravery already dis- 
played by him, would do what would comport with the honour of 
the flag. At half past two, the wind springing up, captain Elliot 
was enabled to bring his vessel, the Niagara, gallantly into close 
action. I immediately went on board other, when he anticipated 
my wish by volunteering to bring the schooner which had been 
kept astern by the lightness of the wind, into close action. It 
was with unspeakable pain that I saw, soon after 1 got on board 
the Niagara, the flag of the Lawrence come down, although I was 
perfectly sensible that she had been defended to the last, and that 
to have continued to make a show of resistance would have been a 
wanton sacrifice of the remains of her brave crew. But the en- 
emy was not able to take possession of her, and circumstances 
soon permitted her flag again to be hoisted. At 45 minutes past 
2, the signal was made for " close action." The Niagara being 
very little injured, 1 determined to pass through the enemy's line, 
bore up and passed ahead of their two ships and a brig, giving a 
raking fire to them from the starboard guns, and to a large schoo- 
ner and sloop, from the larboard side, at half pistol shot distance. 
The smaller vessels at this time, having got within grape and can- 
ister distance, under the direction of captain Elliot, and keeping 
up a well directed fire, the two ships, a brig, and a schooner sur- 
rendered, a schooner and sloop making a vain attempt to escape. 
Those officers and men who were immediately under my ob- 
servation, evinced the greatest gallantry, and I have no doubt 
that all others conducted themselves as became American officers 
and seamen. Lieutenant Yarnall, first of the Lawrence, although 
several times wounded, refused to quit the deck. Midshipman 
Forrest (doing duty as lieute'ount) and sailing master Taylor, 
were of great assistance to me. I have great pain in stating to 
you, the death of lieutenant Brook of the marines, and midship- 
man Laub, both of the Lawrence, and midshipman John Clarke 
of the Scorpion : they were valuable and promising officers. Mr. 
Hambleton, purser, who volunteered his services on deck, was 
severely wounded late in the action. Midshipmen Claxton and 
Swartout of the Lawrence, were severely wounded. On board 
the Niagara, lieutenants Smith and Edwards, and midshipman 
Webster (doing duty as sailing master)' behaved in a very hand- 
some manner. Captain Brevobrt of the army, who acted as a 
volunteer in the capacity of a marine officer, on board that vessel, 



&07 

is au excellent and brave officer, and with his musketry, did great 
execution. Lieutenant Turner, commanding the Caledonia, 
brought that vessel into action in the most able manner, and is an 
officer that in all situations, may be relied on. The Ariel, lieute- 
nant Parker, and Scorpion, sailing master Champlin, were enabled 
to get early into action, and were of great service. Captain El- 
liot speaks in the highest terms of Mr. Magrath, purser, who had 
been despatched in a boat on service, previous to my getting on 
board the Niagara ; and, being a seaman, since the action has ren- 
dered essential service in taking charge of one of the prizes. Of 
captain Elliot, already so well known to the government, it would 
be almost superfluous to speak ; in this action, he evinced his cha- 
racteristic bravery and judgment ; and, since the close of the 
action, has given me the most able and essential assistance. 

I have the honour to enclose you a return of the killed and 
wounded, together with a statement of the relative force of the 
squadrons. The captain and first lieutenant of the Queen Char-* 
lotte, and first lieutenant of the Detroit, were killed. Captain 
Barclay, senior officer, and the commander of the Lady Prevost, 
severely wounded. Their loss in killed and wounded, I have not 
yet been able to ascertain j it must, however, have been very great. 

Very respectfully, &c. 

O. H. PERRY. 

Hon. Wm. Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 

Statement of the force of the British squadron. 

Ship Detroit, 19 guns — 1 on pivot and 2 howitzers. 

Queen Charlotte, - 17 guns, 1 do. 

Schooner Lady Prevost, 13 do. 1 do. 

Brig Hunter, - - - 10 do. 

Sloop Little Belt, - - - 3 do. - 

Schooner Chippeway, - 5 - 1 do. and 2 swivels. 

63 guns. 



Note — The Detroit is a new ship, very strongly built, and 
mounts long twenty-fours, eighteens, and twelves. 

Statement of the force of the United States' squadron. 

Brig Lawrence, 20 guns, 

Niagara, - - - 20 do. 

Caledonia, 3 do. 

Schooner Ariel, 4 do. (1 burst early in action) 

Scorpion, - 2 do. 

Somers, - - 2 do. and 2 swivels 

Sloop Trippe, - - - 1 do. 

Schooner Tygress, - - 1 do. 

Porcupine, - 1 do. 



54 



guns. 



308 

The exaet number of the enemy's force, has not been ascer- 
tained, but I have good reason to believe that it exceeded ours, by 
nearly 100 men. 

List of killed and wounded on board the United States' squadron, 
under command of 0. H. Ferry, esq. in the action of the 10th 
of September, 1813. 

[Two days previous to the action, 57 men unfit for duty in the 
small vessels.] 



On b&ard the Lawrence,- 


-Killed 22,- 


-Wounded 61— 


-Total 83 


Niagara, 


2 


25 


27 


Caledonia, 





3 


3 


Somers, 





2 


2 


Ariel, 


1 


3 


4 


Trippe, 





2 


2 


Scorpion, 


2 





2 




Q7 


96 


123 



S. HAMBLETON, Purser. 
O. H. Perry, Captain and Senior officer. 



UNITED STATES' SHIP GENERAL PIKE, 

Off Duck Island, September 13th, 1813. 

SIR, 

On the 7th, at day-light, the enemy's fleet was discovered 
dose in with Niagara river, wind from the southward ; — made the 
signal, weighed with the fleet (prepared for action) and stood out 
of the river after him ; he immediately made all sail to the north- 
ward- We made sail in chase, with our heavy schooners in tow, 
and have continued the chase all around the lake, night and day, 
until yesterday morning, when he succeeded in getting into Am- 
herst bay, which is so little known to our pilots, and said to be 
full of shoals, that they are not willing to take me in there. I 
shall, however, (unless driven from my station by a gale of wind) 
endeavour to watch him so close, as to prevent his getting out 

upon the lake. 

During our long chase we frequently got within from one to two 
miles of the enemy, but our heavy sailing schooners prevented 
our closing with him, until the 11th, off' Genesee river ; we carried 
a breeze with us while he lay becalmed, to within about three 
fourths of a mile of him, when he took the breeze, and we had a 
running fight of three and a half hours, but by his superior sailing, 
he escaped me and run into Amherst bay yesterday morning. In 
the course of our chase, on the 11th, I got several broadsides from 
this ship upon the enemy, which must have done him considerable 
imurv, as many of the "shot were seen to strike him, and people 



201) 

were observed over the side, plugging shot holes. A few shot struck 
our hull, and a little rigging was cut, but nothing of importance— - 
not a man was hurt. 

I was much disappointed that sir James refused to fight me, 
as he was so much superior in point of force, both in guns and men, 
having upwards of 20 guns more than we have, and heaves a 
greater weight of shot. This ship, the Madison, and the Sylph, 
have each of them a schooner constantly in tow, yet the others 
cannot sail as fast as the enemy's squadron, which gives him de- 
cidedly the advantage, and puts it in his power to engage me when 
and how he chooses. 

I have the honour to be, Sec. 

ISAAC CHATTNCEY. 
Hon. Wm. Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 



CANANDAIGUA, September 14th, 1813. 
SIR, 

A large number of the patriotic citizens of this and the ad- 
jacent towns, anxious to do their duty in a crisis so interesting to 
the nation in general, and to this part of the country in particu- 
lar, have associated themselves to volunteer their services to the 
United States for the residue of the campaign at least. 

In order to effectuate their intentions, however, it will be ne- 
cessary that their movements should receive your approbation 
and sanction, and that they should be assured of, that the corps, 
whether a company, battalion, or (as is possible) a regiment, 
should be received, organized, and countenanced by your order 
and authority. The lateness of the season, and the anxiety of 
the members, induce us to request an early and authoritative 
reply, that the association may be equipped according to law, 
and be useful to their country this season. It may not be hardly 
decorous for us to say it, but we must observe, that the subscribers 
will prove to be obedient and brave soldiers. 

In their behalf, I am, &c. 

DANIEL RODMAN. 

Major general Wilkinson, 

or the officer commanding at Fort George. 



U. S. NAVY YARD, PORTSMOUTH, 

September 14th, 1813. 
SIR, 

I have the honour to forward to you, by the mail, the flags of 
the late British brig Boxer, which were nailed to her mast heads 
at the time she engaged, and was captured by the United States' 
brig Euterprize. 

Great as the pleasure is that I derive from performing this part 
of my duty, I need not tell you how different my feelings would 
have been, could the gallant Burrows have had this honour! 

27 



£10 

He went into action most gallantly, and the difference of injur* 

done the two vessels proves how nobly he fought. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

ISAAC MULL. 

Hon. Wm. Jones, Secretary of the Na\y. 



BLACK ROCK, September 17th, 1813. 

vSIR, 

In consequence of encouragements from general Boyd, that a 
general and decisive movement was about to be made by the army, 
and that an additional force was desirable, we repaired to fort 
George about five weeks ago, with 500 men, consisting of volun- 
teers, militia, and Indians. Most of us remained here for twelve or 
fourteen days, but our hopes not being realized, the men contin- 
ually dispersed and went home, not however without expecta- 
tions, again encouraged by generals Boyd and Williams, that wc 
should be shortly called on again to aid in operations, which the 
people in this part of the country, so long harrassed by the calam- 
ities of war, feel so strong an interest in forwarding. Under sim- 
ilar expectations many of our friends in the interior have intimated 
to us their readiness to join with respectable reinforcements on the 
shortest notice : and we are informed that one company, about 70 
strong, is actually on its march, and will arrive here to-day or to- 
morrow. 

We are at this moment much at a loss how to act, and our dif- 
ficulty is increased by the various rumours and conjectures circula- 
ted by the different officers daily arriving from head quarters, 
some of whom represent that no offensive operations are to be under- 
taken on this frontier, but that the regular army is immediately 
to be marched, either to the east to attack Kingston, or to the west 
to join general Harrison. Others state that an attack is to be 
made op the British forces in the vicinity of this place. 

Under these circumstances, we are induced to inquire of you 
whether such a force as we have it in our power to raise is desired 
by you to effectuate your plans, and if so, in what numbers, and at 
what time? If your object be to sally out upon the enemy at fort 
George, wc could bring you a respectable force. But, on the con- 
trary, if you meditate an attack at some other point, and the 
withdrawal of the regular troops from fort George, and placing 
this frontier on the defensive only, by means of militia, we would 
observe that our prepared force is of such a character as could not 
be engaged in this service. 

Upon the supposition that you intend to withdraw the regular 
troops from this frontier, we beg leave to submit a proposition for 
your consideration. 

We believe we are not incorrect in saying that it would require 
nearly quite as great a force to defend this line of frontier against 
.i given force of the enemy, as it would to attack and subdue that 



feuemy. Sir George Provost has ordered the militia of the uppei 
province to be called out en masse. They are to assemble oil 
Saturday nt;\t. And if, after your departure, the,enemy opposite 

here should take it in his head to retain all his regular force, and 
play oft* his skill against the inexperience of our militia, we might 
have occasion to fear a repetition of former scenes in the present 
war. 

Our proposition (in case of your leaving this place) is, that we 
be permitted to raise, between this and the first of October, a vol- 
unteer force of from 1,000 to 1,200 men, exclusive of Indians. 
That v e add to it as many of the militia stationed on the lines as 
may be willing to join us. That we be furnished with a small train 
(say 4 pieces) of field artillery, with experienced officers and men 
to fight them ; and that with this force we be authorized to invade 
the enemy's country. 

.Should you think proper to confer such an authority on us, and 
direct that the volunteers shall be furnished with arms, ammuni- 
tion, provisions, &c. and receive pay while in actual service, we 
pledge our lives that before the close of the season we wdl occupy 
the whole of the valuable ami populous peninsula opposite this 
river, and either capture, destroy, or disperse all the enemy's force 
in this quarter. 

You may perhaps make it convenient to send an answer by the 
bearer, captain Hall. 

We are, sir, most respectfully, &c. 

PETER B. PORTER, 
CYRENIUS CHAPIN, 

JOSEPH M. M'CJLLRE- 

Major general Wilkinson, 



FORT GEORGE, September 18th, 1813. 
GENTLEMEN, 

Your letter of yesterday which reached me last evening, gives 
you a claim to my acknowledgments, and to those of your country. 
But as 1 am altogether unauthorized by law or instruction to sanc- 
tion your plan for the levy of a body of volunteers, and as your 
anticipations, propositions, and suggestions embrace a range and a 
character upon which 1 have neither right nor authority to delib- 
erate, I have considered it my duty to transmit a copy of your letter 
to the secretary of war, now at feackett's Harbor, by express, for 
hi-, deliberation and decision. 

I hope he may find it convenient and proper to meet your views, 
and have only to add, that you shall be advised of his answer 
without a moment's delay, after it may reach my hands. 

With high consideration and respect, 
JAMES WILKINSON 
1 " Vot^r B. Pnrtor, major Cvrenius Clmpin, ami Josoph M. M'Cl'.r* 



2B3 

ILiiract of a letter from general Wilkinson to the Secretary of 
War, dated September 20M, 1813. 

" I am well again, and that's a good thing, for I have been during 
mv sicklies.- somewhat of a smell fungus. 

" Now indeed would be a fine time to slip into the St. Lawrence 
if Chauncey could keep sir James blockaded above Kingston, and 
command the river below at tie same time, and our preparations 
were completely matured, but it is an herculean task to extract 
order from chaos. No time has or shall be lost on my part; but 
we canno. , when prepared at all points, controul the winds. It 
was last night only the transports from Oswego arrived ; and if I 
am not hardly opposed by weather, 1 hope 1 shall have 1000 men 
ailoatby the 26th, and complete my embarkations on the 30th, after 
Which, until we reach Grenadier Island, I must look to our squa- 
dron and the heavens for safety. 

" Chauncey tells me he is liable to be blown off from his station, 
and in such case sir James may slip out by him, but promises to 
follow him. It is material, to prevent the enemy from following 
'and cutting our rear, that some competent force should take post 
on the St. Lawrence below Kingston ; and I pray of you to make 
this arrangement with Chauncey. Before I left Saefcett's Harbor, 
I ordered a dozen slip keel boats to carry" 50 men each, and to row 
30 oars, to be armed with a light cannon in their bow. 

" This armament is to sweep the .St. Lawrence of the enemy's 
gun boats, and to take post in advance when and wherever it may 
be advisable. 1 beg you, if necessary on your part, to gi\e effect 
to this order. 

"We have just received advice confirmatory of a naval combat on 
lake Erie, in which it is said Perry has taken the whole British 
squadron on the 10th instant, and brought the vessels into " Put- 
ney harbor at the islands" — Ids own vessel, the Lawrence, barely 
capable of being floated. The action lasted six hours. This will 
cancel your news from our commodore. 

"The enclosed letter from general M'Clure breathes a good spi- 
rit, but he will not be up for several days. In t'n^ mean time 1 
shall prepare his orders, to be ready to give hint (lie command. 

" A body of horse, a small one at that point where the fate of the 
island is to be decided by combat (for believe not that we shall get 
possession of Montreal without a battle) will be invaluable. Burn 
has been ordered hence sometime before mv arrival, to recruit his 
cavalry and prepare them for action, and I shall order him by 
ex] ress to-morrow to incline by indirect dilatory marches towards 
Hamilton, there to look for further orders, somewhere about Ant- 
werp or that quarter. From Denmark or Champion he is to 
advise the commanding officer at Sackett's Harbor of his move- 
ments. 

«• Dc Roitenbergis underthe full belief that I mean to attack him. 
and I shall keep up the delusion as long as possible. 



213 

Ct The snail's pace of the reinforcements approaching this cjivl 
sion, and, pardon ine, their direction and route occasion me sur- 
prize. Of what avail will be the detachments under colonels 
Randolph and Coles, which are, I learn from Washington, on 
their march to this place, where they cannot, or will not arrive 
before the 15th proximo. If these detachments had been ordered 
pn by all the available water communications from Annapolis to 
Albany, they could have reached Sackett's Harbor in season, and a 
column of 800 men would have been found an important desidera- 
tum in our impending operations. Where also are the 1000 men 
reported tome by colonel Duane as being ready for march before 
I reached Philadelphia? I must hope near Sackett's Harbor. I 
put these cpiestions to you that I may apprize you of facts, thai 
you, with whom it rests, may apply the remedy, for I find we 
possess little military subordination or respect, and that a chief 
of an army is obeyed more from courtesy than principle or pro- 
fessional obligations. 

" I send this by the privateer Fox to commodore Chauncey, with 
a request that he accelerate its progress to you. This place 
neither stops a gap, extends our possessions, nor covers or pro- 
tects a country; it is good far nought, but to command the ground 
it occupies, and therefore I shall dismantle and abandon it." 



Extract of a letter from the Secretary of War, to general Wil 

Linson, dated 

SACKETT'S HARUOR, September 22d, 1S13. 
DEAR GENERAL, 

"Your letters of the 16th, lTth, and 18th instant, have been 
this moment received; I hasten to answer them. The main ob- 
ject must be prosecuted; Chauncey is not broken down ; he can 
and will command the lake, and while he does so, our position at 
Fort George maybe maintained. If the enemy's sick list amounts 
to one thousand four hundred out of three thousand, the enemy 
can undertake nothing with effect. In this view of the subject, 
close with P. B. Forier's proposition, made in the following words, 
viz: ' Our proposition (in case of your leaving this place] is, that 
Ave be permitted to raise, between this and the 1st of October, a 
volunteer force of ..from one thousand to one thousand two hun- 
dred men, exclusive oflndians; that we add to it as many of th<; 
militia stationed on the lines as may be willing to join us ; that we 
be furnished with a small train (say four pieces of field artillery 
with experienced officers and men to fight them) and that with 
this force we be authorized to invade the enemy's country.' Red- 
man's corps may join Porter. Any volunteers you may h'tve 
with the army, whose times are near expiring, and who are ie 
sirous of continuing in service, mav do so i\io. We will cover 



21.1 

the whole by a requisition upon governor Tompkins lor additional 
militia. The enemy's fleet nave left the Chesapeake, I believe for 
Halifax, whence the land troops are to be sent into Canada: 
another motive for quick movements. 

" My last letters by Chauncey of the 18th or 19th, gave you 
all we yet know. Prevost has left Kingston, it is said for Que- 
beck; more probably for Montreal. 

" Yours faithfully and forever, 
" JOHN ARMSTRONG." 



Extract of a letter from major general Harrison to the Secretary 

of War, dated 

"HEAD QUARTERS, BASS ISLAND, September 22d, 1813. 

"The greater part of the troops are here with me, and the 
whole will, I believe, be up by twelve o'clock. I shall proceed 
as far as the Middle Sister in the course of the night and to-mor- 
row, and in the following night get so near the enemy's coast as 
to land two or three miles below Maiden by eight o'clock in the 
morning. These prospects may, however, be retarded by adverse 
winds. Commodore Perry gives me every assistance in his pow- 
er."' 



HEAD QUARTERS, AMIIERSTRURCi, 

September 23d, 1813. 

SIB, 

I have the honour to inform you thai I landed the army 
under my command, about three miles below this place, at three 
o'clock this morning, without opposition, and took possession of 
the town in an hour after. General Proctor has retreated to 
Sandwich, vwthhis regular troops and Indians, having previously 
burned the foil, navy yard, barracks, and public store houses — 
the two latter were very extensive, covering several acres of 
ground. 1 will pursue the enemy to-morrow, although there is no 
probability of overtaking him, as he has upwards of 1000 horses, 
and we have not one in the armv. 1 shall think myself fortunate 
10 be able to collect a sufficiency to mount the general officers. 
li i- supposed heir, that general Proctor intends to establish him- 
self upon the river French, forty miles from Maiden. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

WJLLIAM II. HARRISON 

rhc S'eeretarj of \\ >- 



215 

U. S. SCHOONER ARTEL, 

Put-in-Bay, September 24th, 1813. 
SIR, 

I have the honour to acquaint you that about 1200 troops 
were yesterday transported to a small island, distant about four 
leagues from Maiden, notwithstanding it blew hard, with frequent 
squalls. This day, although the weather is not settled, the 
squadron will again take over as many more. We onlv wait for 
favourable weather to make a final move. I need not assure you, 
sir, that every possible exertion will be made by the officers and 
men under my command to assist the advance of the army ; and 
it aifords me great pleasure to have it in my power to say, that 
the utmost harmony prevails between the army and navy. 

I have the honour to be, pec. 

0. H. PERRY. 

Hon. Win, Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 



NASHVILI.E, September 2-itb, 1813. 
SIR, 

You will forthwith call out, to rendezvous in the shortest 
practicable time, at Fayetteville, Lincoln county, l 2U00 of the 
militia and volunteers of your division, and march them to repel 
an approaching invasion and attack, to be made by the Creek In- 
dians on the frontier of Madison county, M. T. and the frontier 
of this state; which information I have this moment received, by 
express, from captain MTlellan, of the United States* army, com- 
manding officer at fort Hampton, communicated under cover of a 
letter received from captain Brahan, of Huntsville. The United 
States' contractor will, by your order, furnish provisions, and W, 
B. Lewis, esquire, assistant deputy quarter master, will furnish 
ammunition and other necessary supplies in his department. You 
will require the muster master, or inspector, colonel R. Hayes, to 
muster the troops into service. Delay is inadmissible. You will 
observe my order of the 14th August last. 

Your obedient servant, 

WILLIE BLOUNT. 

Major general Andrew Jackson, 

3d division Tennessee militia. 



U. S. SHIP GENERAL PIKE, NIAGARA RIVER, 

September 25th, 1813. 

SIR, 

After I had the honour of addressing you on the 15th, I con- 
tinued to blockade the enemy until the 17th, when the wind 
blowing heavy from the westward, the enemy having run into 
Kingston, and knowing that he could not move from that place 



ji6 

before a change of wind, I took the opportunity of running into 
Sackett's Harbour. 

I remained but a few hours at the Harbour and left it at day- 
light on the morning of the 18th, but did not arrive here until 
yesterday, owing to continual head winds, not having laid our 
course during the passage. On the 19th I saw the enemy's fleet 
near the False Ducks, but took no notice of him, as I wished him 
to follow me up the lake. 

There is a report here, and generally believed, that captain 
Perry has captured the whole of the enemy's fleet on lake Erie. 
If this should prove true in all its details, (and God grant that it 
may) he has immortalized himself and not disappointed the high 
expectations formed of his talents and bravery. 

I have learnt, from a source which can be depended upon, that 
we did the enemy much more injury, in our encounter on the 1 1th, 
than 1 had expected : I find that we killed captain Mulcaster, of 
the Royal George, and a number of his men, and did considerable 
injury to that ship, as well as several other vessels. It was truly 
unfortunate that we could not have brought the enemy to a general 
action on that day, as I am confident the victory would have been 
as complete as that upon lake Erie. I have, however, the conso- 
lation to know, that every exertion was used to bring him to close 
action. If we did not succeed, it was not our fault, 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

ISAAC CHAUNCEY. 

Hon. William Jones, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington. 



GENERAL ORDERS 
Of Debarkation, of March, and of 9 Battle. 

HEAD QUARTERS, ON BOARD THE U. S. SCHOONER ARIEL, 

September 26th, 1813. 

As it is the intention of the general to land the army on the 
enemy's coast, the following will be the order of debarkation, of 
march, and of battle : 

The right wing of the army will be composed of the Kentucky 
volunteers, under the command of his excellency governor Shel- 
by, acting as major general. The left wing, of the light corps of 
lieutenant colonel Ball, and the brigades of generals M' Arthur 
and Cass. The arrangement is made with a view to the localities 
of the ground, upon which the troops are to act, and the composi- 
tion of the enemy's force, and is calculated, in marching up the 
'ike or straight, to place our regular troops in the open ground on 
the lake, where they will probably be opposed by the British regu- 
lars, and the Kentucky volunteers in the woods, which it is pre- 



217 

Sumed will be occupied by the enemy's militia and Indians. 
When the signal is given for putting to the shore, the corps of 
lieutenant colonel Ball will precede the left wing : the regiment 
of volunteer riflemen the right wing: these corps will land with 
the utmost celerity, consistent with the preservation of good or- 
der, and as soon as landed, will seize the most favourable position 
for annoying the enemy and covering the disembarkation of the 
troops of the line. General Cass's brigade will follow colonel 
Ball's corps, and general Calmes the volunteer riflemen. The 
regiments will land and form in succession upon those which 
precede them. The right wing, with its left in front, displaying 
to the right; and the left wing with its right in front, displaying 
to the left. The brigades of generals King, Allen, and Caldwell, 
will form successively to the right of general Calmes. General 
M' Arthur and Childs's brigades will form the reserve. The gej 
neral will command in person, the right brigades of generals 
Ca~s and Calmes, assisted by major general Henry. His excel- 
lency governor Shelby will have the immediate command of three 
brigades on the right, assisted by major general Desha. As soon 
as the troops are disembarked, the boats are to be immediately 
sent back to the fleet. It will be observed that the order of land- 
ing, here prescribed, is somewhat that of direct eschelons de- 
ployed into line upon the advanced corps of the right and left 
wing. It is the intention of the general, however, that all the 
troops which are provided with boats, should land in as quick 
succession as possible ; and the general officers command towards 
the extremities of the line, are authorized to deviate from the ar- 
rangement to counteract any movement of the enemy, by landing 
any part of their commands, previously to the formation of the 
corps, which is herein directed to precede them. The corps 6t 
lieutenant colonel Ball, and the volunteer rifle regiment, will 
maintain the position they occupy on landing, until the troops of 
the line are formed to support them ; they will then retire through 
the intervals of the line, or to the flanks, and form in the rear of 
the line. 

A detachment of artillery, with a six, four, and three pounder 
and howitzer, will land with the advanced light corps; the rest 
of the artillery will be held in reserve, and lauded at such point 
as major "Wood may direct. 

The point of landing for the reserve, under brigadier general 
Mf Arthur, cannot now be designated; it will be made to support 
any point of the line which may require aid, or be formed on the 
flanks, as circumstances may render necessary. The arrange- 
ment for landing the troops, will be made entirely under the di- 
rection of an officer of the navy, whom commodore Perry has 
been so obliging as to otter for that purpose. The debarkation of 
the troops will be covered by the cannon of the vessels. The 
troops being landed, and the enemy driven oft", or not opposing 
the landing, the army will change its front to the left, and form 

28 



218 

in order of battle in the following manner. The two brigades of 
regular troops, and two of the volunteers, to be formed in two 
lines at right angles to the shore of the lake. Generals M' Arthur's 
brigade and Calmes to form the front line, and Cass's and Childs's 
the second line ; the regular troops still on the left ; that flank of 
both line-;, resting on the shore, — the distance between the two 
lines will be 300 yards. The remaining three brigades of volun- 
teers will be drawn up in a single line of two ranks, at right 
angles to the line of march, its head upon the right of the front 
line, forming a crotchet (en potence) with that line, and extending 
beyond the second line. The corps of lieutenant colonel Ball 
Avill form the advance of the left wing, at the distance of 300 
yards, the regiment of rifle volunteers, the advance of the right 
wing, at the same distance. 

Some light pieces of artillery will be placed in the road lead-* 
ing up the lake, and at such other points as major Wood may 
direct. When the order is given for marching, the first and 
second lines will advance by files from the heads of companies: 
in other words, these two lines will form two columns, inarching 
by their flanks by companies at entire distances. The three bri- 
gades on the right flank will be faced to the left and marched 
forward — the head of this column still forming en potence with 
the front line. It is probable that the two brigades of the front 
line will extend from the lake, some distance into the woods, on 
the right flank, and it is desirable it should be so: but should it 
be otherwise, and the crotchet or angle be at any time on the 
open ground, his excellency governor Shelby will immediately 
prolong the front line to the right, by adding to it as many com- 
panies of the leading brigade of the flank column as will bring 
the angle, and consequently the flank column itself, completely 
within the woods. It is to be presumed that the enemy will 
make their attack upon the army on its march, that their regular 
troops will form their right upon the lake, their militia occupy the 
ground between the. regulars and the woods, and the Indians the 
woods. The formation herein prescribed is intended to resist an 
arrangement of this kind. Should the general's conjecture, on 
that subject prove correct, as it must be evident that the right of 
the enemy cannot be turned, and on that wing his best troops 
must be placed, it will be proper to refuse him our left, and direct 
our principal effort to uncover the flank of his regulars by driving 
oil his militia. In the event supposed, therefore, it will be pro- 
per to bring up a part or the whole of general Cass's brigade, to. 
assist the charge made by general Calmes, or that the former 
should change positions with the brigade ot volunteers in the 
second line. Should the general think it safe to order the whole 
pf Cass's briga.de to the right, without replacing it with another, 
general Cass will march to the right, formed in oblique eschelons 
of companies. It will be the business of general M' Arthur, in 
tlje evgnt of his wing being refund to watch the motions of the ene . 



219 

uiy, with the "assistance of the artillery, to prevent his front lki£ 
at least from interrupting the progress of our right. Should the 
enemy's militia be defeated, the brigade of ours in advance will 
immediately wheel upon the flank ot the British°regillars, and gen- 
eral M'Arthur will advance to attack them in front. In the mean 
time, his excellency governor Shelby can use the brigade in re- 
serve of the seconcf line to prolong the flank line from its front 
or left, or to reinforce any weak part of the line. In all cases 
Where troops in advance are obliged to retire through those who 
are advancing to support them, it will be done by companies in 
files, which will retire through the intervals of the advancing line, 
and will immediately form in rear. The light troops will be par- 
ticularly governed by this direction. 

The disposition of the troops on the right flank is such as the 
commanding general thinks best calculated to resist an attack from 
Indians, which is only to be expected from that quarter. His excel- 
lency governor Shelby will, however, use his discretion in making 
any alteration which his experience and judgment ma} dictate. 
Lieutenant colonel Ball, lieutenant colonel Simral, and the gen- 
eral officers commanding on the flank line, are to send out small 
detachments in advance of the two former corps, and to the flank 
of trie latter. Should they discover the enemy in force, immedi- 
ately notice will be sent to the lines. The general commanding 
on the spot will immediately order the signals for forming in order 
of battle, which will be the beat " to arms" 

All signals will be immediately repeated by all the drums of 
the line — the signal for the whole to halt, is the retreat. Drums 
will be distributed along the heads of companies, and the taps 
occasionally given to regulate their march. 

Lieutenant colonels Ball and Simral are to keep the general 
constantly advised of the discoveries made by the advanced par- 
ties. Where it shall become necessary for the corps of Ball and 
Simral to retire, they will form on the flank or in the rear of 
generals M' Arthur's and Calmes's brigades, and receive the orders 
of the brigadiers respectively. 

Brigadier general Cass will designate such officers as he may 
deem proper, to assist captain Elliott, of the navy, in the arrange- 
ment of the troops. The general will be the signal for the whole 
to move. By command, 

EDMUND P. GAINES, Col Mj. Gen. 
Truly copied from the original. 

ROBERT BUTTLER, 4. Mj. Gen* 



NIAGARA, September 27th, 1813, 6 o'clock. A. M. 
DEAR SIR, 

I received, at eight o'clock last evening, your interesting letter 
of the 22d, and shall employ its authorizatioiTs to the best po? -> 
iHde effect* 






a 



220 

Fifteen hundred men were embarked with orders to sail the 
dav before yesterday, but a strong easterly wind has made it im- 
possible to move. 

The whole force? say three thousand combatants, after deduc- 
ting the garrisons of Fort George and Niagara, were ready for 
embarkation yesterday, and as the weather is serene at this mo- 
ment, I hope the whole may be able to move at dusk this day : 1 
say at dusk because I am desirous to keep my neighbours under 
a delusion as long as possible ; they are perplexed as to my inten- 
tions, and will not be able to penetrate them before they have 
discovered the course of my flotilla. 

1 have authentic information from York the evening of the 24th 
instant. The brigade of the militia in the vicinity were required 
to assemble the 25th, and six hundred men of the 41st and 49th 
regiments, second battalion, were daily expected there on their 
route to this neighborhood : this is good ; and still better, three 
spacious block houses are ordered by sir George to be erected 
at York. 

But, sir, here is one drawback ; the tantalizing sir James Yeo 
was in shore with his fleet on the evening of the 24th, (Friday) 
about twenty-eight miles east of York. Where he is now, we know 
not, for he' has not since been heard of, and Chauncey is just 
sending out the Lady of the Lake and the Neptune to reconnoitre 
York and the coas't in that quarter. What may be the views" 
of the knight ? to gasconade, to retard my movement, or to en- 
able De Rottenberg to follow me? I am unable to divine ; but 
will not be Longer delayed, and, therefore, shall be twenty miles to 
the eastward before to-morrow morning, should the weather per- 
mit. Ifsir James can be discovered, Chauncey will seek him, 
otherwise he will sail with me to cover my left flank. 

As we have not a moment to lose, I shall proceed directly to 
Grenadier island, writing you and sending orders to the com- 
manding officer by a despatch boat, en passant. 

After all, we are so straitened for transport that we shall not 
find room for more than fifteen day's provisions ; indeed, we have 
little more to spare from this position, and therefore, our sole de- 
pendence must be on the magazines at Sackett's Harbor, of which 
the contractor should be personally advised. Heaven protect you. 

Truly vours, 
JAMES WILKINSON. 
Honourable John Armstrong, 

Secretary of War. 



U. S. SCHOONER ARIPL, MALDEN HATJBOU, 

September 27th, 1813, 5 P. M. 

SIR, 

I have the honour to acquaint you, that the army under 
major general Harrison, have this moment marched into Maiden, 



221 

without opposition, and that the squadron are now at anchor off 
the town. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

0. II. PERRY. 

The Secretary of the Navy. 



U. S. FRIGATE PRESIDENT, 

Newport, eptember 2~tli, 1813. 

SIR, 

Your having been informed of my leaving Boston on the 23d. 
of April last, and of my departure from President Roads in com- 
pany with the Congress, on the 30th of the same month ; it now 
only remains for me to make, you acquainted with my proceedings 
since the latter date. 

In a few hours after getting to sea, the wind, which had been 
light from the westward, shifted to the south-east and obliged me 
to beat, consequently prevented our getting clear of the bay until 
the 3d of May, when, in the afternoon, while in chase of a British 
brig of war, near the shoal of George's Bank, we passed to wind- 
ward of three sail, two of which, Irom their appearance and the 
information previously received, I judged to be the La Hogue 
74, and Xymphe frigate, and the third a merchant brig. After 
getting clear of George's Bank the wind veered to the north-east- 
ward, and we continued along east-southerly, in the direction of 
the southern edge of the gulf stream until the 8th of May, in 
longitude GO west, latitude 39 30 north, when I parted company 
with the Congress. After parting company I shaped a course as 
near as the wind would permit, to intercept the enemy's West 
India commerce passing to the southward of the Grand Bank. 
Jsot meeting with any thing in this direction except American ves- 
sels from Lisbon and Cadiz, I next pursued a route to the north- 
ward on a parallel with the eastern edge of the Grand Bank, so 
as to cross the tracks of his West India, Halifax, Quebec, and St, 
John's trade. In this route, experiencing constant thick fogs for 
a number of days, and not meeting any thing, after reaching the 
latitude of 48 north, I steered to the south-east towards the Azores, 
oft' which, in different directions, I continued until the 6th of 
June, without meeting a single enemy's vessel, or any others, 
except two Americans. At this time falling in with an American 
ship bound to Cadiz, and receiving information that she had, four 
days before, passed an enemy's convoy from the West Indies 
bound to England, I crowded sail to the north-east, and, although 
disappointed in failing in with the convoy, I nevertheless made 
four captures, between the 9th and 13th of June. 

Being now in the latitude of 46 north, and longitude 28 west, I 
determined on going into the Nor," Sea, and accordingly shaped 
a course that afforded a prospect of falling in with vessels bound 
to ^Newfoundland from St. George's channel, by the way of C&pe 



222 

Clear, n> well as others that might pass north about to the north- 
ward of Ireland. To my astonishment, however, in all this route" 
I did not meet with a single vessel, until I made the Shetland 
Islands, and even oft' there, nothing but Danish vessels trading to 
England under British licenses. At the time I reached the Shet- 
land Islands, a considerable portion of my provisions and water 
being expended, it became necessary to replenish these, previous 
to determining what course to pursue next ; and I accordingly, 
for this purpose, put into North Bergen on the 27th of June ; but, 
much to my surprise and disappointment, was not able to obtain 
any thing but water, there being an unusual scarcity of bread in 
every part of Norway, and, at the time, not more in Bergen than 
a bare sufficiency for its inhabitants for four or five weeks. This 
being the case, after replenishing my water, I departed on the 2d 
of July and stretched over towards the Orkney Islands, and from 
thence towards North Cape, for the purpose of intercepting a 
convoy of 25 or 30 sail, which it was said would leave Archangel 
about the middle of July, under the protection of two brigs or two 
sloops of war; and which was further confirmed by two vessels I 
captured on the 13th and 18th of the same month. In this object, 
however, the enemy had the good fortune to disappoint me, by a 
line of battle ship and a frigate making their appearance oft' the 
North Cape on the 19th of July, just as I was in momentary 
expectation of meeting the convoy. On first discovering the 
enemy's two ships of war, not bein's; able, owing to the haziness 
of the' weather, to ascertain their character with precision, I stood 
toward them, until making out what they were, I hauled by the 1 . 
wind on the opposite tack to avoid them; but owing to faint, 
variable winds, calms, and entire day-light, (the sun in that lati \ 
tude, at that season, appearing at midnight several degrees above 
the horizon) they were enabled to continue the chase upwards of 
80 hours ; during which time, owing to different changes of the 
wind in their favour, they were brought quite as near to us as 
was desirable. At the time of meeting with the enemy's two 
ships, the privateer schooner Scourge, of New York, which I had 
fallen in with the day before, was in company ; but their attention 
was so much en«;ro-sed by the President that they permitted the 
Scourge to escape without appearing to take any notice of her. 

Being thus disappointed in meeting the convoy, and a still 
further'portion of mv provisions being expended, I determined to 
proceed to a more westerly station, and accordingly steered to 
gain the direction of the trade passing out of, and into, the Irish 
channel. In this po-itini, between the 25th of July and the 2d 
of Augttstj 1 made three captures, when, finding that the enemy 
had a superior - force in that vicinity, I found it expedient to 
change m v ground ; and after taking a circuit round Ireland, and 
getting into the latitude of Cape Clear, steered for the banks of 
Newfoundland, near to which I made two more captures, and by 
the latter one found that the BelteropUon 74, and Hyperion frigat* 



223 

were on the eastern part of the bank, and only a few miles fu tbr 
westward of me ; I however did not fall in with them. From the 
eastern edge of the Grand Hank, to which I had beat all the way 
from the north-west coast of Ireland, (the wind baring prevailed, 
without intermission, from the 1st of August to the middle ol 
September from west to southwest) I steered for the United 
States, without seeing a single vessel of any kind until the 22d of 
die present month, being near the south shoal of Nantucket; I mot 
with a Swedish brig and an American cartel (the Russian ship 
Hoffhung) from London, hound to Ncw-Medford. 

By this time my ])ro\isions, and particularly bread, was so 
nearl\ consumed as to make it indispensibly necessary that I 
should put into the first convenient port after gaining the requi- 
re information of the disposition of the enemy's cruizers, as 
could enable me to steer clear of a superior force ; and this I was 
enabled to do in a manner which I shall communicate in another 
letter. On the 23d instant I captured his Britannic ma 
schooner High Flyer, (a tender to admiral Warren) with which 
vessel 1 now have io inform you of mv arrival at this port. 

Annexed U a li-t of vessels captured and destroyed, in which 
were made ^-2 r 1 prisoners, I have now, however, only 55 prison- 
ers on board, having sent to England, on parole, 7& in the l)uke of 
Montrose; 76 in the Greenland ship, Eliza Swan, and 60 in the 
barque Lion, of Liverpool. 

During my cruize, although I have not had it in my power to 
add any additional lustre to the character of our little navy, I 
have, nevertheless, rendered essential service to my country, 1 
hope, by harrassing the enemy's commerce, and employing to his 
disadvantage, more than a dozen times, the force of a single fri- 

s ate - 

My officers and crew have experienced groat privations since 1 
left the United States, from being nearly 5 months at sea, and 
living the last three months of that time, upon a scanty allowance 
of the roughest fare ; and it is with peculiar pleasure I acquaint 
you that they are all in better health than might be expected, 
although you may well suppose that their scanty allowance has 
not been of any advantage to their strength or appearance. 

The High Flyer was commanded by lieutenant Hutchinson. 
second of the St. Domingo. She is a remarkable line vessel of hev 
class, sails vet v fast, and would make an excellent light cruize! . 
provided the government have occasion for a vessel of her descrip 
tion. 

.lust at the moment of closing my letter, a newspaper has been 
handed me containing captain Brake's challenge to my late gallant 
friend captain Lawrence, in which he mentions, with considerable 
emphasis, the pains he had taken to meet the President and Con 
gress with the Shannon and Tenedos. 

It is unnecessary at present to take further notice of captain 
Broke's observations than to say, if that was his disoosit-ion, his 



224 

conduct was so glaringly opposite as to authorize a very contrary 
belief. Relative to captain Broke I have only further to say, that 
I hope he has not been so severely wounded as to make it a suffi- 
cient reason to prevent his re-assuming the command of the Shan- 
non at a future day. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

JOHN RODGERS. 
Hon. Wm. Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 



MAJOR GENERAL HARRISON'S PROCLAMATION. 

The enemy having been driven from the territory of Michigan, 
and a part of the army under my command having taken posses 
sion of it; it becomes necessary that the civil government of the 
territory should be re-established, and the former officers renew 
the exercise of their authority. I have therefore thought proper 
to proclaim, that all appointments and commissions which have 
been derived from British officers are at an end ; that the citizens 
of the territory are restored to all the rights and privileges which 
they enjoyed previously to the capitulation made by general Hull, 
on the iGth of v\.ugust, 1812. Under the present circumstances, 
and until the will of the government be known, I have thought 
proper to direct that all persons, having civil offices in the territory 
of Michigan, at the period of the capitulation of Detroit, resume 
the exercise of their powers appertaining to their offices respec- 
tively. In the present dispersed state of its population, many 
officers are doubtless absent. In all cases, thus situated, the last 
inpumbent who resigned the office will resume the exercise of its 
duties. The laws in force at the period abovementioned will be 
re-established, and continue in force until repealed by the proper 
authority. 

Given at head quarters, the 29th day of September, 1813. 

WILLIAM H. HARRISON. 
By the general, 

John O'Fallon, Jiid-de-Camp. 



On Ike day of the debarkation of our troops into Canada, thefol- 
• lowing general order was issued. 

HEAD QUARTERS, ON BOARD THE ATUEL, 

September 29th, 1813. 

GENERAL ORDER. 

The General entreats his brave troops to remember that they 
are the sons of sires whose fame is immortal : that they are to 
I for the rights of their insulted country, whilst their oppo- 
nents combat for the unjust pretensions of a master. 



225 



Kentuekians — remember the river Raisin, but remember it only 
whilst the victory i- suspended. The revenge of a soldier cannot 
be gratified upon a fallen enemy. 
By command, 

ROBERT BUTTLER, A. Adj. Gen. 



Extract of a letter from general Harrison to the Department erf 

I far. 

HEAD-QUARTERS, SANDWICH, U. C. 30th September, 1813. 
«' STR, 

" General Proctor has with him 475 regulars of the 41st and 
Newfoundland regiments ; 60 of the 10th regiment of veterans; 
4J dragoons; and from 600 to 1000 Indians. Some deserters 
who left him the night before last, give the latter a.- the number. 
The citizens of Detroit suppose the former to be correct. 

«T nd Chippewaa have withdrawn from the British, 

and ha s sent in three of. their warriors to 1 is- 

ing to agree to any terms 'hat 1 shall eed 

to r. 'in conditioo of then Fo heir 

fidelity, and i ••r join . I their s. The 

Wyaridots, Miamies, and the ban-.! of Delawares, which ai j :ned 
the enemy, are also desirous to be received upon die same 
term-. 

The celebrated chief, Main Pork, is at the he;.', pf the hostile 
band on the Detroit aide of the it. Tecumsek heads fhait 

which remains with t.e British. The inhabitant of Detroit, who 
Mere in daily communication with them, make the former from 
1000 to 1200. Their object in dividing their force was to make a 
night attack upon the part of the army which remained on this 
side, by a junction of their force some miles above. 

" A detachment of the army, and some of the vessels of war, 
will set out for the reduction of Mackinac and St. Joseph's in a 

few da vs. 

" I have honor to be, &c. 

« WILLIAM H. HARRISON." 

Honourable John Armstrong 1 , 

Secretary of War. 



U. S. SHIP GENERAL PIKE, OFF NIAGARA, 

October 1st, IS13. 

SIR, 

On the 26th ultimo it was reported to me, that the enemy 7 * 
fleet was in York. I immediately despatched the Lady ot the 
Lake to look into York, and ascertain the fact— she returned in 
the evening with the information that the. enemy was in Trorkbay- 

20 



526 

I Immediately prepared to weigh, but owing; to a strong wind from 
north norl i-ea'st, was not able to get out of the ii er before the 
evening of the 27th, and, owing to the extreme darkness of the 
ni ht, a part of the squadron got separated, and did not join be- 
fore next morning at 8 o'clock. On the 28th, the General Pike, 
Madison and Sylph, each took a schooner in tow, and made all 
sail for Yorkl Soon after, discovered the enemy's fleet under 
weigh in York bay — shaped our co trse for him, and prepared for 
action ; he perceiving our intention of engaging him in his posi- 
tion, tacked and stood out of the bay, wind at east, i formed the 
line an run down for his centre. When we had approached with- 
in about three miles, he made all sail to the southward. I wore, 
in succession and stood on the same tack with him, edging down 
gradually in order to close. At 10 minutes past meridian, the ene- 
my finding that we were closing fast with him, and that he must 
either risk an action or suffer his two rear vessels to be cut off, 
he tacked in succession, beginning at the van, hoisted his colors, 
and commenced a well directed lire at this ship, for the purpose 
of covering his rear, and attacking our rear as he passed to lee- 
ward: perceiving his intention, I was determined to disappoint 
him ; therefore as soon as the Wolf (the leading ship) passed the 
centre of his line and abeam of us, i bore up in succession (pre- 
serving our line) for the enemy's centre; this manouvre not only 
covered our rear, but hove him in confusion, ffe immediately bore 
away : we had, however, closed so near as to bring our guns to 
bear with effect, and in 20 minutes the main and mizen-top-masts, 
and main yard of the Wolf, wore shot away; he immediately put 
before the wind, and set all sail upon his fore-mast. J made the 
signal for the fleet to make all sail; the enemy, however, keeping 
dead before the wind, was enabled to outsail most of our squa- 
dron. As it brought all the sail \\\y.;n one mast, he did not feel 
the loss of his main and mizen-top-mast. I continued the chase 
until near 3 o'clock, during v I ■ 5 enabled in this ship 

(v. ith thi i tow) to keep within point blank shot of the enemy, 

an. 1 sustained the whole of his fire 'during he chase. Captain 
Crane, in the Madis »n, am it Brown, in the Oneida, used 

v exertion to close with the enemy; but the Madison having 
a heavy schooner in tow, and the Oneida sailing very dull before 
the wind prevented tl ose offi near enough to do 

any execution with their carronades. The Governor Tompkins 
kept in her station, until her f r -.mist was so badly wounded as 
to oblige ! orten sail: lieutenant Finch, of the Madison, 

who o ■! i id her for this cruize (owing to the indisposition of 
lieutenant Pettigrew) behaved with great gallantry, and is an 
officer of much promise. Captain Woolsey, in the Sylph, was 
kept astern by the Ontairo, which he had in tow, but did consi- 
derable execution with his heavy guns. 

At fifteen minute&before S P. M. i rery reluctantly relinquished 
the pursuit of a beaten enemy. The reasons that led to this deter 



227 

initiation were such as T flatter myself you will approve — they 
were these : at the time I gave up the chase, this ship was making 
so much water, that it required all our pumps to keep her free, 
(owing to our receiving several shot so much below the water's 
<"!.•, that we could not plug the holes from the outside) the 
Governor Tompi ins with her fore-mast «;one, and the squadron 
within about six miles of the head of the lake, blowing a gale of 
wind from east and increasing with a heavy sea on, and e*. ery 
appearance of the equinox. I considered that if I chased the 
enemy to his anchorage at the head of the lake, I should be 
obliged toanchor also, and although we might succeed in driving 
him on shore, the probability was rhat we should go on shore also ; 
lie amongst his friends, we amongst our enemies, and after the gale 
had abated, if he could succeed ingecting off one or two vessels 
out of the two fleets, it would srive him as completely the command 
of the lake as if he had -20 vessels. Moreover, he was covered at 
his anchorage by a part of his army, and several small batteries 
thrown up for the purpose. Therefore, if he could have rode out 
the rale, we should have been cut up by their shot from the shore: 
under all these circumstances, and taking into view the conse- 
quences resulting from the loss of our superiority on the lakes at 
this time, 1 without hesitation relinquished the opportunity then 
presenting itself of acquiring individual reputation at the expense 
of my country. 

The loss sustained by this ship was considerable, owing to her 
being so long exposed to the fire of the enemy's fleet ; but our most 
serious loss was occasioned by ihe bursting of one of our guns, 
whicli killed and wounded 22 men, and tore up the top -gallant 
forecastle, which rendered the gun upon that deck useless. We 
had four other guns cracked in the muzzle, which rendered their 
use extremely doubtful. Our main top-gallant-mast was shot 
away in the early part of the action, and the bowsprit, fore and 
main-mast, wounded, rigging and sails much cut up, and a num- 
ber of shot in our hull, several of which were between wind and 
water, and 27 men killed and wounded, including those by the 
bursting of the gun. The Madison received a few shot, but no 
person hurt on board. The Governor Tompkins lost her fore-mast 
and the Oneida her main -top-mast badly wounded. We have, 
however, repaired nearly all our damages, and are ready to meet 
the enemy. During our chase, one, if not two, of the enemy's 
small vessels, was completely in our power, if I could have been 
satisfied with so partial a victory: but I was so sure of the whole 
that I passed them unnoticed, by which means they finally es- 
caped. 

The gale continued until last night, but the wind still blows 
from the eastward. I thought it important to communicate with 
general Wilkinson, to ascertain when he meant to move with the 
army. 1 therefore ran oft" this place for that purpose ; and he thinks 
that the public service will be promoted by my watching sir James 

V 



228 

at flip hprul of the lake, and if possible preventing his return to 
jvr t , . vhile roceeds with the army fprSackett's Harbor. 

I s \ I, then fore, i ■■-■' in mediati ly i ; * quest of (he enemy. 

, , , • in.ick' assistance I received 

fj . , ca aclair during our chase, in ising his best exertions 

to b into close action. The other officers and men 

• ction, and wove extremelj anxious 
I se wil y even singl; , and if he ever gives us an 

close action, they will show that they are not in- 
ferior to any of their Countrymen. 

I have the honour to bo, &c. 
ISAAC CHAUNCEY. 
Hon. W. Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 



TO THE PATRIOTS OF THE WESTERN DISTRICT. 

The period being at hand which is to decide the fate of the 
province of Upper Canada, and the command of the Niagara 
i having devolved on me ; 1 think proper to invite the old 
a:ifi young patriots of the western district, to join my brigade in 
ice of their country and rights — any number not exceed'- 
LGOO will be accepted and organized immediately on their 
arrival at Lewistown, and officered by the choice of their men. 
As the movements of an army require secrecy, objects in view 
cannot be pafticularly developed ; but those who feel disposed 
to distinguish themselves and render services to their country, 
muv be assured that something efficient and decisive will be done. 
The term of service will be 2 : months, if not sooner discharged; 
ami eery thing shall be done to render their situations as com- 
fortable as possible. 1 wish none to volunteer who may have any 
constitutional objections to cross the Niagara river. One thou- 
sand four hundred of my brigade haye already volunteered to 
cross the ii\er, and go wherever they may be required ; and 600 
of them are now doing duty at Fort George. I Hatter myself that 
ho other consideration need he urged, than love of country, to 
excite the patriotism of the yeomanry of the western district. 

Given at head quarters, Lewistown, October id, 1813. 
GEORGE M'CLURK, Brig. General 

Com manding Niagara frontier. 



Extract of a letter from colonel Smith, of the rife regiment, to 
colonel Ji. Y. Niclioll, inspector general, dated 

"LOWER SANDUSKY, October 2d, 1813. 

"I have already collected 520 men of my regiment. The last 
accounts from the general, state, that he was in pursuit of Proctor, 



— — ■ ' 

who had evacuated Maiden, a few hours before he landed. I fear 
he will make his escape. J leave here immediately for Portage, 
and probably for head quarters, to procure transports for my 
detachment. - ' 

WAR DEPARTMENT, October 4th, 1813. 
SIR, 

Understanding that the defence of the post committed to your 
charge, may render it proper to destroy the town of Newark, you 
are hereby directed to apprize its inhabitants of this circum- 
stance, and to invite them to remove themselves and their effects 
to some place of greater safety. 

I am, &c. 
JOHN ARMSTRONG. 

Brig-. General M'Clure or officer commanding 

at Fort George, Upper Canada. 



HEAD QUARTERS NEAR MORAVIAN TOWN, 
on the River Thames, 80 miles from Detroit, October 5th, 1813. 
SIR, 

I have the honour to inform you, that by the Messing of Pro- 
vidence, the army under mv command has obtained a complete 
victory over the combined Indian and British forces under the 
command of general Proctor. I believe that nearly the whole of 
the enemy's regulars are taken ( r killed. Amongst the former are 
all the superior officers excepting general Proctor. My mounted 
men are now in pursuit of him. Our loss is very trifling. The 
brave colonel R. M. Johnson is the only officer whom t have 
heard of that is wounded, he badly, but 1 hope not dangerously. 

1 have the honour to be, &c. 

WILLIAM H. HARRISON. 

Hon. J. Armstrong:, Secretary at War. 



NKWPORT, October 5th, 1813. 
SIR, 

I have the pleasure to inform you of the capture of the British 
armed sloop " Dart,*' by the revenue-cutter of this place, lasT 
evening. She appeared offthe harbor before sun-set; the captain 
of the cutter offered his services to go out. I put on boar 1 three 
sailing masters and about 20 men ; she immediately made sail and 
laid aboard the Dart, and carried her by boarding ; her first offi- 
cer was killed; two of our own men were wounded alightly. 
The prisoners I send for your disposal. 

Very respectfully, your most obedient humble servant, 

JOHN NICHOLSON. 

Com. John Rodgers, U. S. frigate President. 



23® 

Extract of a letter from general JPdrthur to the Secretary of War. 

"DETROIT, October 6th, 1813. 

"You have no doubt been advised by the commanding general, 
that Maiden and this place were abandoned by the enemy previ- 
ous to the arrival of our army, and that all the public buildings, 
&c. were destroyejj. On our arrival at Sandwich, my brigade 
was ordered across the river to disperse some Indians, who were 
pillaging the (own, and to take possession of the place. Informa- 
tion was received that several thousand Indians had retired a small 
distance into the woods, with instructions to attack general Har- 
rison's army on its passage, for the purpose of retarding its pro- 
gress; consequently my brigade was left to garrison this place. 

" Since general Harrison's departure, five nations of Indians, 
viz. the Ottaways, Chippeways, Pottawatamies, Miamies and 
(Lickapoos, who were but a few miles back, have come in for 
peace, and I have agreed that hostilities should cease fur the pre- 
sent on the following conditions : " They have agreed to take hold 
of the same tomahawk with us, and to strike all who are, or may 
be, enemies to the United States, whether British or Indians/' 
They are to bring in a number of their women and children, and 
have them as hostages, whilst they accompany us to war. Some 
of them have already brought in their women, and are drawing 
rations. 

" I have just received a note from general Harrison, advising 
that he had last evening overtaken general Proctor's force, and 
had gained a complete victory ; that all the principal officers, 
general Proctor excepted, were in his possession, which no doubt 
ends the war in this quarter. 

"1 have the honour to be, &c. 
" DUNCAN M'ARTHUR, Brig. Gen. U. S. army,"- 



Extract of a letter from brigadier general JlPClure, to his excel- 
lency governor Tompkins, dated 

"TOUT tiEOKGE, HALF PAST 5 O'CLOCK, P. M. 

October 6th, 1813. 

" We have commenced offensive operations against the enemy. 
v :it 500 militia volunteers, and about 150 Indians, commanded 
by colonel Chapin, attacked the picket guard of the enemy, about 
It mile and a half from Fort George, and drove them in upon the 
mam body, when the enemy opened a lire from several field 
j.i i es. Our men retired in good order into the fort, with the loss 
of one man killed and two or three wounded. The enemy's loss 
killed, many wounded, and four prisoners. 

'• in a short lime the enemy appeared in considerable force 
within live hundred yards of the fort, ai the edge of the woods. 
Chapin again sallied out with about .100 men and some Indian- . 



331 

commenced a brisk fire on the whole of the enemy's line, arid 
drove them half a mile ; but perceiving by the movements of the 
enemy that they would outflank us, 1 ordered 200 to reinforce 
him, and in two detachments to attack the enemy's flanks. We 
succeeded in driving the enemy into t\\e woods, when night coming 
on put an end to the conflict. 0:ir loss was trifling; I have n«>t 
ascertained thai of the enemy. Colonel Ghapin is a brave man. 
Every officer and soldier did his duty.'' 



U. S. SHIP GENERAL PIKE, SACKETT'S HARBOR, 

October 6th, 1813. 
SIR, 

I have the pleasure to inform you that I arrived here this 
morning, with five of the enemy's vessels, which I fell in with, 
and captured, last evening, ort' the Ducks. These were part of 
se\en sail which left York on Sunday with 234 troops on board, 
bound to Kingston. Of this fleet five were captured, one burnt, 
ai d one escaped. The prisoners, amounting to nearly 300, be- 
sides having upwards of 300 of our troops on board from Niagara, 
induced me to run into port for the purpose of landing both. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

ISAAC CIIAUNCEY. 

Hon. Win. Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 



UNITED STATES' SHIP GENERAL PIKE, 

Sackett's Harbor, October 6th, 1813. 

SIR, 

As soon as the last of the flotilla with the troops, cleared 
the Niagara, I proceeded in quest of the enemy. On the 2d in- 
stant, at 10 A. M. discovered him steering a course for Niagara, 
wit.i studding sails, and all sails set, wind from the south and 
westward ; we made sail in chase, but as soon as we shot out, he 
took in studding sails, and hauled upon a wind to the westward, 
and made all sail from us ; the wind being light all day, we made 
put little progress against the current, and at sun down, the ene- 
my was oil" the Twenty Mile Creek, and had evidently gained 
considerably from us. * During the night, the wind continued so 
light that we altered our position but very little, and at day-light, 
on the 3d, saw the enemy at anchor close in with the land, be- 
tween the Twelve and Twenty -Mile Creek; as soon as he saw 
us, he weighed and made all sail to the westward, wind from 
south to south-west, and squally. We made all s<;i! in chase, and 
continued the chase the whole day, it blowing very heavy in 
Squalls; at sun down, we could barely mark him out from the 
mast-head, when he appeared neatly up to the head of the lake; 
it continued squally with rain, and ! 'ne night very dark; a1 d y- 
light, on the 4th, haay, could see nothing of the enemy — contin- 



232 

tied working up for tue head of the lake; towards meridian, it 
became calm. I ordered the Lady of the Lake to sweep up to 
Burlington bay, and ascertain whether the fleet was there; at half 
past 9 P. M. she returned, with information that the fleet was 
not there. Saw but two gun-boats. It struck me at once that 
lie had availed himself of the darkness of the preceding night, 
and had either ran for Kingston, or down the lake, for the pur- 
pose of intercepting the flotilla with the army; I therefore made 
all sail and shaped my course for the Ducks, with a view of in- 
tercepting him or his prizes, if he should have made any. The 
wind increased to a strong gale from the northward and westward, 
and continued during the whole day on the 5th; — we therefore 
made a great run, for at 1 P. M. we passed Long Point; at 3, 
discovered seven sail near the False Ducks; presuming them to 
be the fleet, made :. I sail in chase; at 4, made them out to be 
sloops and schooners. I made the signal for the Sylph and the 
Lady of the Lake, to cast off their tow, and chase north-east; 
soon after, perceiving the enemy separating on different taci.s, I 
cast off the Governor Tompkins from this ship, gave the squadron 
in charge of captain Crane, and made all sail in chase; at 5, the 
enemy finding us to gain fast upon them, and one of his gun-ves- 
sels sailing much worse than the rest, he took the people out and 
set her on fire. At sun down, when opposite the Real Ducks, 
the Hamilton, (late Growler) Confiance (late Julia) and Mary 
Ann, -truck tons. The Sylph soon after, brought down the 
Drummond, cutter rigged. The Lady Gore run into the Ducks, 
but the Sylph (which wis left to \ atch her) took possession of 
her ea Ij ; ;• next tfiorning. The Enterprize, a small schooner, 
is the il one that escaped, am! she owed her safety to the dark- 
no night. 

Findii'j , n ch difficulty in shifting the prisoners, owing to the 
small, ess of our boats and a heavy sea, I determined to take the 
prizes in tow, and run for this place, and laud the prisoners anc 
tr. ops that 1 had on board. On the 6th, the Lady of the Lak« 
having towed one of the prizes in, 1 despatched her immediately 
to cruize between the Ileal and False Ducks. She returned the 
.- afternoon, having discovered the enemy's squadron gdint 
into '- in< -ton. 

I have repaired die j rincipaJ damages sustained by this ship in 
the action on the 28th ultimo, and have put in a new fore-mast 
into the Governor Tompkins. We are now ready, and waiting 
the movements of the army, which is contemplated will leave here 
on the 10th. 

The vessels captured on the 5th, are gun vessels mounting from 
one to three guns each, with troops from the head of the lake 
(last from York) bound to Kingston. We learnt from the pri- 
soners, that the enemy was very much cut up in their hulls and 
spars, and a great many men killed and wounded, particularly on 
board the Wolf and Royal George. 1 enclose, herewith, a list of 



23a 

the prisoners taken on the 5th [Already published, see "Th* 
War" of the 19th ultimo.] 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

ISAAC CHAUNCEY. 

Hon. Wm. Jones, Secretary of the Navy! 



U. S. FRIGATE PRESIDENT, PA.WTUXET, 

October 7th, 1812. 

SIR, 

Enclosed I have the honor of transmitting you a letter thU 
moment received from lieutenant Nicholson, — commanding the 1 
g;in -boats at Newport, informing me of the capture of the private' 
armed sloop Dart. 

With great respect, &c. 
JOHN RODGERS. 
Hon. Wm. Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 



IIKAD QU KTEKS,DF.T»OIT, October 9th, ISIS. 

SIR, 

In my last letter from Sandwich, of the SOth ultimo, I did? 
myself the honour to inform you, that 1 was preparing to pursue 
the enemy the following day. From various causes, however, 
I was unable to put the troops in motion until the morning of the 
fid instant, and then to take with me orly about 140 of the regu- 
lar troops, Johnson's mounted regiment, and such of governor 
fihelby's volunteers as were tit for a rapid march, the whol© 
amounting to about 3J00 men. To general M'Arthur, with about 
7ut> effectives, the protection of this place, and the sick, was 
committed. General Cass's brigade, and the corps of lieutenant 
colonel Ball, were left at Sandwich, with orders to follow me a* 
soon as the men received their knapsacks and blankets, which ha4 
been left on an island in lake Erie. 

The unavoidable delay at Sandwich was attended with no dis- 
advantage to us. General Proctor had posted himself at Dulson's, 
on the right bank of the river Thames (or French), fifty-six mile* 
from this place, where I was informed he intended to fortify and 
to receive me. He must have believed, however, that Iliad no dis- 
position to follow him, or that he had secured my continuance here, 
by the reports that were circulated that the Indians would attack 
and destroy this place, upon the advance of the army ; as he neglect- 
ed the breaking up of the bridges until the night of the 2d instant. 
On the night our army reached the river, which is 25 miles from 
Sandwich, and is one of four streams crossing our route, over all 
of which are bridges, and being deep and muddy, are unfordable. 
for a considerable distance into the country. The bridge here 
was found entire, and, in the morning, I proceeded with Johnson's 

30 



234 

ttgiment, to save, if possible, the others. At the second bridge,, 

over a »ranch of then er Thames, we were fortunate enough to 

■.i,,- a lieutenant of dragoons and eleven privates, win* had 

- ii' .V general Prod >r to destroy them. From the prison- 

I Learnt ^ third bridge was broken up, and that the 

enemy had no certain information of our advance. The bridge, 

g been imperfectly destroyed, was soon repaired, and the 

arm\ encamped at Drake's la; in, four miles below Dalson's. 

I e river Thames, along the banks of which our route lay, is a 
fine deep Btrearo, navigable for vessels of considerable burthen, 
after the passage of the bar at its mouth, over which there is six 
ami a half feet water. 

The baggage of the army was brought from Detroit in boats, 
protected l>\ three gun-boats, which commodore Perry had fur- 
nis eil for the purpose, as well as to cover the passage of the 
army over the Thames itself, on the mouth of its tributary streams ; 
the hanks being low and the country generally open (prairies), 
a- high a> Dalson's, these vesseis were well calculated for the 
purpose. Above Dalson's, however, the character of the river 
and adjacent country, is considerably changed. The former, 
though still deep, is very narrow, and its banks high and woody. 
I e commodore and myself, therefore, agreed upon the propriety 
of leaving the boats under a guard of I fo infantry, and I deter- 
mined to trust to fortune, and the bravery of my troops, to eftect 
the passage of the river. Below a place called Chatham, and 
four miles above Dalson's, is the third fordable branch of the 
Tha aes. The bridge over its mouth had been taken up by the 
Indians as well as at M'Gregor's mills, one mile above. Several 
hundred of the Indians remained to dispute our passage, and, upon 
' a rival of the advanced guard, commenced a heavy lire from 
the o | osite bank of the creek, as well as that of the river. I3e- 
lieving thai the whole force of the enemy was there, 1 halted the 
arm; , formed in order of battle, and brought up our two six 
pounders tocoverthe part) thai were ordered to repair the bridge, 
nnil < roes the troops. Colonel Johnson's mounted regiment, being 
upon t e righl of the army, had seized the remains of the bridge 
a. I the mills, under a heavy fire from the Indians. Our loss, 
npon this occasion, was two killed and three or four wounded ; 
w>»1 "I the enemy was ascertained to be considerably greater. 
near the bridge, containing a very considerable number 
o| ' Bskets, had been set on fire, but it was extinguished by our 
, -. and the anna saved. At ihe first farm above the bridge, 
Found '.Me of the enemy's vessels on fire, loaded with arms and 
ordnance itores, and learned that the\ were a few miles a head 
-. -nil on ihe righl bank of the river, with the great body of 
India -. Vt Bowles's farm, four miles from the bridge, we 
halted for the night, found two other vessels, and a large distil- 
ler), filled with ordnance and other valuable stores, to an immense 
amount, in flames, It was impossible to put out the lire; two 



235 

twentv-four pounders, with 'their carriages, were taken, and a 
large quantity of ball and shells of various sizes. The army was 
put in motion early on the morning of the 5th. I pushed on, in 
advance, with the mounted regiment, and requested governor 
Shelbv to follow, as expeditiously as possible, with the infantry. 
The governor's zeal, and that of his men, enabled them to keep 
up with the cavalry, and by 9 o'clock, we were at Arnold's mills, 
havrio; taken, in the course of the morning, two gun-boats and 
seveuil batteaux, loaded with provisions and ammunition. 

A rapid, at the river at Arnold's mills, affords the only fording 
to be met with for a very considerable distance ; but, upon exa^ 
mination, it was found too deep for the infantry. Having, howe- 
ver, furtunate.lv taken two or three boats, and some canoes, on 
the spot, and obliging the horsemen to take a footman behind each, 
the whole were safely crossed by 12 o'clock. Eight miles front 
the crossing, we passed a farm, where a part of the British troops 
had encamped the night before, under the command of colonel 
Warburton. The detachment with general Proctor had arrived 
the day before, at the Moravian towns, four miles higher up.^ 
Being now certainly near the enemy, I directed the advance of 
Johnson's regimentto accelerate then- march, for the purpose of 
procuring intelligence. The officer commanding it, in a short 
time, sent to inform me, that his progress was stopped by the 
enemv, who were formed across our line of march. One ot the 
enemy's wagoners oeing also taken prisoner, from the informa- 
tion received from him, and ray own observation, assisted by some 
of my officers, I =00:1 ascertained enough of their position, and 
order of battle, to determine that which it was proper for me to 
adopt. 

I have the honour herewith to enclose you my general order of 
the 27th ultimo, prescribing the order of march and of battle 
when the whole army should act together. But as the number 
and description of the troops had been essentially changed, since 
the issuing of the order, it became necessary to make a corres- 
ponding alteration in their disposition. From the place where 
our army was last halted, to the Moravian towns, a distance of 
about three and a half miles, the road passes through a beech 
forest without any clearing, and for the first two miles near to the 
bank of the river. At from two to three hundred yards from the 
river a swamp extends parallel to it, throughout the whole distance- 
The intermediate ground is dry, and although the trees are tol- 
erably thick, it is in many places clear of underbrush. Across 
this strip of land, its left nppai/ed upon the river, supported by 
artillery placed in the wood, their right in the swamp covered 
by the whole of their Indian force, the British troops were drawn 

up. , 

The troops at my disposal consisted of about one hundred and 

twenty regulars of "the 27th regiment, five brigades of Kentucky 

volunteer militia infantry under his excellency governor Shelby, 



236 

averAging less than five hundred men, and colonel Johnson'* 
Regiment of mounted infantry, making in the whole an aggregate 
something above .1000. No disposition of an army opposed to 
:in Indian force can be safe, unless it is secured on the flanks and 
in the rear, f had therefore no difficulty in arranging the infan- 
try conformably to my general order of battle. General Trot- 
K-r's brigade OI50Q men formed the front line, his right upon the 
road and his left upon the swamp. General King's brigade as a 
second line, 150 yards in the rear of Trotter's, and Childs's bri- 
gade, as a corps of reserve, in the rear of it. These three bri- 
gades formed the command of major general Henry ; the whole of 
general Desha's division, consisting of two brigades, were formed 
an potence upon the left of Trotter. 

While I was engaged in forming the infantry, I had directed 
colonel Johnson's regiment, which was still in front, to be formed 
in two lines opposite to the enemy, and, upon the advance of the 
infantry, to hike ground to the left, and forming upon that flank, 
to endeavour to turn the right of the Indians. A moment's re- 
flection, however, convinced me, that from the thickness of the 
troods and swampiness of the ground, they would be unable to 
do any thin"; on horseback, and there was no time to dismount 
them and place their horses in security; I therefore determined 
to refuse my left to the Indians, and to break the British lines at 
once by a charge of the mounted infantry; the measure Mas not 
sanctioned by any thing that I had seen or heard of, but 1 was 
fully convinced that it would succeed. The American back- 
Woodsmen ride better in the woods than any other jseople. A 
musket or rifle is no impediment to them, being accustomed to 
carry them on horseback from their earliest youth. I was per- 
suaded, too, that the enemy would be quite unprepared for the 
shock, and that they could not resist it. Conformably to this 
idea, I directed the regiment to be drawn up in close column, with 
its right at the distance of fifty yards from the road, (that it might 
be, in som. n ensure, protected by the trees from the artillery) its 
left upon ihe swamp, and to charge, at full speed, as soon as the 
enemy delivered their fire. The few regular troops of the 27th 
regiment, under the command of their colonel (Paul), occupied, 
in column of sections of four, the small space between the road 
and the river, for the purpose of seizing the enemy's artillery, 
ami some ten or twelve friendly Indians were directed to move 
under the bank. The crotchet, formed by the front line and gene- 
ral Desha's division, was an important point. At that place, the 
renerable governor of Kentucky was posted, who, at the age of 
Mxty-six, preserves all the vigour of youth, the ardent zeal which 
distinguished him in the revolutionary war, and the undaunted 
bravery which he manifested at King's Mountain. With my 
Bids de-camp, the acting assistant adjutant general captain Buttler, 
n,\ gallant friend commodore Perry, who did me the honour to 
serve a* my \oluntetsr aid-de-camp, and brigadier general Cass. 



237 

who having no command, tendered me his assistaace, 1 placed 
myself at the head of* the front line of infantry, to direct the 
movements of the cavalry and give them the necessary support. 
The army had moved on this order but a short distance, when 
the mounted men received the fire of the British line, and were 
ordered to charge ; the horses in the front of the column recoiled 
from the fire; another was given by the enemy, and our column, 
at length getting in motion, broke through the enemy with irre- 
sistible force. In one minute, the contest in front svas over. 
The British officers, seeing no hopes of reducing their disordered 
ranks to order, and our mounted men wheeling upon them and 
pouring in a destructive fire, immediately surrendered. It is 
certain that three only of our troops were wounded in this charge! 
Upon the left, however, the contest was more severe with the 
Indians. Colonel Johnson, who commanded on that flank of his 
regiment, received a most galling fire from them, Avhich was 
returned with great effect. The Indians still further to the right 
advanced and fell in with our front line of infantry, near its 
junction with Desha's division, and, for a moment, made an im- 
pression on it. His excellency governor Shelby, however, brought 
up a regiment to its support, and the enemy, receiving a se\ ere lire 
in front, and a part of Johnson's regiment having gained their rear, 
retreated with precipitation. Their loss was very considerable 
in the action, and many were killed in their retreat. 

I can give no satisfactory information of the number of Indians 
that were in the action, but they must have been considerably 
upwards of one thousand. From the documents in my possession; 
(general Proctor's official letters, all of which were taken) and 
irom the information of respectable inhabitants of this territory, 
the Indians kept in pay by the British, were much more numerous 
than has been generally supposed. In a letter to general De Rot- 
tenburg, of the 27th instant, general Proctor speaks of having 
prevailed upon most of the Indians to accompany him. Of these 
it is certain that fifty or sixty Wyandot warriors abandoned him. * 

The number of our troops was certainly greater than that of 
the enemy, but when it is recollected, that they had chosen a posi- 
tion that effectually secured their flank, which it was impossible 
for us to turn, and that we could not present to them a line more 
extended than their own, it will not be considered arrogant to 
claim for my troops the palm of superior bravery. 

In communicating to the President through you, sir, my opin- 
ion of the conduct of the officers who served under my command, 
I am at a loss how to mention that of governor Shelby, being 
convinced that no eulogium of mine can reach his merits. The 

* A British officer, of high rank, assured one of my akls-d<--CLtmp, that on 
the (lay of our landing 1 , general Proctor had, at his disposal, upwards of" three 
thousand Indian warric-s, but aasertfed that the greatest part had left haw 
previorts to the action. 



855! 

governor of an independent state, greatly my superior in years, 
Tn experience and in military character, he placed himself under 
my command, and was not more remarkable for his zeal and ac- 
tivity", than for his promptitude and cheerfulness with which he 
obeyed my orders. The major generals Henry and Desha, and 
the brigadiers Alien, Caldwell, King, Childs and Trotter, all of 
the Kentucky volunteers, manifested great zeal and activity. Of 
governor .Shelby's stair*, his adjutant general, colonel Walker, ren- 
dered <:reat service, as did his aids-de-camp general Adair, and 
majors Barry and Crittenden. The military skill of the former 
was of great service to us, and the activity of the two latter gen- 
tlemen could not be surpassed. Illness deprived me of the talents 
of my adjutant general colonel Gaines, who was left at Sandwich. 
His duties were, however, ably performed by the acting assistant 
adjutant. general, captain Buttler. My aids-de-camp, lieutenant 
O'Fallon and captain Todd, of the line, and my volunteer aids 
John Speed Smith andJohn Chambers, esquires, have rendered me 
the most important services from the opening of the campaign. 
I have already stated that general Cass and commodore Perry 
assisted me in forming the troops for the action. The former is ail 
officer of the highest merit, and the appearance of the brave 
commodore cheered and animated every breast. 

It would be useless, sir, after stating the circumstances of the 
action, to pass encomiums upon colonel Johnson and his regiment. 
Veterans could not have manifested more firmness. The colo- 
nel's numerous wounds prove that he was in the post of danger. 
Lieutenant colonel James Johnson, and the majors Payne and 
Thompson were equally active though more fortunate. Major 
Wood of the engineers, already distinguished by his conduct at 
Fort Meigs, attended the army with t*vo six pounders. Having 
no use for them in the action, he joined in the pursuit of the enemy, 
and with major Payne of the mounted regiment, two of my aids- 
de-camp, Todd and Chambers, and three privates, continued it for 
si veral miles after the rest of the troops had halted, and made 
many prisoners. 

I left the army before an official return of the prisoners, or 
that of the killed and wounded, was made out. It was however 
ascertained that the former amounts to 601 regulars, including: 25 
officers. Our los< is 7 killed and 22 wounded, 5 of which have 
Bince died. Of the British troops 12 were killed and 22 wounded. 
The [ndians suffered most — 35 of them having been found upon 
the ground, besides those killed on the retreat. 

On the day of the action, six pieces of brass artillery were 
taken, ami two iron 24 pounders the day before. Several others 
were discovered in the river, and can be easily procured. Of the 
brass pieces, three are the trophies of our revolutionary* war, that 
were taken at Saratoga and York, and surrendered by gene- 
ral Hull. The number of small arms taken by us and destroyed 
by tho enetny, must amount to upwards of 5000: most of them 



had been ours and taken by the eneinv at the surrenderor Detroit, 
\l sin, and al colonel Dudley's defeat. 1 belie- e feat 
the enemy retain no ol ier military trophy of their victories than 
the standard of the 4th regiment ; they were not magnanilhous 
enough to bring that of the 41st regiment into the field, or it would 

OCT O 

!ia\ e been taken. 

You have been informed, sir, of the conduct of the troops under 
my command in action ; it gives me great pleasure to inform you, 
that they merit also the approbation of their country for their 
conduct, in submitting to the greatest privations with the utmost 
cheerfulness* 

The infantry were entirely without tents, and for several days 
the whole army Bubsisted upon fresh beef, without bread or salt. ' 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

WILLIAM II. HARRISON. 
6cncml John Armstrong, Secretary of War. 

P. s. General Proctor escaped by the fleetness of his horses, 
escorted by 4(J dragoons and a number of mounted Indians. 



HEAD QUARTEB8, DETROIT, October 11th, 1313. 

BEAB GOVERNOR, 

You will bave heard before tins reaches you, that I was for- 
tunate enough U) overtake general Proctor, and his tawny allies, 
and to give them a complete drubbing. 1 base 601 prisoners of 
the British regulars, officers included, among which there are two 
colonels. 

Nothing but infatuation could have governed general Proctor's 
conduct. The day that 1 lauded below Maiden, he had at his 
disposal upwards of 3000 Indian warriors: his regular force, re- 
inforced b) the militia of the district, would have made his num- 
ber nearly equal to mv aggregate, which, on the day of landing, 
did not exceed 4500, The papers have greatly exaggerated the 
number of militia from Kentucky: those which embarked with 
me at Portage, did not amount to 3000 rank and file; and several 
hundred of them were left in the island-. 

The Indians were extremely desirous of fighting us at Maiden. 
1 enclose vou Tecumseh's speech to Proctor; it is at once an 
evidence of the talents of the former, and the greater defect of 
them in the latter. His inferior Officers say, that his conduct has 
been a series of continued blunders* He manifested, indeed, 
some judgment in the choice of his field of battle, as he was SO 
posted that I could not turn him, and could only oppose a line 
of equal extent to hi>. However, the contest was not for a mo- 
ment doubtful. The greater part of his Indians were in the air, 
(according to the Persian military phraseology) and his regulars 
broken and made prisoners bv a single, charge of mounted into- 



H t. We took upon the ground, or near it, a fine brass field traia- 
v( artillery. Several of the pieces are trophies of the revolu- 
tion, taken at Saratoga and York, and surrendered by general 
Hull. The number of small arms and military stores, taken by 
t:-, or destroyed by the enemy, is immense. My force in action, 
of all descriptions, was short of 2500. 

1 am preparing an expedition to Michilimackinac, and another 
to Long Point, to destroy at the latter a depot of provisions. 

I shall send orders to general Gano, by this conveyance. It is 
probable that the greater part of his troops may be dismissed in a 
short time. The Indians in this neighbourhood, are submitting at 
discretion. 

I am your friend, 

WILLIAM H. HARRISON. 

Hi* excellency Gov. Jleiga. 



(inclosure.) 

SPEECH OF TECUMSEH 

In the name of the Indian chiefs and warriors, to major general 
Proctor, as the representative of their great Father, the king.. 

Father — Listen to your children ! You 1 ave them now all be- 
fore you. The war before* this, our British father gave the hatchet 
to his red children, when our old chiefs were alive. They are now 
dead. In that war, our father was thrown on his back by the 
Americans, and our father took them by the hand without our 
knowledge :t and we are afraid that our father will do so again 
at this time. Summer before last, when I came forward with my 
red brethren, and was ready to take up the hatchet in favour of 
Our British father, we were told not to be in a hurry — that he 
had not yet determined to fight the Americans. 

Lislcn .' — When war was declared, our father stood up and gave 
i!- the tomahawk, and told us that he was now ready to strike 
the Americans ; that he wanted our assistance ; and that he would 
certainly get us our lands back, which the Americans had taken 
from us. 

Listen I — You told us that time, to bring forward our families 
to ti.i< place : and we did so, and you promised to take care of 
them, and that they should want for nothing, while the men 
Mould go and fight the enemy; that we need not trouble our- 
selves about the. ei>emy T s garrisons; that we knew nothing about 
them ; and that our father would attend to that part of the busi- 
i.< --. \ ou also told your red children that you would take good 
i are of their garrison' here, which made our hearts glad. 

* The revolutionary war. 

1 fac British made peace without any stipulation for their Indian allies. 



341 

Listen ! — When we were last to the Rapids, it is true we gave 
you assistance. It is hard to fight people who live li mid 

bogs. 

Listen Father! — Our fleet has gone out — we know thev have 
fought — we have heard reat guns, but know nothing of what 

hits happened to our father with one acm.f Our troops have gone 
one w i\ , and we are very much astonished to see our father t ing 
up every thing and preparing to run away the other, without let- 
in^ his red children know what his intentions are. You always 
told us to remain here, and take care of our lands — it made our 
hearts glad to hear that was your wish. Our great father, the 
king, is the head, and \ou represent him. You always told us, 
that you would never draw your foot off* British ground ; but now, 
father, we see you are drawing back, and we are sorry to see our 
father doing so, without seeing the enemy. We must compare 
our father's conduct to a fat animal, that carries its tail upon its 
bark\ but when affrighted, it drops it between its legs, and runs 
off- 
Listen Father! — The Americans have not yet defeated us by 
land ; neither are we sure that they have done so bv water: ire 
therefore wish to remain here, and light our enemy, shoi 
make their appearance. If they defeat us, we will then retreat 
with our father. 

At the battle of the Rapids, last war, the Americans certainly 
defeated us; ami when we retreated to our father's fort| at that 
place, the gates were Bhut against us. We were afraid that it 
would now be the case, but instead of that, we see our British 
father preparing to march out of his garrison. 

Father! — You have got the arms and ammunition which the 
great father sent for his red children. If you have any idea of 
going away, give them to u>, and you may go and welcome, for us. 
Our lives .ire in the hands of the Great Spirit — we are determined 
to defend our lands, and if it is his will, we wish to leave our 
bones upon them. 

J&mherstburg, September 18th, 1813. 



FORT GEORGE, October 11th, 1813, 7 o'clock P. M. 

SIR, 

Within the last five minutes, I have had the honour to receive 
your despatch by " the Lady of the Lake." 

The enemy has treated me with neglect. He continued in his 
old positions until Saturday last (the 9th) when he took up his 

* During the siege of Fort Meigs, the troops covered themselves from the 
enemy's fire, by throwing up travesses and ditches of earth, 
-j- Commodore Barclay. 
i Fort Miami, near Wayne's battle ground. 

31 



242 

retreat en Burlington heights, and has abandoned this whole pen* 
ms ./«. Two causes are assigned tor this precipitate movement ; 
the succour of Proctor, who is reported to have been entirely de- 
ft-. .to.;, if not taken ; the other, the safety of Kingston, endanger- 
ed bv your movement. We have had from the enemy many de- 
serters, most of whom concur in the latter supposition. The 
British burnt every thing in store in this neighbourhood, 5000 
blankets, many hundred stands of arms, also the blankets in the 
men's packs, and every articie of clothing not in actual use. 

They aie supposed to have reached Burlington heights last 
evening, from the rate of their march the night before. I have 
information of their having passed " the 40," by several inhabi- 
tants who have come down. They add to what was stated by the 
deserters, that two officers of the 41st had joined general Vincent 
from Proctor's army, with the information that Proctor was de- 
feated eighteen miles this side of Maiden. I cannot get particu- 
lars. 

From the same sources of intelligence, it appears that the 49th, 
a part of the 100th, and the voltigeurs, moved from this neigh- 
bourhood the day after our flotilla left this, the 3d instant, Out 
with what destination is not certainly known. It was first reported 
(I mean in the British camp) that these regiments had marched to 
support Proctor, who, it is said, wrote that he would be compelled 
to surrender if not supported. 1 am pretty sure, however, that 
they are gone below. The movement of our army, be Ion , seems 
to nave been known in the British lines as earlv as the 3d instant, 
together with the immediate objects in view ; hence 1 have no 
difficulty in concluding, that all the movements of the enemy 
will concentrate at Kingston. 

(hapin, who has been commissioned a lieutenant colonel, 
marched late last evening up the lake, with about 100 volunteers 
under his command, and was followed this morning by generals 
M'Clure and Porter, with about 1000 men, Indians and militia 
included. There is no danger of their coming up with the enemy, 
or they would be in great danger of a total annihilation. 

Vincent took hence with him, about 1000 or 1,100 regulars. 
Many of the militia left this with the avowed design of plunder; 
but [fear from reports that the British have left the miserable 
inhabitants without any thing, to be ravished. 1 expect general 
M'Clure back to-morrow evening, as he only took with him sup- 
plies for two days ; he will probably go as far as " the SO." On 
the 8th Chapin went out with a small party and attacked one of 
the enemy's pickets, which brought on a skirmish m which many 
ot colonel Swift's regiment participated. After a great waste of 
ammunition, the parties retired to their respective camps with 
little loss on either side; we made and lost a prisoner, had 
two Indians killed, and two other men wounded. We hear the 
enemy had live men wounded. 



843 

1 had thi* morning made an arrangement, on application of 
genera] M'Clure, to be relieved in the command of this post on 
the morning of the 1.3th instant, with an intention of taking up 
in tine of inarch for S;ickett's Harbor, accordingto the discretion 
all iwed me in the instructions I had the honour to receive from 
you at this place. Mv situation has become truly insupportable: 
without the possibility of an attack at this post, and with- 
out the possibility of reaching vou time enough to share in the 
glory of impending operations below"; I am nevertheless, flattered 
with the assurance that transport will be forwarded for my re- 
moval, and to favor that intention, 1 propose taking up my line 
of march on the morning of the ISth for the mouth of Genessee 
river, and there await the arrival of the vessels you are good 
enough to promise me. Rv this movement, captain Mix thinks 
with me, thai I shall hasten my arrival at Sackett's Harbor 5 
possibly 10 days. Captain Camp has a sufficient number of 
wagons to take me thither ; I can easily make that place by the 
evening of the 15th. I hope 1 shall have your approbation, and 
every thing i- arranged with brigadier M'Clure. 

Knowing your wishes respecting the invalids or subjects tor 
discharge, and fearing that water transport might not be had till 
tin- season was too far advanced for their removal, I have ventured 
to send lieutenant Archer ( paymaster of the 20th who was left 
here without orders,) on command to Greenbush, with 100 men of 
this description. It \\a^ a measure approved of by doctor Mann, 
and 1 hope not contrary to your wishes and intentions. Doctor 
Hugo, surgeon's mate of the 14th (also left here without orders) 
accompanied the detachment. The quarter master's department 
furnished 8 wagons on my requisition. 

The sick list of the garrison is much reduced since your depar- 
ture, (I have the honor to enclose my morning report) and Doctor 
Mann has discharged many patients from his hospital : 1 also en- 
close vou his last report. Those marked "subjects for discharge" 
are part ot the number sent off to Greenbush. Doctor Mann and 
captain Camp have concluded to remove the general hospital to 
" the eleven mile Creek " near Ruftaloe, the barracks at which 
place will be sufficient for the reception of the whole of the sick, 
with some trilling repairs. 

From the morning report enclosed, you will find 794 the " total," 
&c. present of the regulars of this garrison, including officers, 
&c. Transport will be necessary for about 850 persons. 1 wish 
also to take with me lour iron 6's, one 5| inch howitzer, and two 
caissons, the whole on field carriages. This train will form no im- 
pediment in my march to the mouth of Genessee river, as I have 
horses belonging to the regiment, sufficient to draw it. If it meet 
vour approbation, I can send the horses thence to Sackett's Harbor 
by land. 

1 have, by working almost night and day, greatly improved the 
defences of this post, and nearly filled up the idea of the engineer* 



244 

I flatter myself that I have also improved the garrison in disci- 
pline. I must apologize for the haste in which this is written, but 
captain Mix proposes to sail immediately, and I fear to detain 
him a moment. 1 think I shall certainly be at the mouth of the 
Genessee by the loth instant. 

I have the honour to be. &c. 

W. SCOTT, Col. Comdg. 
Major general Wilkinson. 

Extract of a letter from colonel Clark, to brigadier general 

Parker. 

C\MP, C HAZY-LANDING, October 15th, 1813. 

It is with great pleasure I can inform you of a successful 
attack upon the enemy at Masseqnoi bay, on the morning of the 
12th instant. At this time I had only the riflemen with me, the 
artillerj moving slow and the militia protecting their rear. We 
proceeded to the village (Massequoi) and arrived within 15 rods of 
the enemy before we were discovered. We found them drawn up 
under major Ppwell, in a maimer that would have annoyed us 
much had we attacked them by water, but wholly unprepared to 
defend themselves on the land side ; they commenced a fire on 
I i dank, but in ten minutes after the first attack they laid 
down theii amis and surrendered themselves prisoners of war. 

Understanding that a force of £00 men, under colonel Lock, 
was marching to attack us, i despatched captain Finch, with his 
company, to reconnoitre them and ascertain their course. He 
proceeded with sue!'! promptness and ability as to surprise and 
ure the advanced guard, consisting of cavalry, excepting one 
man who escaped, and, giving the information, the enemy 
retreated. 

The prisoners were then put on board our boats and sent to 
Burlington. 

Our whole force engaged was 102 — the number of prisoners 
taken is 101, their killed 9, and wounded 14. 

1 am, sir, with great respect, &c. 

ISAAC CLARK. 

B*g. gen. Parker, commanding at 

Burlington, Vt. 



ADDRESS 

To the inhabitants of the Upper Province of Canada. 

Brigadier general M'Clure, commanding on the Niagara fron- 
tier, finds the Upper Province deserted by the British army and 
abandoned by its government. In the peculiar situation of the 



\ 

24b> 

inhabitants, it ia ew< ntial to their security that some regulation! 
should be established for their government, while the A 
army has the power of enforcing diem. The general re 

that illegal, unauthorized, and forbidden pillage has been 
committed by a few, who are lost to all honour, and insensible of 
the obligations of a soldier. To arrest such, practices, to afford 
all the protection in his power, and to ensure Bafety to the. property 
ami persons of the titants, who are now under his controul, 

the general has issued this address. 

The employment <>1" the Indians has been ;i source of extreme 
el to the general. Bui finding them called out by the : \- 
ernment of the United State-, and Expecting to attack an array 
w ho had long employ ed them iii see les of atrocity and outrage, at 
which humanity i rs, be was driven to the only alternative 

lef Kim, of using the Bame weapon against our enemies which 
thej had used against ourselves; that the British army had aban- 
their encampments and Bed before I ie American force, 
doesnotweak< ecessitj which he < nder of employing 

the Indians before be knew the enenri had ibsconded. Atthe 
vamftiiiir.it is d to them to say, thai the Indians have con • 
ducted themselves far better than could have been expected, if 
the example of British offi era and Briti a criterion. 

Not a single individual has been scalped or • em, 

no prisoner of war has been burnt, the dead have d i tin-own 

into the public highwa 8, women and children have not been 
nor has private property b« Btroyed, except in 

es where the former conduct of the rwners required exemplary 
liation. 'The property which they h;r , has, in 

- where it was possible, been restored b\ the inhabitants of 
the United States; and when the ne their employment 

, the Indians were sent to the American Bide of 
the river beyond ihe reach of temptation, to wait until circum- 
stances justified another call upon them. The relation of these 
facts is due to the honour of our government, to the reputation of 
the general, and to the meri of the Indians. From it, also, the 
inhabitants of Canada may learn what they may expect from 
American forbearance and clemency. 

To insure that Forbearance, the inhabitants have an easy duty 
to perform ; let them be perfectly neutral, let them abstain from 
communications with the British army and remain at home, quietly 
pursuing their avocation-. Those who conduct differently will 
incur the penalties of i gorous martial law. The character of our 
free republican government, and the nature of our institutions, 
will justify your expectation of security and protection. • All 
ti\il magistrates will continue to exercise the functions of their 
offices merely as conservators of the peace. As far as they are 
able, they will preserve order and quiet among the inhabitants. 
The existing law - of the province, so far as tin y regard the public 
peace, and not interfering with the regulations of the army, will 



246 

be considered in force until other measures are taken. The msa* 
mstrates are particularly required to give information at bead 
quarters of all violence committed by American troops on citizens, 
unless they ace authorized by a written order. The general 
enjoins the inhabitants to submit to their magistrates, and those 
who refuse obedience must be reported to head quarters. The 
brigadier general invites all the inhabitants who are disposed to 
be peaceable, orderly, and neutral, to return to their homes and 
their business. He cannot promise complete security, but he 
engages, as far as his power extends, to protect the innocent, the 
unfortunate and the distressed. 

GEO. MCLURE, 
Commanding Niagara Frontier. 
Head Quarters, Foet George, Oct. 16th, 1813. 



A PROCLAMATION BY GENERAL HARRISON. 

An armistice having been concluded between the United 
States and the tribes of Indians called Miamies, Pattawatamies, 
Eel River, Weas, Ottoways, Chippeways and Wyandots, to 
continue until the pleasure of the government of the former 
shall be known — I do hereby make known the same to all whom it 
may concern. This armistice is preparatory to a general council 
to be held with these different tribes, and until its termination 
they have been permitted to retire to their hunting grounds, and 
there to remain unmolested, if they behave themselves peaceably. 
They have surrendered into our hands hostages from each tribe, 
and have agreed immediately to restore all our prisoners in their 
possession, and to unite with us in the chastisement of any Indians, 
who may commit any aggression upon our frontiers. Under these 
circumstances, I exhort all citizens living upon the frontiers to 
respect the terms of said armistice, and neither to engage in nor 
countenance any expedition against their persons or property: 
leaving to the government, with whom the consultation has left it, 
to pursue such course, with respect to the Indians, as they may 
think most compatible with sound policy and the best interests of 
the country. 

Done at Detroit, this 16th October, 1813. 

WILLIAM H. HARRISON. 



October 18th, 1813. 

SIR, 

The fortune of war having placed the private property of 

•• officers and several families of the right division of the British 

army in Upper Canada, in yeur power; as also letters, papers 



247 

and vouchers of the greatest consequence to individuals, without 
bein^ of any to the cause of the captors ; I do myself the -honour of 
applying to you in their behalf, hoping that agreeably to the cus- 
tom of war, you will avail yourself of this favourable opportunity 
to alleviate private feelings, by causing the said property and 
documents to be restored. I must also intreat that every consid- 
eration in vour power be shown for private families, not of the 
army. I trust that with the same view you will permit the bearer 
hereof to, ascertain the fate of individuals, and that you will facili- 
tate the retreat of any families that may unfortunately have been 
interrupted in the attempt. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

HENRY PROCTOR, 

Maj. gen. in his B. Majesty's service:- 

Maj. Gen. W. H. Harrison, 

commanding U. S. Army. 



Extracts of a letter from general Wilkinson to the Secretary of 

I far, dated 

"GRENADIER ISLAND, October 28th, 1813. 

"I send you this by an extra aid-de-camp, captain Nourse, 
to relieve the anxiety to which you must be subject, in the im- 
pending eventful moment." 

" The extent of the injuries to our craft, the clothing and arms 
of the men, and to our provisions on the passage from Sackett's 
Harbor to this place, greatly exceeded our apprehensions, and 
has subjected us to the necessity of furnishing a supply of cloth- 
ing, and of making repairs and equipments to our Hotilla gene- 
rally. In fact, all our hopes have been very nearly blasted; but 
thanks to the same Providence which placed us in jeopardy, we 
are surmounting our difficulties, and, God willing, i shall pass 
Prescott on the night of the 1st or 2d proximo, if some unforeseen 
obstacle does not present to forbid me. 1 shall expect to hear 
from vou at Morrisville, where colonel Swift is to meet me, and 
to guard against chance shots, I wish wagons would be held in 
readiness to receive our powder aud field ammunition, at a suita- 
ble distance above Prescott." 

"I keep up the delusion here; and the enemy, about sixteen 
hundred strong, exclusive of five hundred militia, are in daily ex- 
pectation of a visit at Kingston, yet they have taken post, 1 under- 
stand, at Cornwall and the Coteau de Lac. No matter: once 
passed Preicott, and oar bayonets and sabres shall remove all 
impediments." 

"The inexorable winds and rains continue to oppose and em- 
barrass our movements ; but 1 am seizing on every moment's in- 
terval to slip into the St. Lawrence corps and detachments, as 



248 

thev can be got ready. Our rendezvous will be in Bush creek, 
; twenty miles below, and nearly opposite to Gananoqui, 
which position menaces a descent on the opposite shore. I shall 
sail from that position at 4 o'clock of the morning, and will pass 
Prescott about the same time the ensuing morning." 

" We have had such a fluctuation of sick and well, between this 
place and .Sackett's Harbor, that it is impossible to say in what 
force we shall move ; but I calculate on 6000 combatants, exclusive 
of Scott and Randolph,* neither of whom will, I fear, be up in 
season, notwithstanding all my arrangements and exertions to 
accelerate their march : they are both under provisional orders 
from Ogdensburg." 



WAR DEPARTMENT, DENMARK, 

October 30th, 9 o'clock P. M. 
DEAR GENERAL, 

I this moment received your despatch by captain Nourse. I 
rejoice that your difficulties are so far surmounted, as to enable 
you to say, v. itii assurance, when you will pass Prescott. I should 
have met you there ; but bad roads, worse weather, and a consi- 
derable degree<of illness, admonished me against receding further 
from a point where ray engagements call me, about the 1st proxi- 
mo. The resolution of treading back my steps, was taken at Ant- 
w. •, and communicated in a letter from that place, by major 
Lush. I wrote a single line to you to-day, giving the fortunate 
e of Harrison's business, and his arrival at Fort George with 
M* Arthur's brigade. If Vincentbe within the peninsula, Harrison 
will root him out. It remains with you to sweep the rest of the 
line before yon. Montreal taken, what are Prescott and Kings- 
c Give Hampton timely notice of your approach, and of the 
place and hour of junction. 

Yours sincerely, 

JOHN ARMSTRONG. 
Major General Wilkinson, 



Extracts of a letter from general Wilkinson to the Secretary of 

War, dated 

"GRENADIER ISLAND, November 1st, 1813. 

" You will perceive from the duplicate under cover (letter of 
the 28th of Qctober) what were my calculations four days since: 
but the winds, and waves, and rains, still prevail, and we have 
made Beveral fruitless attempts to turn Stony Point, one of 
them at great peril to 3,000 men, whom I seasonably remanded 
to the harbor, without the loss of a life. Our sick, one hundred 
and ninety-six in number, have not fared as well: they were 
embarked in stout, comfortable vessels, and sailed, the day before 

* Scott and Randolph both joined. 



»49 

erday morning, for Sackett's Harbor, but they were driven on 
shOi n, hicli c intinued with unremitting violence all 

night : and a^ no exertion could relieve them, 1 anticipated the 
loss of le w 10I • ; b ' the tempest having abated, and the wind 
sbiftingfroi i west to north-east, boats were sent out yester- 

morning, and d h tor Bull reports the loss of three men onlr. 
Other mean-, of transport will be provided to-morrow, and these 
unfortunate men will be sent to the hospital at Sackett's Harbor.'-' 

{'Brigadier Brown, with his brigade, the li^ht artillery, the 
riflemen, the volunteers, the gunboats, Bissel'a regiment, and a 
I il M ' . I expect, safe at French creek, with the 

arlill i and ordnance stores. These corps have made the tra- 
verse of iii,' ar - >! I e lake under circumstances of great danger* 
though fortunately without the loss of a life, but at the expense of 
e boats." 

" I shall wait one dav longer, and if the passage should still 
continue impracticable to the troops 1 will land them on the 
opposite shore, march them across the country to the St. Law- 
rence, and send the empty !);iat> round to a given rendezvous." 

" \> major general 11a upton is under your orders, permit me 
tosu<i - i j >u what is worthy of reflection : whether he should 
a position, and wait the arrival of my command near the 
i luence of the St. Lawrence and Grand river, or whether he 
should move down the St. Lawrence, and menace Chambly? If 
be issti • ougli to meet -ii George, the latter will be the pre- 
ferable plan, 1 ).'' ause i! v\<ll have the effect to divide the enemy's 
force ; otherwise he - lould adopt the first idea, hazard nothing, 
and strengthen my hand-."* 

"The enclosed copy of a memorandum from colonel Swift will 
show you what he is i bout, 1 Hatter myself, to your satisfaction. 
The sole unpleasant ci cumstance before me, is our total i<;no- 
e if the preparations of sir George, and whal we may expect 
to meet on tl e island. I tear no consequences ; but it must be 
painful to lea I more than s k thousand men to battle hoodwinked; 
and vet all my efforts to procure intelligence from Montreal have 
proved fruitless." 



H. Q. FOUR CORNIRS, November lit, 1813. 

SIR, 

On the morning of the 21st ultimo the army commenced its 
movement down the Chateaugay, for the purpose of placing itself 
in a situation which would enable it to fulfil its part of the pro- 
posed combined operations on the St. Lawrence. 

An extensive wood of eleven or twelve miles in front, block- 
aded up with felled timber, and covered by the Indians and light 
troops of the enemy, was a serious impediment to the arduous 
task of opening a road for the artillery and stores. Brigadier gen 

32 



250 

(Mai Izard, with flic li^ht troops and one regiment of the line, was 
detached early in the morningto turn these impediments in flank, 
and to seize on the more open country below, while the army, 
preceded by a strong working party, advanced on a more 
circuitous but practicable route for a road. The measure, as 
will be seen by the report of brigadier general Izard, which 1 
have the honour to inclose, completely succeeded, and the main 
body of the army reached t! e advanced position on the evening 
of th" 22d. The 23d and 24th were employed in completing the 
road and getting up the artillery and stores. 

I had arranged-, at my departure, under the direction of major 
Parker, a line of communication as tar up the St. Lawrence as 
Ogdensburg, lor the purpose of hastening to me the earliest no- 
tice of the progress of our army down. 1 had surmounted twenty 
four miles of the most difficult part of the route, and had in ad- 
vance of me seven miles of open country, but at the end of that 
distance commenced a wood ol some miles in extent, which had 
been formed into an entire abatis and filled by a succession of 
wooden breast works, the rearmost of which were supplied with 
ordnance. In front of these defences were placed the Indian force 
and light corps of the enemy, and in the rear all of his disposable 
force. As the extent of this force depended upon his sense of 
danger on the St. Lawrence, it was a cause of regret that all 
communication from yourself or major Parker seemed to be at 
an end. As it was, however, belieAed that the enemy was hourly 
adding to his strength in this position, if free from the apprehen- 
sion of danger from above, an effort was judged necessary to 
dislodge him, and if it succeeded, we should be in possession of a 
j osition which we could hold as long as any doubts remained of 
what v., ing above, and of the real part to be assigned us. 

Oin- guides assured us of a shoal and practicable fording place 
opposite the lower flank of the enemy's defences, and that the 
avu(,(! on the opposite side of the river, a distance of seven or 
it miles, was practicable for the passage of the troops. Colo- 
nel Purdy with the light corps, and a strong body ot infantry of 
the line, was detached at an earh hour of the night of the 25th to 
gain this ford by the morning, and to commence his attack in rear, 
and thai was to be the signal for the army to tall on in front, and 
n was believed the \ ass might be carried before the enemy's dis- 
tanl troops Id be brought forward to its support. 

I had returned to my quarters from Purdy's column about 9 
o'clock at night, where i found a Mr. Baldwin, of the quarter 
partment, who put into my hands an open paper 
containing instructions to him from the quarter master general, 
respecti ... of huts for the army in the Chateaugay, 

Ik low the line. This paper sunk my hopes, and raised serious 
» of r< eivine thai efficacious support which had been an - 
'" ipated. I would have recalled the column, but it was in mo- 
tion, and the darkness of the night rendered it impracticable. 



251 

I could only «;o forward. The army was put in motion on the moi - 
oing of the 26th, Leaving its baggage, ix.c. on the ground of en- 
campment. 

On advancing near the enemy, it was found that the column oh 
the opposite side was not as far advanced as had been anticipa- 
ted. The had missed it, and finally failed in finding the 
ford. We could not communicate with it, but only awaited the 
attack below. About '2 o'clock the firing commenced, and our 
troops advanced rapidly to the attack. The enemy's light troops 
commenced a sharp lire, but brigadier general Izard advanced 
with his brigade, drove him every where behind his defences and 
silenced the fire in his front. This brigade would have, pushed 
forward as far as courage, skill and perseverance could have 
carried it ; but on advancing it was found that the firing had com- 
menced on the opposite side, and the ford had not been gained. 

The enemy retired behind his defences, but a renewal of his 
attack wasex] ■ ted, and the troops remained some time in their 
position to meet it. The troops on the opposite -ide were exces- 
sively fatigued. The enterprise had failed in its main point, and 
colonel Purdy was ordered to withdraw his column to a shoal 
four or five miles above, and cross over. The day was spent, and 
general Izard was ordered to withdraw his brigade to a position 
three miles in the rear, to which place the baggage had been or- 
dered forward. 

The slowness and order with which general Izard retired with 
hi* brigade, could but have inspired the enemy with respect. 
They presumed not to venture a shot at him during Ids movement ; 
but the unguardedness ot some part ofPurdy's command exposed 
him to a rear attack from the Indians, which was repeated after 
dark, ami exposed him to some loss. These attacks were always 
repelled, and must have cost the enemy as many lives as we lust. 
Our entire lo-^ of killed, wounded and missing, does not exceed 
fifty. In its new position within three miles of the enemy's post, 
the army encamped on the night of the 26th, and remained until 
12 o'clock of the 28th. All the deserters, of whom there were four, 
having concurred in the information that sir George Prevost, 
with three other general officers, had arrived with the whole of 
his disposable force, and lav in the rear of these defences, and a 
letter from major Parker (by express received on the evening of 
the 26th) having informed me that no movements of our army 
down the St. Lawrence had been heard of at Ogdensburg, and for 
some distance above ; the following questions were submitted to 
commanding officers of brigades, regiments, and corps, and the 
heads of the general start", in a council convened for the purpose : 
" Is it advisable, under existing circumstances, to renew the at- 
tack on the enemy's position, and if not, what position is it advis- 
able for the army to take, until it can receive advices of the 
advance of the grand army down the St, Lawrence ?" The 
opinion of the council was expressed in the following words : 



252 

•■ It is the unanimous opinion of this council, that it is neces- 
sary, for the preservation of this army and the fulfilment of the 
ostensible views of the government, that we immediately return 
by orderly inarches to such a position (Chateaugayj as will se- 
cure our communications with the United States, either to retire. 
into winter quarters, or to be ready to strike below." In pursu- 
ance of this opinion, the army has returned by slow marches to 
this iJ.<ce, and now awaits the orders of the government. Its 
condition will be stated by the bearer, colonel King, who can give 
you, upon every point, more full and perfect information, than 
could be contained in a written detail. 

1 have the honour to be, &c. 

W. HAMPTON. 
Honourable John Armstrong, 

Secretary of War. 



HEAD QUARTERS, FOUT GEORGE, November 3d, 1813. 

SIR, 

Lieutenant Le Breton, an officer in your service, arrived at 
Detroit on the 15th ultimo, bearing a flag and a letter to me from 
general Proctor, requesting humane treatment for the prisoners in 
my possession, and the restoration of private property and papers. 
This letter was directed to me at the Moravian towns; and as 
the subject was ::ot of the importance to authorize the lieutenant's 
pursuing me to Detroit, 1 was somewhat surprised at his doing 
so. It did not a] pear to me proper to permit him to return in 
thai way, and as I was on the point of setting out for tins frontier 
by water, 1 conceived that that mode of comevance would be full 
as agreeable to him, and would enable him to meet general Proc- 
tor as expeditiously as by the land route. I regret that the bad- 
ness of the weather, and other causes which he will explain, have 
detained him until this time. 

Understanding that you are the senior officer, I have determin- 
ed to address my answer to you. With respect to the subject of 
general Proctor's letter, those which I have the honour to enclose 
to you from the British officers, who were taken on the 5th ultimo, 
to their friends, and the report of Mr. Le Breton, will satisfy you 
that no indulgence which humanity could claim in their favour, 
or ihe usages of war sanction, has been withheld. The disposi- 
tion of the property taken on the field of action, or near it, was 
left to the commanding officer at Detroit. The instructions given 
to that gentleman, and the v ell known generosity of his character, 
will insure to the claimants the utmost justice and liberality in 
hi> decisions. In making this statement, I wish it, however, to 
be distinctly understood, that my conduct, with regard to the pri- 
soners and property taken, has been dictated solely by motives of 
humanity, and not by a belief that it could be claimed upon the 
score of reciprocity of treatment towards the American prisoners 



259 

who bad fallen into the hands of general Proctor. The unhappy 
description of persons who I a\ • escaped from the tomahawk ol 
Bavage* in the employment of the British government, who 
fought under the immediate orders of th at officer, have suffered 
all the indignities and deprivations which human nature is capa- 
ble ol" supporting. There is no single instance that I have heard 
of, in which the property of the officers has been respected. But 
I am far from believing that the conduct of general Proctor has been 
thought an example worthy of imitation by tlv greater part of the 
British officers ; and in the character of general Vincent, [ have a 
pledge that he will unite his exertions with mine, to soften as 
much as possible the fate of those whom the fortune of war may 
reciprocally place in our power. 

But, sir, there is another subject upon which I wish an explicit, 
declaration. Will the Indians who still adhere to the cause of 
hi- Britannic majesty, be suffered to continue that horrible species 
of warfare which they have heretofore practice 1 against our troopr,, 
and those —till more horrible depredations upon the peaceable in- 
habitants of our frontiers? 1 have sufficient evidence to show- 
that even the latter have not always been perpetrated by small 
parties of vagrant Indians', acting at a distance from the British 
army. Some of the mosl atrocious instances have occurred under 
the eyes of the British commander and the head of the Indian 
department. 1 shall pass by the tragedy of the river Raisin, and 
that equally well known which was acted on the Miami river, 
after the defeat id" colonel Dudley, and -elect three other instances 
of savage barbarity committed under the auspices of general 
Proctor: In the beginning of June, a small party of Indians, 
conducted by an Ottawa chief, who I believe is now with the 
British army under your command, left .Maiden in bark canoes, 
in which they coasted lake Erie, to the mouth of Portage river ; the 
canoes were take.) across the Portage to the Sandusky hay, over 
which the party proceeded to the mouth of Cold creek, and from 
thence bv land to the settlements upon that river, where they cap- 
tured three families, consisting of one man twelve women and 
children. After taking the prisoners some distance, one of the 
women was discovered to be unable to keep up with them, in 
consequence of her advanced state of pregnancy. She was imme- 
diately tomah iwked, stript naked, her womb ripped open, and the 
child taken out. Three or four ol' the children were successively 
butchered as they discovered their inability to keep up with the 
party. Upon the arrival of the Indians at Maiden, two or three 
of the prisoners were ransomed by colonel Elliott, and the other- 
by the citizens of Detroit, where they remained until they were 
taken off by their friends upon the recovery of that place by 
our army. I have been informed that the savage chief received 
from colonel Elliott a reprimand for his cruelty. 

On the 29th or 30th id' the same month, a large party of Indians 
were sent from Maiden on a war expedition to Lower Sanduskyj 



254 

\t a 'arm house, near that place, they murdered the whole family, 
consisting of a man, his wife, son and daughter. 

During the lasl attack upon Fort Meigs by general Proctor, a 
party headed by a Seneca, and intimate friend of Tecumseh's, 
was sent to endeavour to detach from our interest the Shawanese 
of Wapockanata. In their way hither they murdered several 
men and one woman, who was working in her cornfield. 

I have selected, sir, the above from a long list of similar in- 
stances of barbarity, which the history of the last fifteen months 
could furnish; because they were perpetrated, if not in the 
view of the British commander, by parties who came immediately 
from his camp and returned to it ; who even received their daily 
support from the king's stores, and who, in fact, (as the documents 
in inv possession will show) form part of his army. 

To retaliate then upon the subjects of the king would have been 
justifiable bv the laws of war and the usages of the most civilized 
nations. To do so has been amply in my power. The tide of 
fortune has changed in our favour, and an extensive and flou- 
ing province opened to our arms. Nor have instruments of 
vengeance been wanting;. The savages who sued to us for 
mercj would gladly have shown their chiims to it, by re-acting 
upon Than\es the bloody scenes of Sandusky and Cold creek. A 
of approbation would have been sufficient to pour upon 
the subjects of the king their whole fury. The future conduct of 
British officers will determine the correctness of mine in with- 
holding it. II the savages should be again let loose upon our set- 
tlements, I shall with justice be accused of having sacrificed the 
- and honour of my country, and the lives of our fellow- 
citizens to feelings of false and mistaken humanity. You are 
r, sir, and as 1 sincerely believe, possess all the honourable 
which ought always to be found in men who follow 
ion of arms. Use then, 1 pray you, your authori- 
ien< e to stop that dreadful effusion of innocent blood, 
which proceeds from the e ployment of those savage monsters, 
must now be discovered) is so little to be depended 
n when it is most wanted, and which can have so trifling an 
issue of the war. The effect of their barbarities 
will not be confined to the present generation. Ages yet to 
come will feel the deep rooted hatred and enmity winch they 
i produce between the two nations. 
• d te most sincerelj the dreadful alternative which will be 

red to n be continued ; but I solemnly declare, 

ili.it if the Indians thai remain under the influence of the British 
eminent, at ed to commit any depredations uponjtheciti 

/.ens within the district that is committed to my protection, I will 
the restrictions which have hitherto been imposed upon 
ho have offered their services to the United States, and di- 
themtocarrj i teirownway. I have never heard 

a -' i -<■ for the employment of the savages by your gov- 



2£5 

eminent, unless we can credit the story of some British officer hai 
ing (hired toassert , that "as we employed the Kentuckians, you had 
a right to make use <>f the Indians." If such injurious sentiments 
have really prevailed, t<» the prejudice of a brave, well-informed, 
and virtuous people, it will be removed by the representations of 
your officers who were lately taken on the river Thames. They 
will inform you, sir, that so far from offering any violence to the 
persons of their prisoners, these savages would not permit a word 
to escape them which was calculated to wound or insult their feel- 
iiiL-, and this too, with the sufferings of their friends and relatives, 
at the river Raisin and Miami, fresh upon their recollection. 1 
pledge myself for the truth of the above statements in relation to 
the murders committed by the Indian.-. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 
WILLIAM II. HARRISON. 
M ajor general Vincent. 



VICTORY OVER THE CREEKS. 

CAMP AT TEN ISLANDS, November 4th, 1813. 
SIR, 

I had the honour, yesterday, of transmitting you a short 
account ol an engagement that took place between a detachment 
of about 900 men from my brigade, with the enemy at Tallus- 
hatches town ; the particulars whereof, 1 beg herein to recite you. 
Pursuant to your order of me 2d, 1 detailed from my brigade of 
cavi !:• and mounted riflemen, 900 men and officers, and proceed- 
ing directly to the Tallushatches towns, crossed Coosy river at 
the Fish Dam ford, three or four miles above this place. I ar- 
rived within one and a half miles of the town (distant from this 
place south-east, eight miles) on the morning of the Zd, at which 
place I di ided my detachment into two columns, the right com- 
posed of the cavalry commanded l>v colonel Allcorn, to cross over 
a large creek that lay between us and the towns: the left column 
was of the mounted riflemen, under the command of colonel 
non, with whom I marched myself. Colonel Allcorn was or- 
dered to march up on the' right, and encircle one half of the town, 
and at the same time the left would form a half circle on the left, 
and unite the head of the columns in front of the town: all of 
which was performed as I could wish. When I arrived within 
half a mile of the town, the drums of the enemy began to beat, 
mingled with their savage yells, preparing for action. It was after 
sun -rise an 'our, when the action was brought on by captain Ham- 
mond and lieutenant Patterson's companies, who had gone on 
within the circle of alignment, for the purpose of drawing out the 
enemy from their buildings, which had the most happy effect. 
V -oon as caj tain Hammond exhibited his front in view of the 
town, (wi ch stood in open woodland) and gave a few scattering 
^>h*»t, the enemy formed and made a violent charge on hint; hr 



256 

re way a* they advanced, until they met our right column, 
whii general 6 re, and then charged; this changed 

liu' direction of the charge completely ; the enemy retreated tiring, 
until they got around, and in their buildings, where they made 
all the resistance that an overpowered soldier could do ; they 
_it as long as one existed, but their destruction was very soon 
com pie I : our men rushed up to the doors of the houses, and 
in a few minutes killed the last warrior of them; the enemy 
Fought with savage fury, and met death with all its horrors, with- 
out shrinking or complaining: not one asked to be spared, but 
fought as long as thej co lid stand or sit. In consequence of their 
ig to their houses and mixing with the families, our men, in 
killi;i>^ the male-, without intention killed and wounded a few of 
the squaws and children, which was regretted bveverv officer and 
soldier of the detachment, but which could not be avoided. 

The number of the enemy killed, was 186 that were counted, 
and a number of others that were killed in the weeds not found. 
1 think the calculation a reasonable one, to say COO of them were 
killed, and si prisoners, of women and children, were taken ; 
not one of the warriors escaped to carry the news, a circumstance 
unknow n heretofore. 

We lost five men killed, and 41 wounded, none mortally, the 
greater part slightly, a number with arrows: this appears to ibnn 
a very principal part of the enemy's arms for warfare, every man 
having a bow with a bundle of arrows, which is used after the 
lir>t lire with the gun, until a leisure time for loading offers. 

It is with pleasure 1 say, that our men acted with deliberation 
and firmness; notwithstanding our numbers were superior to that 
of the enemy, it was a circumstance to us unknown, and from the 
parade of the enemy, we had every reason to suppose them our 
equals in number: but there appeared no visible traces of alarm 
:\. but on the contrary, all appeared cool and determined, 
and no doubt when they face a foe of their own, or superior num- 
ber, the\ will show the same courage as on this occasion. 

1 have the honour to be, &c. 
JOHN' COFFEE, 
Brig. Gen. of Cavalry and riflemen* 

U ijor general Andrew Jackson. 



SACKETT'S 1IAUT.OK, November 6th, 1813. 
SIR, 

\- I have reason to believe that the Royal George, Prince 
Re -;it. and Duke of Gloucester, have gone up the lake, with 
troops to reinforce Fori George; and as I have to believe that 
other troops are waiting at Kingston for their return, destined for 

the sa port, 1 have determined to proceed with the force I 

■ ready, in quest of the enemy. My present intention is, to 
fuke a position on the Canada shore, near some small islands, 



257 

'.ailed the " False Bucks," where the enemy are obliged to pas>, 
and where I will wait r'neir return to Kingston. It I should suc- 
ceed in my enterprise (-which I have but little doubt of) I shall 
make an attack upon Kingston, for the purpose of destroying the 
guns and public stores at that station. 

I shall proceed for my station this evening, or to-morrow 
morning, with the following vessels, to wit: brig Oneida, and 
schooners Hamilton, Governor Tompkins, Conquest, Growler, Ju- 
lia and Pert ; mounting altogether 40 guns, of different calibres., 
and 430 men, including marines. 

AN ith this force I hope to give a good account of the enemy, 
although he is more than double our force in guns and men. His 
consists of the following vessels, as nearly as I can ascertain, to 
wit : the ship Royal George, 26 guns, 260 men ; ship Earl Moira, 
18 guns, 200 men; Schooners Prince Regent, 18 guns, 150 men; 
Duke of Glow ester, 14 guns, 80 men ; Governor Simcoe, 12 guns, 
70 men ; .Seneca, 4 guns, 40 men ; making a grand total of 108 
guvs, and 890 men. 

The officers and men, under my command, are all extremely 
anxious to meet the enemy. We cannot command success, but 
we will endeavour to deserve it. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

ISAAC CHAUNCEY. 

The Hon. Paid Hamilton, &C. 

PROCLAMATION. 

The following proclamation to the inhabitants of Canada, 
was issued by general Wilkinson, on his passage down the St. 
Lawrence. 

JAMES WILKINSON, 

Major general, and commander in chief of an expedition against 
the Canada?, to the inhabitants thereof: 

The army of the United States, which I have the honour to 
command, invades these provinces to conquer, not to destroy ; to 
subdue the forces of his Britannic majesty, not to war against his 
unoffending subjects; — those, therefore, among you, who remain, 
quiet at home, should victory incline to the American standard, 
shall be protected in their persons and property. But those who 
are found in arms, must necessarily be treated as avowed enemies. 

To menace is unjust — to seduce dishonourable — yet it is just 
and humane to place these alternatives before you. 

Done at the head quarters of the army of the United 
States, this 6th day of November, 1813, near Ogdens- 
burg, on the river St. Lawrence. 

JAMES WILKINSON. 
By the generaPs command, 

N. PINKNBY, Major and aid-de-cmmj). 
33 



258 

HEAD QUARTERS OF THE ARMY, 7 MTLES ABOVE OCDENSIWRG, 

November 6th, 1813, (in the euning.) 

SIR, . . 

I address you at the special instance of the Secretary of 

war, who, bv bad roads, worse weather, and ill health, was divert* 
ed from meeting me near this place, and determined to tread 
back his steps to 'Washington from Antwerp on the 29th ultimo. 

I am destined to, and determined on, the attack of Montreal, if 
not prevented by some act of God ; and to give security to the 
enterprise, the division under your command must co-operate 
witli the corps under my immediate orders. The point of ren- 
dezvous is the circumstance of greatest interest to the issue of 
this operation, and the distance which separates us, and my ig- 
norance of the practicability of the direct or devious roads or 
routes bv which you must march, makes it necessary that your own 
judgment should determine the point. To assist you in forming 
the soundest determination, and to take the most prompt and 
effectual measure-, I can only inform you of my intentions and 
situation in one or two respects of first importance. I shall pass 
Prescott to night, because the stage of the season will not allow 
me three days to take it ; shall cross the cavalry at Hamilton, 
which will not require a day ; I shall then press forward and 
break down every obstruction to the confluence of this river with 
Grand river, there to cross to the Isle Perrot, and with my scows 
to bridge the narrow inner channel, and thus obtain foothold on 
Montreal Island, at about 20 miles from the city : after which our 
artillery, bayonets, and swords, must secure our triumph, or provide 
us honourable graves. 

Inclosed vou have a memorandum of field and battering train 
pretty well found in mixed ammunition, which may enable you to 
dismiss your own ; but we are deficient in loose powder and mus- 
ket cartridges, and therefore hope you may be abundantly found. 

On the subject of provisions I wish I could give as favourable 
information : our whole stock of bread may be computed at about 
fifteen days, and our meat at twenty. In speaking on this sub- 
ject to the Secretary of War, he informed me ample magazines 
were laid upon Lake Champlain, and therefore I must request of 
you in order forward two or three months' supply by the safest 
route in a direction to the proposed scene of action. I have 
submitted the state of our provisions to my general officers, who 
unanimously agree thai it should not prevent the progress of the 
expedition ; and they also agree in opinion, that if you are not in 
force to face the enemy, you should meet us at St. Regis or its 
\ icinit v. 

I shall expert to hca* from, if not see you, at that place on the 
9th or 10 instant. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

JAMES WU.K1NSON. 

k ' jor General Hampton. 



359 

NEW YORK, November 7th, 1813. 
SIR, 

I have the honour to inform you of the re-capture of the 
American schooner Sparrow, of Baltimore, from New-Orleans 
bon ml to this port, laden with sugar and lead. On the 3d the 
ene ny's ~hi|> Plantagenet, chased the said vessel on shore near 
],<>!i^ l)i. inch, six miles distant from where the flotilla is station- 
ed, and took possession of her with about 100 men. A detachment 
from the flotilla inarched against them, attacked them, drove them, 
from on board the vessel, and took possession under the fire of the 
enemy's shin and barges. In the affair we lost one man ; the 
enemy's loss must have been considerable, as many have been 
Been to fall. The wh >le cargo, together with sails, rigging, &c. 
have been saved, vessel bilged. 

I have honour to be, &c. 

J. LEWIS. 

Secretary of the Navy. 

HEAD QUARTERS, FOUR CORNERS, November 8th 1813- 
SIR, 

I had the honour to receive, at a late hour last evening, by 
colonel Kiti!£, your communication of the 6th, and was deeply im- 
pressed with the sense "I" responsibility it imposed, of deciding 
upon the means of our co-operation. The idea suggested as the 
opinion of your officers, of effecting the junction at St. Regis, 
was motri pleasing, as being the most immediate, until I came to 
the disclosure of the amount of your supplies of provision. 
Colonel Atkinson will explain the reasons that would have ren- 
dered it impossible for me to have brought more than each man 
could have carried on his back; and when 1 reflected that in 
throwing myself upon your scanty means, I should be weakening 
you in your most vulnerable point, I did not hesitate to adopt the 
opinion, after consulting the general and principal officers, that by 
throwing myself back on my main depot, when all the means of 
transportation had gone, and falling upon the enemy's flank, and 
straining every effort to open a communication from Plattsburg 
to Coghnawaga, or any point you may indicate on the St. Law- 
rence, 1 should more effectually contribute to your success, than 
by the junction at St. Regis. The way is in many places block- 
aded and abatted, and the road impracticable for wheel carriages 
during winter, but by the employment of pack horses, if I am not 
overpowered, I hope' to be able to prevent your starving. I have 
ascertained and witnessed the plan of the enemy is to burn and 
consume every thing in our advance. My troops and other means 
will be described to you bv colonel Atkinson. Besides the raw- 
ness and sickliness, they have endured fatigues equal to a winter 
campaign, in the late snows and bad weather, and are sadly dis- 
pirited and fdlen off; but upon this subject, 1 must refer you t« 
colonel Atkinson. 



360 

With these means, what can be accomplished by human exer- 
tion, I will attempt. With a mind devoted to the general objects 
of the campaign, 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

W. HAMPTON. 
His excellency maj. gen. James Wilkinson. 

HEAD QUARTERS, BURLINGTON HEIGHT*, 

November 10th, 1813, 

SIR, 

Lieutenant Le Breton having delivered your letter of the 3d 
instant. 1 have directed captain Merritt, of the Provincial dra- 
goon-, to proceed with a flag to fort George, as the bearer of this 
acknowledgment of your obliging communication. 

The account given of the British officers, whom the fortune 
of war has lately placed at the disposal of the United States, is 
such as cannot fail affording very consoling reflections to this 
army and their anxious friends. 

Though you must be sensible there are several points in your 
letter, respecting which it is wholly beyond my power to afford 
you the satisfaction of an " explicit declaration," yet, be assured, 
sir, I shall never feel the smallest degree of hesitation in joining 
you in any pledge, that it will ever be my anxious wish and endea- 
vour to alleviate as much as possible the fate of those v\ho may fall 
into my power by the chances of war. 

Believe me, sir, I deprecate as strongly as yourself, the perpe- 
tration of acts of cruelty committed under any pretext ; and shall 
lament equally with yourself that any state of things should pro- 
duce them. No efforts of mine will be ever wanting to diminish 
the evils of a state of warfare, as far as may be consistent with 
the duties which are due to my king and country. 

The Indians, when acting in conjunction with the troops under 
my command, have been invariably exhorted to mercy, and have 
never been deaf to my anxious entreaties on this interesting subject. 

1 shall not fail to transmit the original of your letter to the 
Lower Province, for the consideration of his excellency the com- 
mander of the forces. 

I feel particularly anxious to be made acquainted with your in- 
structions relative to the disposal of the gallant and truly un- 
fortunate captain Barclay, whose wounds, I lament to hear, are 
such as to preclude all hope of his being ever again able to resume 
the honourable duties of his station. Under these circumstances 
[ am induced to rely on your liberality and generous interference 
to obtain a release or parole, that he may be allowed the indul- 
gence of immediately proceeding to the Lower Province. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 
JOHN VINCENT, 
Major general, British army. 
His excellency maj. general Harrison 



261 

Bij his Excellency, 

MARTIN CHITTENDEN, Esq. 

Governor, captain general, and commander in chief in and over 

the state of Vermont. 

A PROCLAMATION. 

Whereas it appears, that the third brigade of the 3d 
division of militia of this state, has been ordered from our fron- 
tiers to the defence of a neighbouring state ; and whereas it further 
appears, to the extreme regret of the captain general, that apart of 
the militia of said brigade have been placed under the command, 
and at the disposal of, an officer of the United States, out of the 
jurisdiction or controul of the executive of this state, and have been 
actually marched to the defence of a sister state, fully compe- 
tent to all the purposes of self-defence, whereby an extensive 
section of our own frontier is left, in a measure, unprotected, 
and the peaceable, good citizens thereof are put in great jeopardy, 
and exposed to the retaliatory incursions and ravages of an exas- 
perated enemy; and whereas disturbances of a very serious na- 
ture are believed to exist, in consequence of a portion of the 
militia having been thus onli d out of the state : 

Therefore — to the end that these great evils may be provided 
against, and as far as may be, prevented for the future: 

Re it known, that such portion of the militia of said Sd division 
as may be now doing duty in the state of New York, or elsewhere, 
beyond the limit> of tlii> state, both officers and men, are hereby 
ordered and directed, by the captain general and commander in 
chief of the militia of the state of Vermont, forthwith to return 
to the respective places of their usual residence, within the terri- 
torial limits of said brigade, and there to hold themselves in con- 
stant readiness to act in obedience to the orders of brigadier 
general Jacob Davis, who is appointed, by the legislature of this 
state, to the command of said brigade. 

And the said brigadier general Jacob Davis is hereby ordered 
and directed, forthwith, to see that the militia of his said brigade 
be completely armed and equipped, as the law directs, and held 
in constant readiness to inarch on the shortest notice, to the defence 
of the frontiers: and, in case of actual invasion, without further 
orders, to march with his said brigade, to act, either in co-opera- 
tion with the troops of the United States, or separately, as cir- 
cumstances may require, in repelling the enemy from our terri- 
tory, and in protecting the good citizens of this state from the 
ravages of hostile incursions. 

And in case of an event, so seriously to be deprecated, it is 
hoped and expected that every citizen, without distinction ol 
party, will By at once to the nearest post of danger, and that the 
only rallying word be — " our country.*' » 






262 

Feeling, as the captain general does, the weight of responsi- 
bility which rests upon him, with regard to the constitutional du- 
ties of the militia, and the sacred rights of our citizens to pro- 
tection from this great class of the community, so essentially 
necessary in all free countries : at a moment too, When thev are so 
eminently exposed to the dangers of hostile incursions and do- 
mestic difficulties, he cannot conscientiously discharge the trust 
reposed in him by the voice of his fellow citizens, and by the 
constitutions of this state and the United States, without an une- 
quivocal declaration, that, in his opinion, the military strength 
and resources of this state must be reserved for its own defence 
and protection, exclusively ; excepting in cases provided for by 
the constitution of the United States ; and then, under orders 
derived only from the commander in chief. 

Given under my hand at Montpelier, this 10th day of Novem- 
ber, in the year of our Lord 1813, and of the independence of 
the United States, the 38th. 

MARTIN CHITTENDEN. 
By his excellency's command, 

SAMUEL SWIFT, Secretary. 

ANSWER 

To Governor Chittenden's Proclamation. 

To his Excellency 
MARTIN CHITTENDEN, Esq. 

Governor, Captain General, and commander in chief in and over 

the State of Vermont. 
SIR, 

A most novel and extraordinary proclamation from your ex- 
cellency, "ordering and directing such portion of the militia of 
the third brigade in the third division of the militia of Vermont, 
now doing duty in the state of New York, both officers and men, 
forthwith to return to the respective places of their usual resi- 
dence,'' has just been communicated to the undersigned officers of 
Baid brigade. A measure so unexampled, requires that we should 
staif to your excellency, the reasons which induce us absolutely 
and positively to refuse obedience to the order contained in your 
excellency's proclamation With due deference to your excel- 
li ncy's opinion, we humbly conceive, that when we are ordered 
into the service of the United States, it becomes our duty, when 
d, to march to the defence of any section of the union. 
W e are not of that class who believe that our duties, as citizens 
or soldiers, are circumscribed within the narrow limits of the 

ii or state in whic we reside; but that we are under a para- 



263 

niaunt obligation to our common country, to the great confederacy 
of the states. N\ •• further conceive, that while we are in actual 
secv e, vo ir excellency's power over us, as governor of the state 
of Vermont, is suspended. 

If it is true, as j ir excellency states, that « we arc out of the 
jurisdiction or controul of the executive of Vermont,'? we would 
ask from whence von- excellency derives the right, or presumes 
to exercise the power of ordering us to return from the service 
in which we are now engaged? If we were legally ordered into 
the service of the United States, your excellency must be sensi- 
ble that you have no authority to order us out of "that service. If 
we were illegally ordered into service, our continuance in it is 
either voluntary or compulsory. If voluntary, it gives no one a 
right to remonstrate or complain ; if compulsory, we can appeal 
to the laws of our country for redress against those who illegally 
re-train us of our liberty. In either case, we cannot perceive 
the right your excellency has to interfere in the business. View- 
ing the subject in this light, we conceive it our duty to declare 
unequivocally to your excellency, that we shall not obey your 
excellency's order for returning; but shall continue in the ser- 
vice of our country, until we are ■ and honourably dis- 
charged. An invitation or order to desert the standard of our 
country, will never be obeyed by us, although it proceeds from 
the governor and captain general of Vermont. 

Perhaps it is proper, that we bIiouW content ourselves with 
merely giving your excellency the reasons which prevail upon us 
to disregard your proclamation ; but we are impressed with the 
belief, that our duty to ourselves, to the soldiers under our com- 
mand, and to the public, requires that we should expose to the 
world, the motives which produced, and the objects which were 
intended to be accomplished by such an extraordinary proclama- 
tion. We shall take the liberty to stare to your' excellency 
plainly, our sentiments on this subject. We consider your pro- 
clamation as a gross 1 isull to the officers and soldiers in service, 
inasmuch as it implies that they are so ignorant of their rights, as 
to believe you have authority to command them in their present 
situation, or so abandoned as to follow your insidious advice. We 
cannot regard your proclamation in any other light, than as an 
unwarrantable stretch of executive authority, issued from the 
worst of motive effect the ba ;st purposes. It is, in our 

opinion, a renewed instance of that spirit of disorganization and 
anarchy which is carried on by a fiction, to overwhelm our coun- 
ts v with ruin and disgrace. We cannot perceive what other 
object your excellency could have in view, than to embarrass the 
operation- ..: the 11 1 excite mutiny and sedition among the 

soldiers, and to induce them to desert, that thev 11 titforfei the 
wages to which they are entitled for their patriot:;.' services. 

N\ e avc . iwever, the satisfaction to infirm - our excellency, 
that although your proclamations have been distributed among the 

1 



2G4 

soldiers, by your agent delegated for that purpose, they have fail- 
ed to produce the intended effect — and although it may appear 
incredible to your excellency, even soldiers have discernment 
sufficient to perceive, that the proclamation of a governor, when 
issued out of the line of his duty, is a harmless, inoffensive and 
nugatory document — they regard it with mingled emotions of 
pity and contempt for its author, and as a striking monument of 
hi- folly. 

Before we conclude, we feel ourselves, injustice to your excel- 
lency, bound to declare, that a knowledge of your excellency's 
character induces us to believe, that the folly and infamy of the 
proclamation to which your excellency has put your signature, 
is not wholly to be ascribed to your excellency, but chiefly to the 
evil advisers, with whom we believe your excellency is unhappily 
encompassed. 

We are, with due respect, &c. 

Luther Dixon, lieutenant colonel; Elijah Dee, junr. major; 
Josiah Grout, major; Charles JSennet, captain ; Jesse Post, cap- 
tain; Elijah W. Wood, captain; Elijah Birge, captain; Martin 
D. Foliet, captain; Amasa Mansfield, captain ; T. H. Campbell, 
lieutenant ; G. 0. Dixon, lieutenant ; Francis Northway, lieute- 
nant; Joshua Brush, lieutenant : Daniel Dodge, ensign ; Sand- 
ford Gadcomb, captain ; James Fullington, quarter master; Shep- 
herd Beals, lieutenant ; John Fasset, surgeon; Seth Clark, junr. 
surgeon- s mate ; Thomas Waterman, captain; Benjamin Foliet, 
lieutenant ; Hira Hill, surgeon's mate. 



CAMP STROTHER, NEAR TEN ISLANDS OF COOSA, 

November 11th, 1813. 

SIR, 

I am just returned from an excursion which I took a few 
• lays ago, and hasten to acquaint you with the result. 

Late on the evening of the 7th instant, a runner arrived from 
the friendly party, in Lashley's fort, (Tailedega) distant about 
30 miles below us, with the information that the hostile Creeks, 
in great force, had encamped near the place, and were preparing 
to destroy it; and earnestly entreated that I would lose no time 
in affording them relief. Urged by their situation, as well as by 
a wish to meet the enemy so soon as an opportunity would offer, I 
determined upon commencing my march thither with all my dis- 
posable force in the course of the night; and immediately des- 
patched an express to general White, advising him of my intend- 
ed movement, and urged him to hasten to this encampment by 
a forced march, in order to protect it in my absence. I had re- 
peatedly written the general to form a junction with me as speedily 
as practicable, and a few days before had received his assurance, 
that on the 7th he would join me. I commenced crossing the 



265 

river at the Ten Inlands, leaving behind me my baggage wagons 
r retard my progress; and encamped thatmght 
-lit' the fori 1 had set out to relieve. At midnight 
I d receive I. by an Indian runner, a letter from general White, 
Tiling me thai he had received my order, but that he had 
altered hie course, and was on his march backwards to join major 
general Cocke, near the mouth of Chatuga. I will not now re- 
i % upon the strangeness of this manouvre ; but it was now too 
I ui\ plan, or make any new arrangements; and 

i 3 and 4 o'clock, I re-comraenced my march to meet the 
i., Iiu were encamped within a quarter of a mile of the fort. 
At s m- came within half a mile of them, and having formed 

my men, ! move I on in battle order. The infantry were in three 
line — the militia on the left, and the volunteers on the right. The 
cavalry formed the two extreme wings, and were ordered to ad- 
vance in a curve, keeping their rear connected with the advance 
ol their infantry' lines, and enclose the enemy in a circle. The 
advanced guard whom I sent forward to bring on the engagement, 
met the i of the enetnj With great intrepidity : and having 

poured i n them four or h ■<• vei j j» tiling rounds, fell back as they 

nail been previously ordered, t<> the mam army. The enemy pur- 
sued, and the from I • - bow ordered to advance and meet 
him ; but owing to - i le misunderstanding, a few companies of 
i i !, who composed a part of it, commenced a retreat. At 
this moment a corps of cavalry, commanded by lieutenant colonel 
Dyer, which I had kept as a reserve, was unified to dismount, 
and till up the vacancy occasioned by the retreat. This order 
ed with a great deal <>f promptitude and effect. The 
militia, seeing this, speedily rallied ; and the lire became genera] 
alonu the front line, and on that part of the wings which was con- 
tiguous. The enemy, unable to stand it, began to retreat; but 
met at every turn, and repulsed in every direction. The 
right wing chased them with a most destructive fire to the moun- 
tain- a distance of about three miles — and had I not been com- 
pelled by the faux pas of the militia in the outset of the battle, to 
dismount my reserve, 1 believe not a man of them would have 
iped. The victory however was very decisive — 290 of the 
enemy were left dead— and there can be no doubt but many more 
w ere killed who were not found. Wherever they ran they left be- 
hind them traces of blood ; and it is believed that very few will 
return to their villages in as sound a condition as they left them. 
I was compelled to return to this place to protect the sick and 
woumh-d, and gel my baggage on. 

In the engagement \\ elost 15 killed and 85 wounded — 2 of them 
have since died. All the officers acted with the utmost bravery, 
and so did all the privates except that part of the militia who re- 
treated at the commencement of the battle — and they hastened 
to attone for their error. Taking the whole together, they hav*- 

34 



26G 

realized the high expectations I had formed of them, and have 
fairly entitled themselves to the gratitude of their country. 

ANDREW JACKSON- 

His excellency Willie Blount, Nashville. 



CAMP, NEAR CORNWALL, November 12th, 181S- 

SIR, 

I have the honour to report to you, that yesterday, while the 
rear division of the army, consisting; of detachments from the 1st, 
3d, and 4th brigades, and placed under my command to protect 
the flotilla from the enemy, that hung on our rear, was under arms 
in order to move, agreeably to your orders, down the bank of the 
St. Lawrence, a report was brought to me from the rear guard, 
that a bodv of about 200 British and Indians had advanced into 
the woods that skirted our rear. General Swartwout, with the 
4th brigade, was immediately ordered to dislodge them ; general 
Covington, with the 3d brigade, at the same time, directed to be 
within supporting distance. General Swartwout dashed into the 
woods, and with the 21st infantry, (a part of his brigade) after a 
short skirmish, drove them back to the position of their main body. 
Here he was joined by general Covington. The enemy had judi- 
ciously chosen his ground among the ravines, which every where 
intersected the extensive plain, and discharged a heavy and 
galling tire upon our advanced columns. No opposition or obsta- 
cle, however, checked their ardour. The enemy retired. for more 
than a mile before their resolute and repeated charges. During 
this time, the detachment of the 1st brigade under colonel Coles, 
whose greater distance from the scene of action retarded its arri- 
val, rapidly entered the field. Being directed to attack the ene- 
my's left flank, this movement was promptly and bravely executed 
amid a shower of musketry and shrapnel! shells. The fight now 
became more stationary, until the brigade first engaged, having 
ev ended all their ammunition, were directed to retire to a more 
defensible position to wait for a re-supply. This movement so 
disconnected the line as to render it expedient for the first brigade 
likewise to retire. It should be remarked, that the artillery, 
excepting two pieces under captain Irvine, attached to the rear 
division, which from the nature of the ground, and the circuitous 
route they had to take, were likewise much retarded in their 
arrival, did not reach the ground until the line, for want oi 
ammunition, J^ad already began to fall back. When they v ere 
arranged, in doing which I was assisted by the skill of colonel 
Swift, of the engineers, their fire was sure and destructive. When 
the artillery was finally directed to retire, having to cross a deep, 
ami excepting in one place, (to artillery) impassable ravine, one 
piece was unfortunately lost. The falf of its gallant commander, 
lieutenant Smith, and most of his men, may account for this 



267 

accident. In the death of tliis young man, the army has lost one 
of 'it* most pro lising officers. 

The -'| i idron of i M regiment of dragoons, under major 
Woodford, was early on the field, and much exposed to the ene- 
my"* Qre, bat the nature of the ground, and the position of his 
line, did not admit <>f those successful! charges, which their disci- 
pline and ardour, under more favourable circumstances, are 
ilal d to make. Tlie reserve, under colonel Upham* and 
major Malcolm, did not arrive from the boats in time to partici- 
pate in but a -mall part of the action ; but the activity and /.eal 
they displayed while engaged, evinced the benefit that might have 
■I derived from their earlier assistance. 

The whole of the line was now re-formed on the borders of 
those woods from which the enemy had first been driven ; when, 
night coming on and the storm returning, and conceiving that the 
object von had in view, which was to beat back the enemy that 
would retard oar junction with the main bodj below, to have been 
accomplished, the troops were directed to return to the ground 
near the flotilla; which movement was executed in good order, 
and without molestation from the enemy. 

I cannot close mj representation of this battle, without indulg- 
ing in a few remarks upon those officers, whose conduct will 
give a charat tef to the conflit t of this day. General Covington, 
whose readiness to enter the field was an earnest of" his subse- 
quent activity, received a mortal wound, while leading his men 
on to a successful charge. 1 1 is troops >till feeling the effects of 
bis gallant example, continued to advance long after their brave 
commander had fallen. Hi* fate will perpetuate the memory of the 
plain which has been crimsoned by his blood. Colonel Preston 
was severely wounded, while nobfy fighting at the head of his 
regiment. The universal sympathy which is excited by the hon- 
ourable misfortune of this amiable officer, attests the estimation 
which is entertained of his talents as a soldier, and his virtues as 
a man. Major Cumming, with whose military merits and exer- 
tions I have long been acquainted, met with a similar fate while 
leading to a charge, and undiscouraged by the wound continued 
to advance, until lossof blood obliged him to retire. Many pla- 
toon officers received disabling or slight wounds in the honour- 
able discharge of their duty, a report of whose names and merits 
I have directed the several chiefs of brigades to make to me, in 
order that I ma\ transmit it to you. It is with great satisfaction 
I acknowledge my warmest approbation of the gallantry and 
zeal which was constantly displayed throughout this eventful day, 
by brigadier general Swartwout, and colonel Coles, who com- 
manded the detachment of the 1st brigade. 

After the fall of general Covington, colonel Pierce, on 
whom the command of the 3d brigade devolved, conducted with 

♦Colonel Upham was not in this action. His boat had shoved off and was 
ten miles from the scene of action when the battle commenced. It wasmajor 
Malcolm who headed the reserve and decided the conflict. 



26S 

his characteristic coolness and valour. In speaking of the other 
numerous '"ield officers who participated in this battle, colonel* 
Gaines and 'Ripley, lieutenant colonel Aspinwall, and majors 
Morgan, Grafton and Gardner, their equal claim to applause for- 
bids the invidioustask of discrimination, I find a pleasure like- 
wise in acknowledging the eminent service I derived from the 
experience and activity of adjutant general colonel Walback ; 
from the assistance of inspector general, colonel Johnson, and 
assistant adjutant generals, majors Beebe and Chambers ; the 
latter was wounded in the honourable discharge of his duty. In 
addition to these acknowledgments, a sense of justice, as 
well as personal friendship, induces me to express my entire ap- 
probation of the conduct of lieutenant Henry Whiting, my aid- 
de-camp, who was in this instance, as he has been during the whole 
campaign, my zealous and brave assistant. Lieutenant Worth, 
aid-de-camp to major general Lewis, led by a laudable ambition, 
left the flotilla, and volunteered his acceptable services tome on 
the field. 

Permit me now to add, sir, that though the result of this action 
was not so brilliant and decisive as I could have wished, and the 
first stages of it seemed to promise, yet when it is recollected that 
the troops had long been exposed to hard privations and fatigues, 
to inclement storms from which they could have no shelter; that 
the enemv were superior to us in numbers, and greatly superior 
in position, and supported by 7 or 8 heavy gun boats; that the 
action being unexpected, was necessarily commenced without 
much concert ; that we were, by unavoidable circumstances, long 
deprived of our artillery; and that the action was warmly and 
obstinately contested for more than three hours, during which 
there were but a few short cessations of musketry and cannon ; 
when all these circumstances are recollected, perhaps this day 
may be thought to have added some reputation to the American 
arms. And if ♦ i this occasion, you shall believe me to have 
done my duty, and accomplished any one of your purposes, I 
shall be satisfied. 

Allow me to adjoin my regret, which is felt in common with the 
army, that the severity of your indisposition deprived us of your 
presence on this occasion. The adjutant general has been direct- 
ed to furnish a report of ihe killed, wounded, and the casualties., 
I have the honour to be, &c. 

JOHN P. BOYD, Brig. Gen. Comdg. 
Major general Wilkinson. 



HEAD QUARTERS, NEAR CORNWALL, (U. C.) 

November 12th, 1813. 
SIR, 

I this day had the honour to receive your letter of the 8th. 
instant, by colonel Atkinson, and ivant language to express my 



2G0 

sororw for your determination not to join the division under your 
command with the troops under my immediate orders. 

As such resolution defeats the grand objects of the carapaigu 
in this quarter, which, before the receipt of your letter, were, 
thought to be completely within our power, no suspicion being 
entertained that you would decline the junction directed, it will 
oblige us to take post at French Mills, on Salmon river, or in their 
vicinity, for the winter. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

JAMES WILKINSON. 
Major general Hampton. 

Extract from the general order of general Wilkinson, of No- 
vember IZth, 1813. 

" The troops are to embark without loss of time ; yet are not 
to be harried in leaving the Canadian shore, from whence the 
commander in chief is compelled to retire by the extraordinary, 
unexampled, and, it appears, unwarrantable conduct of major 
general Hampton, in refusing to join this army with a division of 
4,000 men under his command, agreeably to positive order* from 
the commander in chief, and u he baa been assured by the Se- 
eretars of War, of explicit instructions from the war department. 

"Thus deprived of a large portion of his promised force, the 
commander in chief feels himself bound by a sense of regard to 
this meritorious corps, and of >acred duty to the United States, 
to spare the lives of brave men, and not to hazard the character 
or interest of the nation, by an unequal conflict. He, with lively 
regret and the deepest mortification, suspends the attack on Mon- 
treal. But he assures the army that it is not abandoned." 

HEAD QUARTERS, NEWARK, November 15th, 1S13. 

DEAR SIR, , .„;.,-. 

Being ordered to return to the westward, you will be pleased 
to resume the command which you received previous to my arri- 
val at this pace. 

The orders which you heretofore have received will govern you. 
It will be necessary that you keep a vigilant eye over the dis- 
affected part of the inhabitants, and I recommend that you make 
use of the zeal, activity, and local knowledge which colonel 
Willcocks certainly possesses to counteract the machinations ot 
our enemy, and ensure the confidence of our friends, anions the 
inhabitants. It will, however, I am persuaded, be your wish, as it is 
your duty, to guard the latter as much as possible from oppression. 

The volunteers which were lately called out will be retained 
as long as you consider their services necessary ; the dratted mi- 
litia, until further orders are received from the Secretary of war. 



270 

There can be little doubt of its being the intention of the 
enemy to send the greater part of the troops, which they have at 
Burlington and York, to Kingston, and to make York the 
right of their line. They may, however, have a small command 
at Burlington, and those may be so securely posted as to render 
them safe from any desultory expedition you may set on foot; 
but it is desirable to have any supplies which they may have 
collected in the neighborhood destroyed ; and should the success 
below be not such as to promise possession of the whole of the 
Upper Province, may be destroyed. 

Captains Leonard and Reed, or either of them, are appointed to 
muster your troops, when and where you think proper. 

In closing this communication, I should not do justice to my 
feelings, if I were not to acknowledge the zeal and talents with 
•which you have managed your command. Your conduct appears 
to me to have been extremely judicious and proper throughout, 
and your troops exhibit a state of improvement and subordination 
which is at once honourable to your officers and themselves. 

I am, &c. 

WILLIAM IL HARRISON. 

Brigadier general George M'Clure. 



HEAD QUARTERS, FRENCH MILLS, ADJOINING THE PROVINCE 

OF LOWER CANADA, November 16th, 1813. 

SIR, 

I beg leave to refer you to the journal which accompanies this 
letter, for the particulars of the movements of the corps under 
my command, down the St. Lawrence, and will endeavour to exert 
my enfeebled mind to detail to you the more striking and impor- 
tant incidents which have ensued my departure from Grenadier 
Island, at the foot of Lake Ontario, on the 3d instant. 

The corps of the enemy from Kingston, which followed me, 
hung on my rear, and in concert with a heavy galley, and a few 
gun -boats, seemed determined to retard my progress. I was 
strongly tempted to halt, turn about, and put an end to his 
teasing ; but, alas ! I was confined to my bed : major general Lewis 
was too ill for any active exertion ; and above all, I did not dare 
i- myself to be diverted a single clay from the prosecution of 
the views of government. I had written major general Hampton 
on the 6th instant by his adjutant general colonel King, and had 
ordered him to form a junction with me on -the St. Lawrence, 
which I expected would take place on the 9th or 10th. It would 
have been unpardonable had I lost sight of this object a moment, 
as! deemed it of vital importance to the issue of the campaign. 

The enemy deserve credit for their zeal and intelligence, which 
theactive universal hostility of the male inhabitants of the coun- 
try enable them to employ to the greatest advantage. Thus, 
while menaced by a respectable force in rear, the coast was lined 



271 

bv musketry in front, at every critical pass of the river, -which 
obliged me to march a detachment, and this impeded my pro- 
gress. 

On the evening of the 9th instant, the army halted a few miles 
of the head of the Longue Sauk In the morning of the 10th, - 
the inclosed order was issued. General Brown marched agree- 
ably to order, and about noon we were apprized, bv the report of 
his artillery, that he was engaged some distance below us. At 
the aame time the enemy were observed in our rear, and their 
galley and gun -boats approached our flotilla, and opened a fire on 
u-, which obliged me to order a battery of 18 pounders to be 
planed, and a shot from it compelled the vessels of the enemy to 
retire, together with their troops, after some firing between the 
advanced parties. But by this time, in consequence of disem- 
ing and re-embarking the heavy guns, the day was so far 
spent, that our pilots did ii .:t dare enter the Saut, (8 miles a con- 
tinual rapid) and therefore v.e fell down about two miles and 
came to for the night. Early the next morning every thing was 
in readiness for motion ;but having received no intelligence from, 
general Brown, I was still delayed, as sound caution prescribed 1 
should learn the result of his affair, before 1 committed the flotilla 
to the Saut. At half past 10 o'clock A. M. an officer of dragoons 
arrived with a letter in which the general informed me he had 
forced the enemy, and would reach the foot of the Saut early in 
the day. Orders were immediately given for the flotilla to sail, 
at which instant (lie enemy's gun-boats appeared, and began to 
throw shot among u>. Information was brought me at the same 
time, from brigadier general Boyd, thai the enemy's troops were 
advancing in column. 1 immediately sent orders to him to attack 
them ; this report was soon contradicted. Their mm boats how- 
ever contin I ratch us, and a variety of reports of their 
move nents and countermoyements were bn i o me in succes- 
sion ; which convinced me of tl /.aid an 
atta> k, when it could be done to the greatest advantage, and 
therefore I determined to anticipate them. Directions were ac- 
cordingly sent, by that" distinguished officer colonel Swift, of the 
engineers, to brigadier general Boyd, to throw the detachment of 
his Command, assigned to him in the order of the preceding day, 
and composed of men of his own, Covington's and Swartvyout'a 
brigades, into 3 columns, to march upon the enemy, out-flank 
them if possible, and take their artillery. The action soon after 
Commenced v ith the advanced body of the enemy, and became 
extremely sharp and galling, and, with occasional pauses, was 
sustained witH great vivacity, in open space and fair combat, for 
Upwards of two and a hall hours; the adverse lines alterna 
yielding and advancing. It is impossible to say with accuracy 
what was our number on the field, because it consisted of indefi- 
nite detachments aken from the boats, to render safe the passage 
of the Saut, Brigadier generals Covington and. Swartwout volun- 



larilv took part in the action, at the head of detachments from their 
respective brigades, and exhibited the same courage that was 
displayed by brigadier general Boyd, who happened to be the 
Benior officer on thegrounxL Our force engaged might have reach- 
ed 16 or 1,700 men, but certainly did not exceed 1,800 ; that of the 
enemy was estimated at from 1,200 to 2,000, but did not probably 
amount to more than 15 or 1,600, consisting, as I am informed, of 
detachments from the 49th, 84th, and 104th regiments of the line, 
with three companies of the Voltigeur and Glengary corps, and 
the militia of the country, who are not included in the estimate. 

It would be presumptuous in me to attempt to give you adetail- 
ed account of this affair, which certainly reflects high honour on 
the valour of the American soldier, as no example can be produced 
of undisciplined men, with inexperienced officers, braving a fire 
of two hours and a half, without quitting the field or yielding to 
their antagonists. But, sir, the information I now give you is 
derived from officers of my confidence, who took active parts in 
this conflict; for though I was enabled to order the attack, it was 
my hard fortune not to be able to lead the troops I commanded. 
The disease with which 1 was assailed on the 2d of September, 
on my journey to Fort George, having, with a few short intervals 
of convalescence, preyed on me ever since, and at the moment of 
this action I was confined to my bed and emaciated almost to a 
skeleton, unable to sit on my horse, or to move ten paces without 
assistance. 

I must, however, be pardoned for trespassing on your time a 
few remarks in relation to the affair. The objects of the British 
and American commanders were precisely opposed ; the last being 
bound, by the instructions of his government and most solemn 
obligations of duty, to precipitate his descent of the St. Lawrence 
by e\ ti s practicable means ; because this being effected, one of the 
greatest difficulties opposed to the American army would be sur- 
mounted; and the first, by duties equally imperious, to retard, 
and, if possible, prevent such descent. He is to be accounted 
victorious who effected his purpose! The British commander 
having failed to gain either ot his objects, can lay no claim to the 
honours of the day. The battle fluctuated, and triumph seemed, 
different times, inclined to the contending corps. The front 
ol the enemy was at first forced back more than a mile, and, 
though the) never regained the ground thus lost, their stand was 
permanent, ami their charges resolute. Amidst these charges, and 
near the close of the contest, we lost a field piece by the fall of 
the officer who was serving it with the same coolness as if he 
had been at a parade of review. This was lieutenant Smith, of the 
light artillery, who in point of merit stood at the head of his grade. 
I he enemy having halted, and our troops being again formed in 
battalion, limit i<> front, and the firing ceased on both sides, we 
resumed our position on the bank of the river, and the infantry 
being much fatigued, (he whole were re-embarked, and proceed 



273. 

eil down the river without further annoyance from the enemy or 
their gun-boats, while the dragoons, with five pieces of artillery, 
marched down the Canada shore without molestation. 

It is due to his rank, to his worth, and his services, that I 
should make particular mention of brigadier general Covington, 
win) received a mortal wound directly through the body, while 
animating his men and leading them to the charge. He fell, 
where he fought, at the head of his men, and survived but two days. 

The next morning the^flotilla passed through the Saut, and 
joined that excellent officer, brigadier general Broun, at Bard- 
hart'S, near Cornwall, where he had been instructed to take post 
and wait my arrival, and where I confidently expected to hear of 
major general Hampton's arrival on the opposite shore. But 
immediately after I halted, colonel Atkinson, the inspector gene- 
ral of the division under major general Hampton, waited on me 
with a letter from that officer, in which, to my unspeakable morti- 
fication and surprise, he declined the junction ordered, and in- 
formed me he was marching towards lake Champlain, bv way of 
co-operating in the proposed attack on Montreal. This letter, 
together with a copy of that to which it is an answer, were imme- 
diately submitted to a council of war, composed of my general 
officers and the colonel commanding the elite, the chief engineer 
and the adjutant general, who unanimously gave it as their opin- 
ion , that " the attack on Montreal should be abandoned for the 
present season, and the army near Cornw all should be immediately 
Crossed to the American shore for taking up winter quarters, and 
that this place afforded an eligible position for such quarters." 

I acquiesced in these opinions, not from the shortness of the 
stock of provisions, (which had been reduced by the acts of God) 
because that of our meat had been increased 5 days, and our 
bread had been reduced only two days, and because we could, in 
case of extremity, had lived on the enemy ; but because the loss of 
the division under major general Hampton, weakened my force too 
sensibly to justify the attempt. In all my measures and move- 
ments of moment, I have taken the opinions of my general officers, 
which have been in accord with my own. 

I remained on the Canada shore until the next day, without 
seeing or hearing from the " powerful force" of the enemy in 
our neighborhood, and the same day reached this position with the 
artillery and infantry. The dragoons have been ordered toUtica 
and its vicinity, and I expect are 50 or 60 miles on the march. 

You have under cover a summary abstract of the killed and 
wounded in the affair of the 11th instant, which shall soon be 
followed by a particular return, in which a just regard will be 
paid to individual merits. The dead rest in honour, and the 
wounded bled for their country and deserve its gratitude. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

JAMES WILKINSON, 
ro »lie Secretary of War. 



274 

Return of the killed and wounded of a detachment of the army of 
the United States descending the St. Lawrence river, under the 
commandof major general James ft Hkinson,in an action fought 
at Williamsburgh, in Upper Canada, on the llth of Nov. 1813. 

K.ILLJED — Subalterns, 3; sergeants, 7; corporals, 3 ; musicians, 
1; privates, 83 : Total, 102. Wounded — Brigadier general, 1 ; 
assistant adjutant general, 1 ; aid-de-camp, 1 ; colonel, 1 ; major, 1 ; 
captains, 5 ; subalterns, 6 ; sergeants, 9 ; corporals, 13 ; musicians, 
1 ; privates, 193 : Total, 237. Total, killed and wounded, 339. 

Names of the Commissioned Officers Killed and Wounded. 

Killed — Liutenant William W. Smith, of the light artillery; 
David Hunter, 12th infantry; Edward Olm stead, 16th, ditto. 
Wounded — Brigadier general Leonard Covington, mortally, since 
dead ; major Talbot Chambers, assistant adjutant general, slightly ; 
major Darby Noon, aid-de-camp to brigadier general Swartwout, 
slightly ; colonel James P. Preston, of the 23d infantry, severely, 
his right thigh fractured; major William Cummings, 8th regiment, 
severely ; captain Edmund Foster, 9th ditto, slightly ; captain 
David S. Townsend, do. do. severely ; captain Mordecai Myers, 
13th do. do. ; captain John Campbell, do. do. slightly; captain 
John P. Murdock, 25th do. do. ; lieutenant William S. Heaton, 
llth do, severely; lieutenant John Williams, 13th do. slightly; 
lieutenant John Lynch,* 14th do. severely ; lieutenant Peter Pel- 
ham,* 21st do. do.; lieutenant James D. Brown, 2.5th do. slightly; 
lieutenant Archibald E. Crary, do. do. severely, in the skirmish 
the day before the action. 

Adj. Gen's. Office, H. Q. Military district No. 9, French Mills, Nov. 1813. 

T. B. WALBACK, Adj. Gen. 

N. B. Colonel Preston commanded the 13th regiment of infan- 
try during the action ; and major Cummings did duty with the 
16th regiment infantry in the action. 



Extract of a letter from general Wilkinson, to the Secretary of 

War, dated 

"FRENCH MILLS, November 17th, 1813. 

' After what has passed between us, you can perhaps conceive 
m\ amazement and chagrin atthe conduct of major general Hamp- 
ton. The game was in view, and, had he performed the junction. 
directed, would have been ours in eight or ten days. But he 
chose to recede, in order to co-operate, and my dawning hopes, 
ind the hopes and honour of the army were blasted," 

'Taken ptUOnei 



276 

COLONEL PURDY'S REPORT 

To major general Wilkinson, of the action at Chataugay, §c 
transmitted by the general to the Secretary of War. 

I arrived at Cumberland head September 16th, 1813, and 
on the 18thtO')k command of the 4th regiment of infantry, sta- 
tioned at that place. The army, consisting; of about 4000 men, 
was composed principally of recruits who had been but a short 
time in the service, and had not been exercised with that rigid 
discipline so essentially necessary to constitute the soldier. They 
had indeed been taught various evolutions, but a spirit of subordi- 
nation was foreign to their views. On the 19th, orders issued for the 
whole army, except a squadron of horse and the artillery embarked, 
in batteaux. The army got under weigh, preceded by the light 
corps, and Hanked on the right by the navy, and arrived at Chesy 
at 12 o'clock at night, lay on their arms, embarked again soon 
after sun-rise the next morning, proceeded down the lake as far 
a^ Champlain, and up Champlain river the distance of four miles, 
where we landed, and immediately marched to Odletown. The 
light corps who preceded the other troops some hours, surprised 
and defeated a guard of the enemy at that place. We remained 
at Odletown until the middle of the next dav, during which time 
a want of system in the management of the army was readily dis- 
covered by every military man, that led to apprehensions for the 
safety of the troops, should the enemy oppose with any consider- 
able force. The army returned to Champlain on the 21st, the 22d 
to Chesy, and the day following commenced the route to Chatau- 
gay. The whole of this march, a distance of more than 70 miles, 
was very disagreeable: the officers were not permitted to take 
with them the necessaries, much less the conveniences of life, 
and were compelled to abandon clothing and other things essen- 
tially necessary to preserve the body in health. We forbore com- 
plaint, enduring every privation, presuming the commanding 
officer had sufficient reasons for his conduct, and concluding it 
was pro bono publico. The scene has passed, and time sufficient 
has elapsed to have discovered those reasons, had they existed. 
None have been found : on the contrary, circumstances have demon- 
strated that it was a useless and unnecessary sacrifice of both pub- 
lic and private property. The army remained at Chataugay 26 
davs, and on the 21st October commenced an excursion into the 
enemy's country. The first brigade followed the course of the 
Chataugay river to Spear's, the distance of 18 miles and upwards, 
and there met the second brigade, which had tai-en a nearer and 
more convenient route. The march was very fatiguing, equalled 
only bv another that soon followed. Credit is due to both the officers 
and soldiers for their orderly conduct, patience and perseverance, 
in surmounting the incredible obstacles the enemy threw in their 
way. On the 25th, a difficult fatiguing expedition' was planned, 
atid the execution of it assigned to the first brigade, which had 



276- 

t'ov some time previous, and still remained, under my command. 
The design was to cut oft* the retreat of a body of the enemy, 
supposed to be encamped en the banks of the Chataugay, 6 miles 
distance. With this intention the first brigade was ordered across 
the nver at night, marched silently down, and re-cross at a ford 
two miles below theenemy, and attack them in rear, giving a pre- 
concerted signal, uhile the second brigade moved down the road 
in front. We commenced the march at sun-down, and by sun-rise 
the next morning had gained only 6 miles. Here we were dis- 
covered bv the enemy and fired on from the opposite side of the 
river. During that night we wfcre repeatedly misled by the 
guides, who knew nothing of the country, having never been that 
way, and at the time we were attacked, they had led us into a 
thick cedar growth or swamp on the banks of the river and imme- 
diately opposite the enemy's position, and knew not how to ex- 
tricate us. Incredible as it may appear, general Hampton en- 
trusted nearly one half of his army, and those his best troops, to 
the guidance of men, each of whom repeatedly assured him that 
they were not acquainted with the country, and were not competent 
to direct such an expedition. 

At the same time general Hampton told me he had a man by 
the name of Smith, who had a perfect knowledge of the country, 
and whom he promised to send me, but which he neglected to do. 
The defeat of the expedition was the consequence of this neglect 
of the major general. About l 2 o'clock, while receiving an order 
from colonel King, adjutant general, upon the opposite side of 
the river, to march back 4 miles and there ford the river and 
join the second brigade, the enemy made a furious attack on the 
column bv a great discharge of musketry, accompanied by the 
yells of the savages. Unfortunately, the word "retreat," was 
heard, which for a short time spread confusion among the several 
corps. A sufficient number, however, remained firm, and the 
enemv was soon compelled to retire. Towards sun-down 1 sent 
general Hampton a request, that a regiment might be ordered 
down to cover my landing on the opposite side of the river ; but 
judge my surprise, on receiving intelligence that he had retreated, 
icith the second brigade, nearly three miles. Thus was I deserted 
without the smallest guard to cover mv landing. To what cause 
shall it be attributed, that the general ordered a retreat, and that 
tooal the moment when the presence of the second brigade was 
required, or could be useful, as soon afterwards he declared 
"he should be willing to compound with the first brigade for 500 
men." The wounded had previously been conveyed across on 
rafts, which made a removal of my brigade to that side absolute- 
ly necessary for iheir protection. An attempt was accordingly 
made, and a floating bridge soon constructed of old logs, found 
on the margin ol the river* The enemy discovering our dispo- 
sition, commenced firing from the opposite side, and killed several 
while crossing. Major knelling, with about 100 men, effected a 



377 

landing, and joined the main bod v. The remainder of my force, 
exhausted bv the excessive exertions of the preceding night, and 
weary with the fatigues of the day, not having had a m< uent 
either for test or refreshment, were compelled to endure the 
privation of sleep another night. We retired two or three miles 
and took a position. At about 12 o'clock the enemy came up 
and made an attack upon us, but were soon routed. The men at 
this time were formed and lying on the ground they were to oc- 
cupy, in case of an attack, and were ordered to, and did, imme- 
diately rise, seize their arms, and remain under them the residue 
of die night. An excessively heavy rain prevented the firing both 
of the enemy and ourselves except occasionally a single gun from 
the former. Our troops were ordered not to fire, but in case of a 
repetition of attack to charge bayonets — this was accordingly done. 
The enemy charged several times, and as often were put to flight. 
It is observable in this place, that so greatly were the men over- 
powered by fatigue, though in a situation every way dangerous, 
and in which they had every reason to believe they should be 
sallied upon bv the enemy every moment, many were unable to 
conquer their disposition to sleep, and it was not in the power 
of the officers to keep them awake. It was on the morning of 
this last attack, that the general expressed his apprehensions for 
the fir?t brigade, and made the declaration above quoted. The 
next morning we crossed the river and joined general Hampton; 
on the 28th the army retreated 4 miles, and on the 50th and 31st 
marched back to Chataugay. The troops at the times of the attack 
wore not in a situation to endure further fatigue — and it is an in- 
dubitable fact, that many of them were so debilitated they were 
unable to proceed with the brigade on its march from the place of 
it- last attack, and actually did not reach the main body until the 
day after the brigade had joined it, and some not even until the 
army had reached the Four Corners of Chataugay. 

•\Vm- to my knowledge, during our march into Canada, and 
n-hile ue remained ai the Four Corners,a term of twenty-six days, 
did general Hampton ever send off a scout ing or reconnoitring 
party (except in one or two cases at Spear's in Canada, when he 
detached a few dragoon* for this duty) ; nor did he, from the time 
we commenced our march from Cumberland Head to our arrival 
at Pittsburgh, ever order a front flank; or rear guard, to be kept 
up, though a great part of the time we were in situations that 
evidently required it. True it is, these guards were occasionally 
sent out, not, however, by his order, but by the orders of the 
officers commanding brigade-. 

By a general order, dated Chataugay, November 5th, the gene- 
ral Bays.he has paid the first attention to the sick, and has granted 
them indulgences which created murmurings on the part of some 
officers at their posts. It is only necessary here to observe, that 
©very officer of the army can testify that the sick were very much 
neglected, as far as regards comfortable quarters and transporta- 



278 

liou, and that they were strewed along the roads through which 
w e marched, without care or attendance ; and it is presumable that 
uiaiiv have died in consequence of this, who might have been 
saved to themselves, if not to the service. The general, indeed, 
at the time this order was issued, which was after our return to 
the Four Coiners, did order transportation for the sick to Bur- 
lington, but this is the only instance to my knowledge. 

The commissary's department is worthy of notice. My order 
for provision was not sufficient; nor could I obtain any but by 
special license of general Hampton. The commissary of issues 
has been constantly in the habit of selling the livers, &c. of the 
beeves to officers ; and though I represented this to general 
Hampton as unusual and improper, he refused to take any other 
notice of it than saying, "the commissary is accountable for all 
parts of the beef, even to a pound or ounce of tallow:" nor did he 
take any notice of another piece of misconduct of the commis- 
sary, that of acting in the capacity of suttler, but sanctioned it by 
|i'n chasing of him. 

The common practices with general Hampton, of arresting offi- 
cers and releasing them without the knowledge or consent of the 
officers by whom they were arrested, (the case of lieutenant Morris, 
of the SSd regiment, who was arrested by me on the charge of 
cowardice and misconduct before the enemy, on the 26th October, 
i - i... the time of the skirmish with the enemy at Ormstown, or 
Chataugay river, being an instance); of refusing to arrest officers 
whom I reported to him as having deserted their posts in time of 
on : of daily issuing orders and countermanding them; and 
u| interfering in an improper manner with subordinate com- 
inands of the army, as a reference to the orders issued by him 
will show, mark very strongly the capriciousness of his conduct 
and the total want of steadiness in his intentions. 

Such has been the general's conduct on some occasions, that I 
have, in common with other officers, been induced to believe that he 
under the influence of a too free use of spirituous liquors. 

1 must, in justice to general Hampton, say, that the expedition 
lie planned, and which I have called "difficult and fatiguing," did, 
at the time it was suggested to me by him, meet my full appro- 
ion, and that I have since no reason for changing my opini- 
on oi its practicability or usefulness, but I must also say that it 
required competent guides, and these (as I said before) he pro- 
mised to furnish me, but did not. 

I am ul opinion no officer that has served under major general 
Hampton, on the late campaign, can, or will, contradict this state - 

ROBERT PURDY, Col. 4th Inf. 

\ true copy, 

R. H. M'Pheusox, 

Captain cjj' Secretary. 



of Jlmt . in Quebec. 

Extract of a letter .WDonough, commanding tji? 

United State*' > .ike Champlain, to the Secretary 

of the J\*auy, < 

i'TSBURG BAY, November 23d, 1813. 

"Accompany. che voluntary statement of Abraham 

Walter, who was p I one of the sloops taken last summer 

He has made his escape from Quebec ; anil after a severe journey 
of ten days, reported himself to me yesterday." 

Affidavit of Abraham Walter, pilot of the United States' sloop 

Growler, on lake Champlain, viz. 
State of New York, > 
Clinton County, $ SS ' 

Abraham Walter, formerly pilot of the sloop of war Growler, 
on lake Champlain, being duly sworn, deposeth and saith, that he 
was employed on board that sloop when i't was taken by the Bri- 
tish in June last ; that after the sloops Growler and Eagle were 
Surrendered, the prisoners, both officers and sailors, were taken 
to Quebec, where they were immediately confined on board a pri- 
son ship; there they were -examined by a public officer or exa- 
miner, and about eight or ten of the prisoners declared to be 
British subjects ; these were immediately separated from the rest, 
and put on board a man of war and sent to England, to be tried 
for treason. One of these was known to be a native of New- 
Hampshire by captain Herrick, of the New Hampshire volunteers, 
who was also a prisoner, and who had known him from his infancy 
and several of the rest were declared by others of their acquain- 
tance to be native citizens of the United' States. These represen- 
tations were unavailing with the British officers who commanded, 
and they were torn thus from their companions to defend them- 
selves against the charge of treason in England. 

The residue were still confined in their prison ships, in a situ- 
ation more disagreeable than can well be imagined. 

Sometime after, a number of British vessels were wishingto pro- 
seed to Halifax, the crews of which had mostly been pressed out of 
them to fight the American forces on the upper lakes, and seamen 
were wanted to supply their places. Governor Prevost sent au 
order to general Glascow, who then commanded there, direc 
him to proceed on board the prison-ship and to induce the prison- 
ers to volunteer to man their fleet for Halifax ; and in case I 
refused to comply, to force them on board for that purpose. The 
application was made; but the American ; rs, considering 

the measure unjustifiable towards their own government, refused 
to volunteer, and were accordingly forced on board the vessels by 
a British press-gang, whore this deponent understood they 



• 

quarters assigned them, > cpn: pelled toassistin navigating 

British vessels to Halifi vards to England, as this 

deponent has since been i* • 1 ; and further, that not one sea- 

man v. ho was a prisoner thet u d from this proceeding. 

Ami this deponent further Jth, thai in the beginning of the 
present month of November, an is received in conformity 

to the prince regent's proclamat'n seize 46 American officers 

and non -commissioner! officers, w • were then prisoners of war, 
and to imprison them, to be kept in close confinement, agreeably 
to the tenor of that proclamation. Prisoners to that number, most. 
of whom were officers there on their parole, many of them in a 
delicate state of health, were immediately put under arrest, and 
marched guarded to the public prison, and immured, for what 
fate is to him unknown. Among those destined for close impri- 
sonment, are lieutenant Smith, then in a declining state of health, 
and Dr. James Wood, a citizen of Champlain, who was taken 
from his home while he was in the employment of the revenue, 
but, as this deponent believes, no way-connected with the army. 
They were imprisoned on the 5th of November instant. 

This deponent further saith, that the enemy has uniformly at 
that place treated American prisoners, both officers and privates, 
with extreme rigor ; that some time since an American midship* 
man and two masters' mates, merely for having proceeded on a 
party of pleasure, about half a mile beyond the limits assigned 
them, were seized and put into prison, and kept in irons, till the 
general imprisonment of officers and non-commissioned officers, 
as above related, took place. And this deponent further saith, that 
all that was allowed for the American prisoners on board the pri- 
Bon-ship, was daily one pound of old wormy bread, which the inha- 
bitants declared had been twice to the West Indies, and condemn- 
ed lor spoiled bread, and one half pound of exceedingly bad meat, 
which inalmosl anj ether situation would be absolutely not eatable; 
no liquors ; no soap to prevent themselves from becoming lousy ; no 
candles ; and none of the other comforts of life; and that it was 
the opinion of all the prisoners that many of them had actually 
starved to death, not being able to eat the provisions; and further, 
thai immediately on the prince regent's proclamation being re- 
ceived, colonel Gardner, the American agent there, who had been 
occupied in paying off the sick and privates of the land service, 
was immediately notified by governor Pievost, to consider himself 
Confined to the same limits which were assigned for the officers at 
Beaufort ; and when this deponent left that place, he was compell- 
ed to remain with general Winchester and others, and was not 
permitted to \i-it the prisoners who were in distress on board the 
prison-shins, nor to visit the town to negotiate his bills for the 
relief of the officers, and had already been obliged to share what 
little private money he had with him among them for their tem- 
poi;;,v relief. This deponent further saith, that he started from 
the neighborhood of Quebec, and came by the way of Derby in 



«81 

Vef mont, and arrived at this place two days since ; and iurthir. 
this deponent saith not. 

ABRAHAM WALTER. 
Sworn before me, this 23d day of November, 1813. 

HENRY DELENY, 
Qne of the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas, in and 
for the county of Clinton. 



THIRD VICTORY OVER THE CREEKS. 

FORT ARMSTRONG, November 24th, 1812. 
BEAR GENERAL, 

In mine of the 19th instant, by major Outlaw, I promised you 
a more detailed report, respecting the detachment ordered by you 
to the Hillibee Towns, in the Creek nation. In compliance with 
that promise, I have now the honour to state, that under your or- 
der of the 11th instant, I immediately marched with the mounted 
infantry under the immediate command of colonel Burch, the 
cavalry under the command of major Porter, and a few of the Che-, 
rokee Indians, under the command of colonel Morgan, with very 
fehort rations for four days only. We continued our march to 
Little Oakfuskie, when we fell in with and captured five hostile 
Creek warriors, supposed to be spies. Finding no other Indians 
at that place, we burned the town, which consisted of thirty 
houses. We then proceeded to a town called Genalgo, and 
burned the same, consisting of ninety-three houses ; thence we 
proceeded to Nitty Choptoa, consisting of about twenty-five houses, 
which I considered it most prudent not to destroy, as it might 
possibly be of use at some future period. From thence we march- 
ed to the Hillibee Town, consisting of about twenty houses, ad- 
joining which was Grayson's farm. Previous to our arrival at 
that place, I was advised that a party of the hostile Creeks was- 
assembled there. Having inarched within six or eight miles of it 
on the evening of the 7th, I dismounted a part of the force under 
my command, and sent them under the command of colonel Burch, 
with the Cherokees under the command of colonel Morgan in ad- 
vance, to surround the town in the night, and make the attack at day ~ 
light on the 18th. Owing to the darkness of the night, the town wa$ 
not reached until after day-light ; but so complete was the surprise, 
that we succeeded in surrounding the town, and killing and captur- 
ingalmost(if notentirely) the wholeof the hostileCreeks assembled 
there, consisting of about 316, of which number about 60 warriors 
were killed on the spot, and the remainder made prisoners. Before 
the close of the engagement, my whole force was up and ready- 
for action, had it become necessary; but owing to the want of 
knowledge on the part of the Indians of our approach, they were 
entirely killed and taken before they could prepare far anv eftV 

36 



282 

lual defence. We lost not one drop of blood in accomplishing 
Uiia enterprise. We destroyed this village, and, in obedience 
to your orders, commenced our inarch for this post, which we 
were unable to reach until yesterday. I estimate the distance 
from this to Grayson's farm, at about 100 miles. The ground 
over which we travelled is so rough and hilly, as to render a pas- 
sage very difficult. Many defiles it was impossible to pass in 
gaiety, without the greatest precaution. For a part of the time, 
the weather was so very wet, being encumbered with prisoners, 
and the troops and their horses having to subsist in a very great 
degree upon such supplies as we could procure in the nation, 
rendered our march more tardy than it otherwise would have 
been. 

The troops under my command have visited the heart of that 
section of the Creek nation, where the Red Sticks were first dis- 
tributed. 

In justice to this gallant band, I am proud to state, that the 
whole of the. officers and men under the command of colonel 
Burch, performed their duty cheerfully and without complaint : 
that from the cool, orderly and prompt manner in which major 
Porter and the cavalry under his command, formed and conducted 
themselves in every case of alarm, I had the highest confidence 
in them ; colonel Morgan and the Cherokees under his command, 
gave undeniable evidence that they merit the employ of their go- 
vernment. In short, sir, the whole detachment under my com- 
mand, conducted in such a manner as to enable me to assure you 
that they are capable of performing any thing to which the same 
number of men are equal. 

It gives me pleasure to add, that Mr. M'Corry, who acted as 
my aid in this expedition, rendered services that to me were 
indispensable, to his country very useful, and to himself highly 
honourable. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

JAMES WHITE, Brigadier general. 
<Major generaljohn Cocke. 



Extract of a letter from major general Wilkinson to the Secretary 

of War, dated 

"FRENCH MILLS, November 24th, 1813. 

" 1 have had the honour to receive your letter of the 15th instant 
from Albany, and hope my despatches have reached you which 
left this on the 17th. 

" "With respect to the unfortunate issue of the campaign, I 

disclaim the shadow of blame, because I know I have done my 

duty, and more than my duty, and so do those with whom I have 

M ted. lb general Hampton's outrage of every principle of sub- 



283 

ordination and discipline may be ascribed the failure of the expedi- 
tion; and that I have not jet arrested him must be attributed to 
my respect for you, and my desire that the arrest should proceed 
from the highest authority ; for if this act be suffered to pass unno- 
ticed and unpunished, it will establish a precedent to justify 
disobedience and subvert those obligations of blind obedience, on 
which the efficiency of military institutions exclusively depend. 
" After our losses by deaths, desertions, and discharges since 
we left Sackett's Harbor, I think we shall not be able to show you 
more than 6000 men at this point, exclusive of the dragoons who 
have been ordered to Grecnbush and Pittslield for convenience- 
and economy." 



FOURTH VICTORY OVER THE CREEKS. 

CAMP, WEST CHATAHOUCHIE, December 4th, 1813. 

SIR, 

I have the honour to communicate to your excellency an ac- 
count of an action fought on the 29th ultimo on the Talapoosie 
river, between part of the force under my command, and a large 
body of the Creek Indians. 

Having received information that a number of the hostile Indi- 
ans were assembled at Autossee, a town on the southern bank of 
the Talapoosie, about 18 miles from the Hickory Ground, and 20 
above the junction of that river with the Coosa, I proceeded to 
its attack with 950 of the Georgia militia, accompanied by between 
3 and 400 friendly Indians. Having encamped within nine or 
ten miles of the point of destination the preceding evening, we 
resumed the march a few minutes before one on the morning of 
the 29th, and at half past six, were tormed for action in front 
of the town. 

Booth's battalion composed the right column, and marched from 
its centre. Watson's battalion composed the left, and marched 
from its right. Adams's rifle company and Meriwether's under 
lieutenant Hendon, were on the flanks. Captain Thomas's artil- 
lery marched in front of the right column in the road. 

It was my intention to have completely surrounded the enemy 
by appaying the right wing of my force on Canleebee creek, at 
tlte mouth of which I was informed the town stood, and resting 
the left on the river bank below the town, but to our surprise,' as 
the day dawned, we perceived a second town about 500 yards 
below that which we had first viewed and were preparing to 
attack. The plan was immediately changed : three companies of 
infantry on the left were wheeled into echellon, and advanced to 
the lower town accompanied by Meriwether's rifle company and 
two troops of light dragoons under the command of captains 
Irwin and Steele. 



284 

The residue of the force approached the upper town, and the 
battle soon became general. The Indians presented themselves 
at every point, and fought with the desperate bravery of real fa- 
natics. The well directed fire, however, of the artillery, added 
to the charge of the bayonet, soon forced them to take refuge in 
the out houses, thickets and copses in rear of the town ; many it 
is believed concealed themselves in caves, previously formed for 
the purpose of secure retreat in the high bluff of the river, which 
was thickly covered with reed and brush wood. The Indians of 
the friendly party, who accompanied us on the expedition, were 
divided into four companies, and placed under the command of 
leaders of their selection. They were, by engagement entered 
into the day previous, to have crossed the river above the town 
and been posted on the opposite shore during the action, for the 
purpose of firing on such of the enemy as might attempt to escape, 
or keep in check any reinforcement which might probably be 
thrown in from the neighboring town ; but owing to the difficulty 
of the ford and the coldness of the weather, and the lateness of 
the hour, this arrangement failed, and their leaders were directed 
to cross Canleebee creek and occupy that flank, to prevent es- 
capes from the Tallassee town. Sometime after the action com- 
menced, our red friends thronged in disorder in the rear of our 
lines. The Cowetaws under M'Intosh, and Tookaubatchians un- 
der Mad Dog's son, fell in on our flanks, and fought with an 
intrepidity worthy of any troops. 

At 9 o'clock the enemy was completely driven from the plain, 
and the houses of both towns wrapped in flames. As we were 
then 60 miles from any depot of provisions, and our five days' 
rations pretty much reduced, in the heart of an enemy's country, 
which in a few moments could have poured from its numerous 
towns hosts of the fiercest warriors, as soon as the dead and 
wounded were properly disposed of, I ordered the place to be 
abandoned, and the troops to commence their march to Chata- 
houchie. 

It is difficult to determine the strength of the enemy ; but from, 
the information of some of the chiefs, which it is said can be 
relied on, there were assembled at Autossee warriors from eight 
towns, for its defence, it being their beloved ground, on which 
they proclaimed no white man could approach without inevitable 
destruction. It is difficult to give a precise account of the loss of 
the enemy ; but from the number which were lying scattered over 
the field, together with those destroyed in the towns, and the many 
slain on the bank of the river, which respectable officers affirm 
they saw lying in heaps at the water's edge, where they had been 
precipitated by their surviving friends, their loss in killed, inde- 
pendent of their wounded, must have been at least 200, (among 
whom were the Autossee and Tallassee kings) and from the cir- 
cumstance of their making no efforts to molest our return, proba- 
bly greater. The number of buildings burnt, some of a superior 



285 

order for the dwellings of savases, and filled with valuable articles,, 
is supposed to be 400. 

Adjutant general Newman rendered important services during 
the action, by his cool and deliberate courage. My aid, major 
Crawford, discharged with promptitude the duties of a brave and 
ir°ritorious officer. Major Pace, who acted as field aid, also 
distinguished himself; both these gentlemen had their horses 
shot under them, and the latter lost his. Doctor Williamson, 
hospital surgeon, and doctor Clopton, were prompt and attentive 
in the discharge of their duty towards the wounded during the 
action. 

Major Freeman, at the head of Irwin's troop of cavalry, and 
part of Steele's, made a furious and successful charge upon a 
body of Indians, sabred several and completely defeated them : 
captain Thomas and his company, captain Adams and lieutenant 
Ilemlon's rifle companies killed a great many Indians, and de- 
serve particular praise. Captain Barton's company was in the 
hottest of the battle, and fought like soldiers. Captain Myrick, 
captain Little, captain King, captain Broadnax, captain Cleveland, 
captain Joseph T. Cunningham, and captain Lee, with their 
companies, distinguished themselves. Brigadier general Shackle- 
ford was of great service in bringing the troops into action ; and 
adjutant Broadnax, and major Montgomery, who acted as assist- 
ant adjutant, showed great activity and courage. Major Booth 
used his best endeavors in bringing his battalion to action, and 
major Watson's battalion acted with considerable spirit. Irwin's, 
Patterson's, and Steele's troops of cavalry, whenever an opportu- 
nity presented, charged with success. 'Lieutenant Strong had 
his" horse shot and narrowly escaped, and quarter master Fennell 
displayed the greatest heroism, and miraculously escaped, though 
badly wounded, after having his horse shot from under him. 
The topographical engineer was vigilant in his endeavours to 
render service. 

The troops deserve the highest praise for their fortitude in 
enduring hunger, cold, and fatigue, without a murmur, having 
marched 120 miles in 7 days. 

The friendly Indians lost several killed and wounded, the 
number not exactly known. Captain Barton, an active and intel- 
ligent officer, (the bearer of these despatches) can more particu- 
larly explain to your excellency the conduct, movements, and 

operations of the army. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

JOHN FLOYD, B. CI. 

Major general Pinckney. 

Killed and wounded in the action on the 29t/i of November, 1815. 
Total killed, 11 ; wounded, 54. 



• 



2S6 

Extract of a letter from brigadier general Izctrdto major gene rat 

Wilkinson, dated 

" PLATTSBURG, December 6th, 1813. 

" There is an unavoidable delay in the returns of the regiments 
of this division, proceeding from the extreme inexperience of the 
officers of all grades, now with them ; almost every efficient 
officer is either sick, or was furloughed by major general Hamp- 
ton at the moment of his own departure : those that remain are 
barely enough to perform the routine of duty in this canton- 
ment." 



Extract of a letter from general Wilkinson to the Secretary of 

War, dated 

MALONE, December 8th, 1813. 

" The unavoidable delay of the express (as no reliance can be 
placed in the mail from' this place) enables me to send you 
the copy of a letter from general Izard, dated the 6th instant, 
which exhibits additional expositions of the pernicious and un- 
warrantable conduct of major general Hampton. I will not charge 
this man with traitorous designs, but I apprehend, in any other 
government, a military officer who first defeated the object of a 
campaign bv disobedience of orders, and then, without authority, 
furloughed all the efficient officers of the division he commanded 
on a national frontier, in the vicinity of an enemy, would incur 
heavy penalties.** 



>> 



GENERAL ORDERS. 

HEADQUARTERS, FORTNIAGAKA, December 12th, 1813. 

Captain Leonard will, as soon as possible, have a proportion of 
hand grenades in the different block houses, and give directions 
to the" officers of the infantry where they should be posted with 
their men, in case of an attack ; and should they not be able to 
maintain the outworks, to repair to the block and mess houses; 
and have e\er\ thing arranged in such a manner as though he 
expected an immediate attack. 

Much is expected of captain Leonard, from his long experience 
and knowledge of duty ; and the general feels confident he will 
be well supported by lieutenant Loomas, of the artillery, as well 
as the officers of the infantry. 

By order of brigadier general George M'Clure. 

DONALD FRASER, 
Lieutenant 15th U. S. Inf. # Vol. Ji.de Camp- 



287 

ADDRESS OF GENERAL M'CLTJRE. 
To the inhabitants of Niagara, Genesee and Chatmtgcy* 

The present crisis is truly alarming. The enemy are preparing 
to invade your frontier, and let their savages loose upon your 
families and property. It is now in your power to avoid that evil, 
by repairing to Lewistown, Schlosser and Buffalo. Every man 
who is able to bear arms is not only invited but required to repair 
to the above rallying points, for a few days, until a detachment 
of militia arrives. The enemy are now laving waste their own 
country; every man who does not take up arms, or who are dis- 
posed fo remain neutral, are inhumanly butchered, their property 
plundeied, and their buildings destroyed. Information has just 
been received that six or eijjht of their most respectable inhabi- 
tants, between Queenston and Fort George, have fallen victims to 
their barbarity. Every man in the province is required to take up 
arms, and he that refuses is wantonly butchered. What then, 
fellow citizens, have you to expect from such an enemy, should 
they invade your frontier? Think of the consequences; be not 
lulled into a belief, that because you reside a few miles from the 
river, that you are secure : No, fellow citizens, the place to 
meet them is en the beach. Then you will have it in your power 1 
to chastise them ; but should they be suffered to penetrate into 
the interior with their savages, the scene will be horrid ! 

If, then, you love your country and are determined to defend 
its rights ; if you love your families, and are determined to pro- 
tect them ; if you value your property, and are determined to 
presen e it, you will fly to arms and hasten to meet the enemy, 
should they dare to set foot on our shores. 

Since the above was prepared, I have received intelligence from 
a credible inhabitant from Canada, (who has just escaped from 
thence) that tiie enemy are concentrating all their forces and 
boats at Fort George, and nave fixed upon to-morrow night for 
attacking, Fort Niagara; and should they succeed, they will lay 
waste our v. hole frontier. In that case, our supply of arms, which 
are deposited at Fort Niagara, will be cut off. Therefore all who 
have arms, accoutrements or ammunition, will do well to bring 
them, and all who have horses will come mounted. 

GEORGE M'CLURE, 

Brigadier general commanding Niagara front) Vr. 
Hrad Quarters, Buffalo, December 18th, 1813. 



Extract of a letter from commodore Stephen Decatur to tkr 

Secretary of the Navy. 

NEW LONDON, December 20th, 1813. 

" Some few nights since, the weather promised an opportunity 
for this squadron to get to sea, and it was said on shore that we 



288 

intended to make the attempt. In the course'of the evening twa 
blue lights were burnt on both the points at the harbour's mouth as 
signals to the enemy, and there is not a doubt, but that they 
have, by signals and otherwise, instantaneous information of our 
movements. Great but unsuccessful exertions have been made 
to detect those who communicate with the enemy by signal. The 
editor of the New London Gazette, to alarm them, and in a 
hope to prevent the repetition of these signals, stated in that 
newspaper, that they had been observed, and ventured to denounce 
those wno had made them in animated and indignant terms. The 
consequence is, that he has incurred the express censure of some 
of his neighbours. Notwithstanding these signals have been re- 
peated and have been seen by twenty persons at least in this 
squadron, there are men in New London who have the hardihood 
to affect to disbelieve it, and the effrontery to avow their disbelief. 

" I have the honour to be, &c. 

" STEPHEN DECATUR." 
Honourable William Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 

HEAD QUARTERS, BUFFALO, December 22d, 1813. 

SIR, 

I regret to be under the necessity of announcing to you the 
mortifying intelligence of the loss of Fort Niagara. On the 
morning of the 19th instant, about four o'clock, the enemy cross- 
ed the river at the Five Mile Meadows in great force, consisting of 
regulars and Indians, who made their way undiscovered to the garri- 
son,which, from the most correct information I can collect, was com- 
pletely surprised. Our men were nearly all asleep in their tents ; 
the enemy rushed in and commenced a most horrible slaughter. 
Such as escaped the fury of the first onset, retired to the old 
messhouse, where they kept up a destructive fire on the enemy, 
until a want of ammunition compelled them to surrender. Al- 
though our force was very inferior and comparatively small indeed, 
I am induced to think that the disaster is not attributable to any 
want of troops, but to gross neglect in the commanding officer of 
the fort, captain Leonard, in not preparing, being ready, and 
looking out for the expected attack. 

I have not been able to ascertain correctly the number of killed 
and wounded. About twenty regulars have escaped out of the 
fort, some badly wounded. Lieutenant Peck, 24th regiment, is 
killed, and it is said three others. You will perceive, sir, by the 
enclosed general orders, that I apprehended an attack, and made 
the necessarj arrangements to meet it, but have reason to believe, 
from information received by those who have made their escape, 
that the commandant did not in any respect comply with those 
orders. 



289 

On the same morning a detachment of militia, under majo;- 
Bennet, stationed at Lewiston Heights, was attacked by a party 
of savaiges : but the major and his little corps, by making a des- 
perate charge, effected their retreat after being surrounded by 
several hundred, with the loss of six or eight, who doubtless were 
killed : among whom were two sons of captain Jones, Indian in- 
terpreter. The villages of V r oungstown, Lewiston, Manchester, 
and the Indian Tuscarora village, were reduced to ashes, and 
the inoffensive inhabitants who could not escape, were, without 
regard to age or -ex, inhumanly butchered by savages headed by 
BRITISH officers painted, A British officer who is taken prison- 
er avows that many small children were murdered by their 
Indians. Major Mallorv, who was stationed at Schiosser, with 
about forty Canadian volunteers, advanced to Lewiston Heights, 
and compelled the advanced guard of the enemy to fall back to 
the foot of the mountain. The major is a meritorious officer ; he 
fought the enemy two days, and contended every inch of ground 
to the Tonawanta creek. In these actions lieutenant Lowe of the 
23d regiment United States army, and eight of the Canadian vo- 
lunteers were killed. 1 had myself, three days previous to the at- 
tack on the Niagara, left it with a view of providing for the defence 
of this place, Black Rock, and the other villages on this frontier. 
I came here without troops, and have called out the militia of 
Genesee, Niagara, and Chataugaj counties en masse. 

This place was then thought to be in most imminent danger, as 
well as the shipping, but I have no doubt is now perfectly secure. 
Volunteers are coming in, in great numbers; they are, however, 
a species of troops that cannot be expected to continue in service 
for a long time. In a few days one thousand detached militia, 
lately drafted, will be on. 

1 have the honour to be, &c. 

GEORGE M'CLURE, 
Brigadier general commanding* 
Honourable Jo] in Armstrong 1 , Secretary of War, 



HEAD QUARTERS, NIAGARA FRONTIER, 

December 30th, 1813-. 
SIR, 

I have only time to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of 
the 25th instant, and to add that this frontier is wholly desolate. 
The British crossed over, supported by a strong party of Indians, 
at a little before daylight this morning, near Black Rock. They 
were met by the militia under my command with spirit; but 
overpowered by numbers and discipline of the enemy, the militia 
gave way and tied on every side ; every attempt to rally them was 
ineffectual. The enemy's purpose was obtained, and the flou- 
ncing village of BUFFALO LAID IN RUINS. The Niagara 
prospect of uniting our forces, of driving the enemv from Bur 

57 



290 

frontier now lies open and naked to our enemies. Your judgment 
Avill direct you what is most proper in this emergency. I am 
exhausted with fatigue and must defer particulars till to-morrow. 
Many valuable lives are lost. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

A. HALL, Major general. 
Governor Tompkins. 



GENERAL M'CLURE TO THE PUBLIC. 

GENESEE, NEW YORK, January 1st, 1814. 

The late descent of the enemy on our frontier, and the horrid 
outrages committed on our defenceless inhabitants by the British 
allies, being laid to my misconduct as commanding officer of the 
American forces on the frontier, and although my conduct has 
been approved by the Secretary of War, the commander in chief of 
this state, and by general Harrison, before his departure, still 
I deem it a dutv which I owe to my own reputation, in order to 
put a stop to the evil reports which are propagated against me, 
without knowing my orders, or the means which 1 had in my 
power to execute them, to <j;ive a brief statement of my most pro- 
minent acts since I have had the honour of so important a command. 
On my arrival at Fort George, and previous to the departure of 
general Wilkinson with his army from that post, I suggested to 
the general the necessity of marching out against the enemy at 
Cross Roads and Four Mile Creek ; that his army, with the addi- 
tion of my militia, were sufficient to lake or destroy all the British 
forces in that neighbourhood, which would leave nothing more for 
the militia to do than to protect and keep in order the inhabitants 
of that part of the province, as otherwise our frontier would be 
liable to be invaded. This proposition, however, was not agreed 
to, as the general's instructions were of a ditt'erent nature. The 
general left with me colonel .Scott and 800 regulars, who were to 
remain until I considered my force sufficient. to hold the fort with- 
out them, when they were to march to Sackett's Harbour. 

About the 1 2th of October, the British army commenced their 
retreat towards the head of the lake. I issued orders for my 
militia to pursue,., which was promptly obeyed. We advanced as 
far as the Twelve Mile Creek, and within a short distance of the 
enemy's rear guard, when colonel Scott sent an express, request- 
ing me to return, and said that he would abandon the fort next 
day, and march with his troops for Sackett's Harbour ; and at the 
same time detained my provisions and ammunition wagons, which 
compelled me to abandon the further pursuit of the enemy, and 
induced them to make a stand on the heights of Burlington. I 
Was then led with about 10Q0 effective militia in Fort George, and 
2.50 Indians, a force not more than sufficient to garrison the post. 
On the arrival of general Harrison's army, I was elated with the 



291 

lington, taking possession of that post, and giving peace to the 
Upper Province and our frontier. We were prepared to march 
in 24 hours, when the arrival of commodore Chauncey with orders 
for that excellent officer, general Harrison, to repair immediately 
with his army to Sackett's Harbour, frustrated it. I remonstrated 
against his going off, as will be seen in a correspondence between 
the general and myself; but in vain. By this movement all my 
expectations were blasted, and I foresaw the consequences, unless 
a reinforcement was immediately sent on to supply the place of 
the drafted militia whose term of service would shortly expire. I 
considered my force, which had become ungovernable, as then 
in-ifiicient to go against the enemy. The object of the last expe- 
dition to the Twenty Mile Creek, 'is fully explained in the general 
order which I issued on my return. For six weeks before the 
militia were discharged, I wrote, and continued writing, to the 
Secretary of War, the necessity of sending on a detachment of 
militia or regular troops ; that I found it impossible to retain the 
militia in service one day beyond their term ; I also stated, from 
the best information, the enemy's forces. I offered a bounty of 
two dollars per month, for one or two months, but without effect. 
Some few of colonel Bloom's regiment took the bounty, and imme- 
diately disappeared, and I was compelled to grant a discharge to 
the militia and volunteers, which left me about 60 effective regulars 
of the 24th United States infantry, under captain Rogers, to garri- 
son Fort George. I summoned a. council of the officers, and put the 
question — " Is the fort tenable with the present number of men ?" 
They unanimously gave it as their opinion, that it would be mad- 
ness in the extreme to pretend to hold it, and recommended its 
evacuation immediately, as the enemy's advance was then within 
eioht miles. I accordingly gave orders for all the arms, ammuni- 
tion and public stores, of every description, to be sent across the 
river, which was principally effected (though the enemy advanced 
so rapidly that ten of my men were made prisoners) and ordered 
the town of Newark to be burnt. This act, however distressing 
to the inhabitants and my feelings, was by order of the Secretary 
of War, and I believe at the same time proper. The inhabitants 
had twelve hours notice to remove their effects, and,sucb ?s chose 
to come across the river were provided with all tie necessaries of 
life. I left captain Leonard in the command of Fort Niagara, 
with about 160 effective regulars, and pointed out verbally, and 
particularly in a general order, how he should prepare for an attack, 
which would certainly take place. I stationed colonel Grieves's 
artillerists, consisting of about twenty men, with two pieces of 
artillery, at Lewiston, under the command of major Bennet, and 
made them a present of 400 dollars for volunteering their services 
three weeks ; but before that place was attacked they nearly all 
deserted, except the officers, who bravely defended themselves, 
and cut their way through the savages. The Canadian volunteers, 



292 

about 40 in number, Under major Mai lory, an officer of great 
merit, I stationed at Schlosser, and went myself to Buffalo to 
provide for the safety of that place, and Black Rock, which I 
tni>t is out of danger, having called out the militia of Niagara en 
mas 

The public are now in possession of some of the leading facts 
which have governed my conduct in the discharge of the trust 
assigned me, and I appeal to ihe candour of every dispassionate 
man to determine with what justice my feelings as a citizen, and 
pride as a soldier, have been wounded, and my character aspersed. 
If insubordination to ihe orders of superiors arc justifiable, 1 may 
have tailed in my defence. If to have suppressed the risings of 
mutiny i> reprehensible, then also am 1 not justified*, If to have 
enforced the disciplinary laws of a camp is a proceeding unwar- 
ranted, then have 1 been in error. But, fellow citizens, 1 do not 
think so meanly of you as to credit the monstrous supposition, 
that \ ou will deliberately advocate such strange hypothesis. Your 
prejudices against me have been the result of feelings misled by 
the acts of nay enemies, and not the result of your sober judgment, 
operating upon facts and principles. Those facts are now before 
you. On those facts judge me in your candour, and I will abide 
your decision. 

GEORGE M'CLURE. 



Captain Shaler, of the privateer governor Tompkins, to his ageiits 

in New Fork, dated 

AT SEA, January 1st, 1814. 

Two days after despatching the Nereid I took a whaleman, from 
London, bound for the South seas; but she being of no value I 
took out such stores, £v.c. as I could stow; and being much 
lumbered with prisoners and baggage, I put them on board and 
ordered her for Falmouth. 

The chasing this ship had taken me some distance oft' my 
ground, and, owing to calms, I could not regain it until the 25th 
ultimo, when at sun-iisc three sail were discovered ahead, and 
we made sa;i"in chase. The wind being light, we came slowly 
up with them. On a nearer approach they proved to be two ships 
and a briu;. One of the ships had all the appearance of a large 
transport; and from their manouvres, they appeared to have 
concerted measures for a mutual defence: and the large ship ap- 
pealed prepared to lake the bulk of an action. Boats were seen 
passing to and from her; she had boarding nettings almost up to 
her top-; --lie also had her topmast studding sail booms out, with 
the sails at their ends, ready for a running fight. Her ports ap- 
peared to be pointed, and she had something on deck resembling 
a merchantman's boal ; and, after all, what the deuce do you 
think she was? Why have a little patience and 1 will tell you. 



293 



At 3 P. M. a sudden squall struck us from the northward, and 
the ship not yet having received it, before I could get in our light 
sails, and almost before L could turn round, I was under the guns, 
not of a transport, but of a large frigate, and not more than 
one-third of a mile from her. 1 immediately hauled down En- 
glish colors, which 1 previously had up, set three American en- 
signs, trimmed our sails by the wind, and commenced a brisk 
fire from our little battery; but this was returned with woeful 
interest. Her first broad side killed two men, and wounded six 
others, two of whom severely, one since dead. It also blew up 
one of my salt boxes, with two nine pound cartridges. This com- 
municated tire to a number of pistols, and three tube boxes that 
were lying on the companion way; all of which exploded, and 
some of the tubes penetrated through a small crevice under the 
companion leaf, and found their way to the cabin floor; but that 
being wet, and the lire screen broken up, no further accident took 

place. 

This, together with the tremendous fire from the frigate, I as- 
sure you, made warm work on the Tompkins's quarter deck ; but 
thanks to her heels, and the exertions of my brave officers and 
crew, I have still the command of her. When she opened her 
fire upon me, it was about half past three. I was then a little 
abaft her beam. To have attempted to tack, in a hard squall, 
would at least have exposed me to a raking fire ; and to have 
attempted it and miss would have been attended with the inevi- 
table loss of the schooner. I therefore thought it most prudent 
to take her lire on the tack on which I was ; and this 1 was 
exposed to from the position which I have mentioned until I pass- 
ed her bow; she all the while standing on with me, and almost 
as fast as ourselves; and such a tune as was played round my 
ears, I assure you, I never wish to hear again in the same key. 
At 4 her shot began to fall short of us ; at half past four, the wind 
dying away, and the enemy still holding it, his shot again be^an 
to reach us ; got out sweeps, and turned all hands to. I also 
threw over all the lumber from the deck, and about 2000 weight 
of shot from the after hold. From about 5, A. M. all his shot fell 
short of us. At about 25 minutes after 5, the enemy^hove about, 
and I was glad to get so well clear of one of the most quarrelsome 
companions that 1 ever met with. After the first broadside from 
the frigate, no shot struck the hull of the Tompkins; but the 
water was literally in a foam all around her. The moment before 
the squall struck us, I told Mr. Farnum that she was too heavy 
or us, and he went forward with a glass to take another look ; 
when the squall took the schooner as if by magic, and was up with 
her before we could get in our light sail:-.. 

My officers conducted them selves in a way that would have 
done honour to a more permanent service : Mr. Farnum, first 
lieutenant, conducted himself with his usual vigor. Mr. Achcson, 



294 

Bailing master, performed Iris part in the style of a brave and 
accomplished seaman. Messrs. Miller and Dodd, second and 
third lieutenants, were not so immediately under my eye; but 
the precision and promptitude with which all my orders were 
executedj is sufficient proof that they are to be relied on. Mr. 
Thomas, boatswain, and Mr. Caswell, master's mate, were parti- 
cularly active, and deserve encouragement. 

The name of one of my poor fellows, who was killed, ought to 
be registered on the book of fame, and remembered with rever- 
ence as long as bravery is considered a virtue. He was a black 
man, named John Johnson. A 24 pound shot struck him in the 
hip, and took away all the lower part of his body. In this state 
the poor brave fellow lay on deck, and several times exclaimed 
to his shipmates, " Fire away my boys! — No haul a color down" 
The other was also a black man by the name of John Davis, and 
was struck in much the same way. He fell near me, and several 
times requested to be thrown overboard, saying, " He was only in 
the way of others." Whilst America has such tars, she has little 
to fear from the tyrants of Europe. 

From the circumstance of her shot being 24 pounders, (which 
iure you is the case, as we have felt and weighed them) I am 
of | inion it was the Laurel, a new frigate which I had information 
of. A gentleman whom I took, told me she was in the fleet; that 
she was built and manned on purpose to cope with our frigates; 
and that if she got sight of me, she would certainly take me, as she 
the fastest sailer he ever saw. Enclosed you have a list of 
the killed and wounded. In every thing else we are in good 



order and high spirits 

Killed -2. Wounded G ; one of whom since dead. 



Yours respectfullv, 

NATHANIEL SHALER. 



PORT CLAIBORNE, EAST BANK OF ALABAMA, 

85 miles above Fort Stoddert, January 1st, 1814. 

SIR, 

On the 1 3th ultimo, I marched a detachment from this post 

h the a iew of destroying the towns of the inimical Creek Indians, 

on the Alabama, above the mouth of the Cahaba. After having 

marched about 80 miles, from the best information I could obtain, 

I was within thirty miles of a town, newly erected on ground 

called Holy, occupied by a large body of the enemy, under the 

nd of Weatherford, the half breed chief, who was one of 

-,- who commanded the Indians that destroyed the garrison at 

Mima, in August last, and who has committed many depredations 

on the frontier inhabitants. 1 immediately caused" a stockade to 

trected for the security of the heavy baggage and sick. On 



595 

the morning of the 22d the troops resumed their line of march 
chiefly through woods, without a track to guide them. When 
near the town, on the morning of the 23d, my disposition for 
attack was made. The troops advanced in three columns. With 
the centre column I advanced myself, ordering Lester's guards 
and Wells's troop of dragoons to act as a corps of reserve. About 
noon the right column, composed of twelve months' volun- 
teers, commanded by colonel Joseph Carson, came in view of the 
town called Eccanachaca (or Holy Ground), and was immediately 
vigorously attacked by the enemy, who were apprized of our 
approach, and had chosen their field of action. 

Before the centre, commanded by lieutenant colonel Russell, 
with a part of the od regiment of United States' infantry and 
mounted militia riflemen, or the left column, which was composed 
of militia and a party of Choctaws, under Pushamuttaha, com- 
Cianded by major Smoot, of militia, who were ordered to charge, 
could come generally into action, the enemy were repulsed, and 
were flying in all directions, many of them casting away their 
arms. Thirty of the enemy were killed, and, judging from every 
appearance, manj were wounded. The loss on our part was one 
corporal killed, and one ensign, two sergeants, one corporal and 
two privates wounded. 

A pursuit was immediately ordered ; but from the nature of 
the country, nothing was effected. The town was nearly sur- 
rounded by swamps and deep ravines, which rendered our ap- 
proach difficult, and facilitated the escape of the enemy. In the 
town we found a large quantity of provision and immense pro- 
perty of various kinds, which the enemy, flying precipitately, 
were obliged to leave behind, and which, together with two hun- 
dred houses, were destroyed. They had barely time to remove 
their women and children across the Alabama,* which runs near 
where the town stood. The next day was occupied in destroying 
a town, consisting of sixty houses, eight miles higher up the river, 
and in taking and destroying the enemy's boats. At the town 
lasl destroyed was killed three Indians of some distinction. The 
town first de.-troyed was built since the commencement of hosti- 
lities, and was established as a place of security for the inhabi- 
tants of several villages. The ieader Weatherford, Francis, and 
the Choctaw Sinq a son, who were principal prophet-, resi- 

ded here, Thre< ■ .m^ were among the slain. 

Colonel Carson, of the volunteers, lieutenant colonel Russell, of 
the Ct\ regiment United Stati - infantry, and major Smoat, of 
m itia, greatly distinguished themselves. The activity and z< •• I 
of the assistant d< i u •, q larter master general) captain Wert, and 
m - maj r, K.enn< dy, merittl e approbation ol governwe ; t. 

I ■ much indebted to m\ aid-de-ca ip, lieutenant Calvit, .f 
\ tnteers, to lieute: .. n , oi the 3d regiment, and major 

Caller, of militia, wiio acted as my aids on that day, for the 



296 



promptnea#and ability with which they performed their .several 
duties. The officers of the different corps behaved handsomely, 

and are entitled to distinction. Courage animated every counte- 
nance, and each vied with the other in rendering service. 

1 have taken the liberty of communicating to you directly, in 
consequence of the distant station oi the general commanding the 
district, and also for the purpose of forwarding to you the enclosed 
ori°inal document which was found in the house of Weatherford. 
li shows particularly the conduct of the Spaniards towards the 
American government. The third regiment has retui'ned to this 
place, and volunteers are on the march to mount Vernon, near 
fori S^toddert, for the purpose of being paid off and discharged, 
their terms of service having generally expired. 

1 have the honour to be, &c. 

FERD. L. CLAIBORNE, 

Brig. Gen. of Volunteers. 
Honourable John Armstrong. 



CAMP DEFIANCE, 48 MILES WEST OF CHATAHOUCHEE, 

January 27th, 1814 4 

SIR, 

I have the honour to acquaint your excellency, that this morn- 
ing at twenty minutes past live o'clock, a very large body of hos- 
tile Indians, made a desperate attack on the army under mv 
command. They stole upon the sentinels, fired upon them, and 
with great impetuosity rushed upon our lines; in twenty minutes 
the action became general, and our front, right and left flanks 
were closely pressed; but the brave and gallant conduct of the 
held and line officers, and the firmness of the men, repelled them 
at every point. 

The steady firmness and incessant fire of captain Thomas's 
artillery, and captain Adams's riflemen, preserved our frontline: 
both of these companies suffered greatly. The enemy rushed 
within fifty yards of the artillery, and captain Broadnax, who 
commanded one of the picket guards, maintained his post with 
great bravery until the enemy gained his rear, and then cut his 
wi\ through them to the army. On this occasion Timpoochie 
Barnuel, a half-breed, at the head of the Uchies, distinguished 
himself and contributed to the retreat of the picket guard; the 
other friendly Indians took refuge within our Lines and remained 
inactive, with the exception of a few who joined our ranks. So 
soon a- it became light enough to distinguish objects, 1 ordered 
majors Watson's ami Freeman's battalions to wheel up at right 
angles with majors Booth's and Cleveland's battalions, (who form- 
ed right wing,) to prepare for the charge. Captain Duke Hamil- 
ton's cavalry (who had reached me but the day before,) was or- 
dered to form in the rear of the right wing to act as circumstances 



297 

should dictate: the order for the charge was promptly obeyed, 
and the enemy fled in every direction before the bayonet. The 
signal was given for the charge of the cavalry who pursued, and 
sabred fifteen of the enemy who left thirty-seven dead on the field : 
from the effusion of blood and the number of head-dresses and 
war-dubs found in various directions, their loss must have been 
considerable, independent of the wounded. I directed the friend- 
ly Indians, with Meriwether's and Ford's rifle companies, accom- 
panied by captain Hamilton's troop, to pursue them through Cali- 
pee Swamp, where they were trailed by their blood, but succeeded 
in overtaking but one of their wounded. 

Colonel Newman received three balls in the commencement of 
the action, which deprived me of the services of that gallant and 
useful officer. The assistant adjutant general Narden, was inde- 
fatigable in the discharge of his duty, and rendered, important 
services : his horse was wounded under him. The whole of the 
start" was prompt, and discharged their duty with courage and 
fidelity; their vigilance, the intrepidity of the officers, and the 
firmness of the men, meet my approbation, and deserve the praise 
of their country. I have to regret the death of many of my 
brave fellows, who have found honourable graves in the voluntary 
support of their country. M y aid-dc-camp, in executing my orders, 
had his horse killed under him. General Lee and major Pace, 
who acted as additional aids, rendered me essential service with 
honour to themselves and usefulness to the cause in which they 
are embarked. Four wagon and several other horses were killed, 
and two of the artillery horses wounded. While I deplore the 
loss sustained on this occasion, I have the consolation to know 
that the men which I have the honour to command have done their 
duty. I herewith transmit you a list of the killed and wound. 
I have the honour to be, &c. 

JOHN FLOYD, Brigadier General. 
Major general Pinckney. 



January 28th, 1814. 

SIR, 

The patriotism that brought you into the field at your ad- 
vanced age, which prompted you on with me to face the enemy in 
the late excursion to the Talapoosie river, the example of order, 
and your admonition to strict subordination throughout the lines, 
and, lastly, the bravery you displayed in the battle of Enotochopco, 
by re-crossing the creek, entering the pursuit, exposing your per- 
son, and thereby saving the life of lieutenant Moss, and killing 
the Indian, entitle you to the thanks of your general and the 
approbation of your country. Not having it in my power to move 
forward until the troops from East and West Tennessee arrive, 
(I mean the 1500 ordered for six months' service, under the re- 
quisition of the Secretary of War, and the late order of general 
3S 



298 

Tun knew with colonel Williams's regiment, and such other au\i 
li.n \ troops, as may be permitted by the orders of the governor of 
the state) I have to request that you will forthwith repair to East 
Tennessee, and use your best exertions in hurrying those troops 
to this point at the earliest possible day. The "character of the 
Btate, by the retrograde of the troops, and the failure of 
havingin the field such troops as were required by the Secretary 
of War, had like to have been tarnished. The public service has 
been much retarded thereby and much injured, and the public 
expense much enhanced. It is alone from the exertions of men 
of influence, that those evils can be cured, the public service 
promoted, and the objects of the campaign brought to a speedy 
and successful issue, whereby the high standing of the patriotism 
of the state of Tennessee may be regained, which had like to 
have been buried by the conduct of miscreants whose sole object 
is popular views and self aggrandizement. You have been with 
me — you have been a faithful observer of the passing scenes, 
and do know that these would be patriots, these town meet- 
' boasters, these men who will not act themselves, but find 
fault with every thing, have been destroying the true interests of 
th >ir country, the cause we are engaged in, and every thing valua- 
ble to freemen to insure the cause of our country, when it came 
in contact with their own individual views, and their own private 
dizement. The eyes of the faithful and experienced patri- 
ot, one whose country's good it has in common with his fellow-citi- 
vx>\\>, has seen and felt these growing evils. You are one amongst 
this number, in whose exertions I have confidence, and in whose 
patriotism I rely, and who has experience, and sees things as they 
really exist, and will, with the true patriotism of an American, 
aid the present campaign to a speedy and successful issue. I 
therefore repeat, that I wish you to repair to East Tennessee and 
:!-'• your utmost in sending on the troops and sufficient supplies of 
provisions with them, with which that country abundantly abounds, 
and which have from some unknown and strange cause been with- 
holden from me. Your experience and patriotism are a sure pledge 
to me that your best exertions will be used to promote the present 
campaign. 

Keceive, sir, my best wishes, and believe me to be respectfully, 
Your most obedient servant, 

ANDREW JACKSON, Mai, Gen. Corndg* 

lon< I William Cocke. 



HEAD QUARTERS FORT STROTHER, January 29th, 1814. 
SIR, 

I had the honour of informing you in a letterof the 31st ult. for- 
warded by Mr. M'Candless (express) of an excursion I contemplat- 
ed making still further iu the enemy's country with the new raised 



2iii) 

volunteers from Tennessee. I had ordered those troops to form a 
junction with me on the 10th instant, but they did not arrive until 
the 14th. Their number, including officers, was about 800 ; and 
on the loth, 1 marched them across the river to graze their horses. 
On the next day I followed with the remainder of my force, con- 
sisting o( the artillery company with one six-pounder, one com- 
pany of infantry of 48 men, two companies of spies, commanded 
by captains Gordon and Russell, of about 50 men each, and a 
company of volunteer officers, headed by general Coifee, who had 
been abandoned by his men, and who still remained in the field 
awaiting the order of the government ; making my force, exclusive 
of Indians, 930. 

The motives which induced me to penetrate still further into 
the enemy's country, with this force, were many and urgent. The 
term of service of the new raised volunteers was short, and a con- 
siderable part of it was expired ; they were expensive to the 
government) and were full of ardor to meet the enemy. The ill 
effects of keeping soldiers of this description long stationary and 
idle, 1 had been made to feel but too sensibly already : other 
cause's concurred to make such a movement not only justifiable 
but absolutely necessary. 1 had received a letter from captain 
M'AIpin, of the 5th instant, who commanded at Fort Armstrong, 
in the absence of colonel Snodgrass, informing me that 14 or U 
towns of the enemy, situated on the waters of the Talapoosie, 
Avere about uniting their forces, and attacking that place, which 
had been left in a very feeble state of defence. You had in your 
letter of the 24th ult. informed me that general Floyd was about 
to make a movement to the Talapoosie, near its junction with the 
Coosee ; and in the same letter had recommended temporary ex- 
cursions against such of the enemy's towns or settlements as might 
be within striking distance, as well to prevent my men from be- 
coming discontented as to harass the enemy. Your ideas corres- 
ponded exactly with my own, and I was happy in the opportunity 
of keeping my men engaged distressing the enemy, and at the 
same time making a diversion to facilitate the operations of general 
Floyd. 

Determined by these and other considerations, I took up the 
line of march on the 17th instant, and on the night of the 18th 
encamped at Tallcdega Fort, where I was joined by between two 
and three hundred friendly Indians ; sixty-five of which were 
Cherokees, the balance Creeks. Here I received your letter of 
the 9th instant, stating that general Floyd was expected to make 
a movement from Cowetau the next day, and that in ten days 
thereafter he would establish a firm position at Tuckabachee ; and 
also a letter from colonel Snodgrass, who had returned to Fort. 
Armstrong, informing; me that an attack was intended to be soon 
made on that fort, by 900 of the enemy. Ii I could have hesitated 
before, I could now hesitate no longer. I resolved to lose no time. 
in meeting this force, which was understood to have been collect' 



3oa 

ed from New Yorcau, Oakfuskee, and TTfauley towns, and were 
concentrated in a bend of the Talapoosie, near the mouth of a creek 
called Emuckfau, and on an island below New Yorcau. 

On the morning of the 20th, jour letter of the 10th instant, for- 
warded by M'Candless, reached me at the Hillibee Creek, and 
that night I encamped at Enotochopco, a small Hillibee village 
about twelve miles from Emucfau. Here I began to perceive very 
plainly how little knowledge my spies had of the country, of the 
situation of the enemy, or of the distance I was from them. The 
insubordination of the new troops, and the want of skill in most 
of their officers, also became more and more apparent. But their 
ardor to meet the enemy was not diminished ; and I had a sure 
reliance upon the guards, and the company of old volunteer offi- 
cers, and upon the spies, in all about 125. My wishes and my 
duty remained united, and I was determined to effect, if possible, 
the objects for which the excursion had been principally underta- 
ken. 

On the morning of the 21st, I marched from Enotochapco as 
direct as I could for "the bend of the Talapoosie, and about two 
o'clock P. M. my spies having discovered two of the enemy, en- 
deavoured to overtake them, but failed. In the evening 1 fell in 
upon a large trail, which led to a new road, much beaten and late- 
ly travelled. Knowing that I must have arrived within the neigh- 
bourhood of a strong force, and it being late in the day, 1 deter- 
mined to encamp, and reconnoitre the country in the night. I 
chose the best site the country v\ould admit, encamped in a hol- 
low Square, sent out my spies and pickets, doubled my sentinels, 
and made the necessary arrangements before dark, for a night 
attack. About ten o'clock at night, one of the pickets fired at 
three of the enemy, and killed one, but he was not found until the 
next day. At 11 o'clock the spies whom I had sent out returned 
with information, that there was a large encampment of Indians at 
the distance of about three miles, who from their whooping and 
dancing seemed to be apprised of our approach. One of these 
spies, an Indian in whom I iiad great confidence, assured me that 
they were carrying off their women and children, and that the 
warriors would either make their escape or attack me before day. 
Being prepared at all points, nothing remained to be done but to 
await their approach, if they meditated an attack, or to be in rea- 
diness, if they did not, to pursue and attack them at da\ -light. 
While we were in this state of readiness, the eneni}', about six 
o'clock in the morning, commenced a vigorous attack on my left 
Rank, which was vigorously met: the action continued to rage on 
my left Hank, and on the left of my rear for about half an hour. 
The brave general Coffee, with colonel Sitler, the adjutant gene- 
ral, and colonel Carroll, the inspector general, the moment the. 
firing commenced, mounted their horses and repaired to the line, 
encouraging and animating the men to the performance of their 
duty. ,So soon as it became light enough to pursue, the left wing 



301 

having sustained the heat of the action, and being somewhat weak 
ened, wus reinforced by captain Ferrill's company of infantry, 
and was ordered and led on to the charge by general Coffee, who 
was well supported by colonel Higgins and the inspector general, 
and by all the officers and privates who composed that line. The 
enemy was completely routed at every point, and the friendly 
Indians joining in the pursuit, they were chased about two miles 
with considerable slaughter. 

The chase being over, I immediately detached general Coffee 
with 400 men and all the Indian force to burn their encampment; 
but it was said by some to be fortified. 1 ordered him in that 
event QOl to attack, it, until the artillery could be sent forward to 
reduce it. On viewing the encampment and its strength, the 
general thought.it most prudent to return to my encampment and 
guard the artillery thither. The wisdom of this step was soon 
discovered ; in half an hour after his return to camp, a considera- 
ble portion of the enemy made its appearance on my right flank, 
and commenced a brisk fire on a party of men who had been on 
picJ i'i guard the night before, and were then in search of the In- 
dian- they had fired upon, some of whom they believe have been 
killed. General Coffee immediately requested me to let him take 
200 men and turn their left flank, which 1 accordingly ordered; 
but through some mistake* which I did not then observe, not more 
than 54 followed him, among whom were the old volunteer officers. 
With these, however, he immediately commenced an attack on 
the left think of the enemy ; at which time 1 ordered 200 of the 
friendly Indians to fall in upon the right Hank of the enemy and 
co-operate w ith the general. This order was promptly obeyed, 
and in the moment of its execution, what I expected was realized. 
The enemy had intended the attack on the right as a feint, and, 
expecting to divert all my attention thither, meant to attack me 
again with their main force on the left flank, which they had 
hoped to find weakened and in disorder. — They were disappoint- 
ed, i had ordered the left flank to remain firm to its place, and 
the moment the alarm gun was heard in that quarter, I repaired 
thither, and ordered captain Ferrill, part of my reserve, to support 
it. The whole line met the approach of the enemy with astonish- 
ing intrepidity, and having given a few fires, they forthwith 
charged with great vigor. The effect was immediate and inevi- 
table. The enemy fled with precipitation, and were pursued to 
a considerable distance by the left flank and the friendly Indians, 
with a galling and destructive tire. Colonel Carroll, who order-' 
ed the charge, led on the pursuit, and colonel Higgins and his 
regiment again distinguished themselves. 

In the mean time general Coffee was contending with a superi- 
or foice of the enemy. The Indian, who I had ordered to his 
support, and who had set out foi this purpose, hearing the fire on 
the left, had returned to that quarter, and when the enemy were 
routed there, entered into the chase. That being now over, I 



30.2- 

forthwitl 1 0*1 Jim Fife, who was one of the principal com 

manders lie friendly Creeks, with 100 of his warriors, to exe- 
cute un first order. As soon as he reached general Coffee, the 
charge was made and the enemy routed : they were pursued about 
three miles, and 45 of them slain, who were found. General 
Coffee wa wounded in the body, and his aid -de-camp, A. Donald- 
son, killed, together with three others. Having brought in and 
buried the dead, and dressed the wounded, 1 ordered my camp 
to be fortified, to be the better prepared to repel any attack which 
>e made in the night; determined to commence a return 
march to Fort Strotherthe following day. 

Many causes concurred to make such a measure necessary, as 
! had not set out prepared, or with a view to make a permanent 
establishment. 1 considered it worse than useless to advance and 

estroy an empty encampment. I had, indeed, hoped to have 
1 let the enemy there, but having met and beaten them a little 

'. iner, I did not think it necessary or prudent to proceed any 
further: not necessary, because I had accomplished all I could 
expect to effect by marching to their encampment ; and because, 
if it was proper to contend with and weaken their forces still fttr- 
th( r, this object would be more certainly attained by commencing 
a return, which, having to them the appearance of a retreat, would 
insj irit tliom to pursue me. Not prudent, because of the number 
of my wounded, of the reinforcements from below which the ene- 
m might be expected to receive; of the starving condition of my 
, ihcy having had neither corn nor cane for two days and 
nights; of the scarcity of supplies for my men, the Indians who 
met me ai Talladega, having drawn none, and being wholly desti- 
tute; and because, if the enemy pursued me, as it was likely they 
would, the diversion in favour of general Floyd would be the more 
complete and effectual, influenced by these considerations 1 
commenced mv return march at h;df past ten, on the 23d, and 
was fortunate enough to reach Euotochopco before night, having 
passed without interruption a dangerous defile, occasioned by a 
hurricane. 1 again fortified my camp, and having another defile 
to pass in the morning, across a deep creek, and between two hills, 
which I had viewed with attention as I passed on, and where I 
expected I might be attacked, I determined to pass it at another 
point, and gave directions to my guide and fatigue men accord- 
ingly. My expectation ol an attack in the morning was increased 
by the sjgns of the night, and with it my caution. Before I 

moved t!ie wounded from the interior of my camp, I had 
my from and rear guards formed, as well as my right and left 
columns, and moved off,my centre in regular order, leading down 
a handsome ridge to Enotochopco creek, at a point where it was 
1 ! ir of reed, exc pi immediately on its margin. 1 had previously 

issued a general order, pointing out the manner in which the men 

• "ild be formed in tl e event of an attack on the front or rear, 



SOS 

or on the flanks, anil had particularly cautioned the officers to 
halt and form accordingly) the instant the word should be g;iven. 
The front guard had crossed with part of the flank columns, the 
wounded were over, and the artillery in the act of entering 
the creek, when an alarm gun was heard in the rear. 1 heard 
it without surprise, and even with pleasure; calculating with the 
utmost confidence on the firmness of my troops, from the manner 
in which I had seen them act on the 22d. I had placed colonel 
Carroll at the head of the centre column of the rear guard; its 
right column was commanded by colonel Perkins, and its left by 
colonel Stump. Having chosen the ground, I expected there to 
have entirely cut off the enemy by* wheeling the right and left 
columns on their pivot, re- crossing the creek above and below, 
and falling in upon their flanks and rear; But to my astonish- 
ment and mortification, when the word was given by colonel Car- 
roll to halt and form, and a few guns had been fired, I beheld the 
right and left columns of the rear guard precipitately give way. 
This shameful retreat was disastrous in the extreme; it drew 
along with it the greatest part of the centre column, leaving not 
more than "2.> men, who being formed by colonel Carroll, maintain- 
ed their ground as long as it was possible to maintain it, and it 
brought consternation and confusion into the centre of the army, 
a consternation which was not easily removed, and a confusion 
which could not soon be restored to order. There was then left 
to repulse the enemy, the i\'\v who remained of the rearguard, 
the artillery company and captain Russell's company of spies. 
They, however, realized and exceeded my highest expectations. 
Lieutenant Armstrong, who commanded the artillery company in 
the absence of captain Deadrick (confined by sickness), ordered 
them to form and advanced to the top of tiie hill, whilst he and a 
few others dragged up the six pounder. Never was more bravery 
displayed than on this occasion. Amidst the most galling fire 
from the enemy, more than ten times their number, they ascended 
the hill and maintained their position, until their piece was hauled 
up, when, having levelled it, they poured upon the enemy a fire 
of grape, re-loaded and fired again, charged and repulsed them. 

The most deliberate bravery was displayed by Constantine 
Perkins and Craven Jackson of the artillery, acting as gunners. 
In the hurry of the moment in separating the gun from the lim- 
bers, the rammer and picker of the cannon were left tied to the 
limber : no sooner was this discovered, than Jackson, amidst the 
galling fire of the enemy, pulled out the ramrod of his musket, 
and used it as a picker ; primed with a cartridge and fired the 
cannon. Perkins having pulled oft' his bayonet, used his mus- 
ket as a rammer, drove down the cartridge ; and Jackson, using 
his former plan, again discharged her. The brave lieutenant 
Armstrong, just after the first fire of the cannon, with captain 
Hamilton, of East Tennessee, Bradford and McGavock, all fell, 
the lieutenant exclaiming as he lay," my brave fellows, some of you 



304 

ia«7 fall, but you must save the cannon," About this time, a num- 
ber crossed the creek and entered into die chase. The brave 
captain Gordon of the spies, who rushed from the front, endea- 
vored to turn the left flank of the enemy, in which he partially 
succeeded, and colonel Carroll, colonel Higgins and captains 
Elliot and Pipkins pursued the enemv for more than two miles, 
who fled in consternation, throwing away their packs, and leaving 
twenty -six of their warriors dead on the field. This last defeat 
v. ;:^ decisive, and we were no more disturbed bv their yells. 
I should do injustice to my feelings if I omitted to mention that 
the venerable judge Cocke, at the age of sixty-five, entered into 
the engagement, continued the pursuit of the enemy with youth- 
ful ardor, and saved the life of a fellow soldier by killing his 
savage antagonist. 

Ouf loss in tills affair was killed and wounded ; among 

the former was the brave captain Hamilton, of East Tennessee, 
who had, with his aged father and two others of his company, 
after the period of his engagement had expired, volunteered his 
services for this excursion, and attached himself to the artillery 
company. No man ever fought more bravelv or fell more elori- 
ously ; and by his side fell with equal bravery and glory, Bird 
Evans of the same company. Captain Quarles, who commanded 
the centre column of the rearguard, preferring death to abandoning 
his post, having taken a firm stand in which he was followed by 
twenty-five of his men, received a wound in his head of which he 
has since died. 

In these several engagements our loss was twenty killed and 
seventy-five wounded, four of whom have since died. The loss 
of the enemy cannot be accurately ascertained ; one hundred and 
eighty-nine of their warriors were found dead ; but this must fall 
considerably short of the number really killed. Their wounded 
can only be guessed at. 

Had it not been for the unfortunate retreat of the rear guard in 
the affair of the 24th instant, I think I could safely have said 
that no army of militia ever acted with more cool and delibe- 
rate bravery. Undisciplined and inexperienced as they were, 
their conduct in the several engagements of the 22d could not 
have been surpassed by regulars. No men ever met the approach 
ol an enemy with more intrepidity, or repulsed them with more 
energy. On the 24th, after the retreat of the rear guard, they 
Beemed to have lost all collectedness, and were more dillicult to 
!)•• restored to order than any troops I had ever seen. Hut this 

- no doubt owing in a great measure, or altogether, to that very 
retreat, and ought rather to be ascribed to the want of conduct in 
manvol their officers than to any cowardice in the men, who on 
ever) occasion have manifested a willingness to perform their du- 
:\ BO far as they knew it. 

All th<- effects which were designed to be produced by this 
excursion, it is believed have been produced. If an attack was 



305 

meditated against fort Armstrong, that has been prevented. If 
general Floyd is operating on the east side of the Talapoosie, as 
I suppose him to he, a most fortunate diversion has been made in 
his favour. The number of the enemy has been diminished, and 
the confidence they may have derived from the delays I have 
been made to experience, has been destroyed. Discontent has 
been kept out of my army, while the troops who have been exposed 
to it, have been beneficially employed. The enemy's country 
has been explored, and a road cut to the point where they will 
be concentrated when they shall be driven from the country below. 
But, in a report of this kind, and to you who will immediately 
perceive them, it is not necessary to state the happy consequences 
which may be expected to result from this excursion. Unless I 
am greatly mistaken, it will be found to have hastened the termi- 
nation of the Creek war, more effectually than any measure I 
could have taken with the troops under my command. 

I am, 8cc. 

ANDREW JACKSON, 

Maj. Gen. Tennessee Volunteers. 
Major general Thomas Pinckney. 



CHARLESTON, January 31st, 1814. 
SIR, 

I have the honour to inform you that yesterday morning, 
about 4 o'clock, I received information express from Stono, that 
the United States' schooner Alligator had been the evening before 
chased in by an enemy's squadron, and attacked in the night by a 
detachment of boats. I immediately repaired to the place, and 
ordered two barges round, and a detachment of seamen overland, 
from the Nonsuch, to her assistance. About 8 A. M. I got on 
board the Alligator, then some distance up the river. I received 
the following information from sailing master Bassett, her com- 
mander ; that he sailed on Saturday morning from the river of 
North Edisto, for Charleston. Soon after leaving the bar, disco- 
vered an enemy's squadron, consisting of a frigate, a heavy brig, 
and a hermaphrodite, which gave chace to him — wind light from 
the south-west ; he found that the frigate would cut him off 
from Charleston, and in the evening run into the river and 
hove to; the enemy then close oft' the bar; and from their 
manouvres was of opinion they intended to send in their boats. 
He stood up the river about two miles, and anchored, prepared 
for action. About a quarter before 8 P. M. the moon very bright, 
discovered six of the enemy's boats shove oft' from under the 
marsh abreast him, and within pistol shot (having under cover of 
the marsh, with muffled oars, approached this near without disco- 
verv), he immediatel v gave them a broadside, which was returned ; 

39 



366 

cut his cable and made sail, when the action continued for 30 mia- 
utes, close on board ; soon after making way, the pilot was unfortu- 
nately mortally wounded, and the schooner grounded ; at this time 
their 2 largest barges were disabled, and about musket shot distance 
astern, when they retreated and have not since been seen. The 
Alligator's rigging and sails, from the topsail yard down, are lite- 
rally cut to pieces, and but few shot in her hull, two men killed and 
two wounded, one severely, and the pilot (Mr. Hatch, a very 
respectable master of a vessel in this port, having a large family 
depending entirely on his exertions for support) mortally wound- 
ed. Great credit is due to sailing master Bassett, his officers and 
crew, for defeating a force so greatly superior in numbers, as there 
could not have been less than 140 men opposed to forty. The 
enemy, by the information received from the inhabitants immedi- 
ately on the river, must have suffered severely, as there was great 
confusion on board them while retreating, and the largest boat 
appeared to be so much injured as to require the assistance of the 
others. I left the schooner last night in Wappoo Cut, and she will 
be here as soon as the weather will permit. When I receive Mr. 
Bassett's official report, I shall do myself the honour to forward it, 
for your further information. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

J. H. DENT. 

Hon. \Vm. Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 



Extracts of letters from general Floyd to general Pinckney. 

CAMP NEAR TORT HALL, February 2d, 18U. 
" SIR, 

" I arrived with the army at this place yesterday. I apprised 
you in my last of the necessity of falling back. The arrival of 
twelve wagons in the evening, the prospect of reinforcements, and 
the handsome terms in which you have been pleased to approbate 
the conduct of the army in the late affair with the enemy, I flat- 
ter myself will contribute to the accomplishment of my labors to 
preserve, the honour and reputation of the army. I now enter- 
tain a gleam of hope that things will end well. No means on my 
part have or will be neglected to effect so desirable an object. 
Reasoning, seasoned with threats of the consequences, and the 
direful effects which followed the improper conduct of the New 
York militia, have been represented in strong terms; nor have I 
omitted to remind them of their pledges to the government to 
brave dangers, encounter toil and endure privation — to risk life 
and fortune in support of the common cause. You may rest as- 
sured that I shall employ all the means in my power to promote., 
the public interest: 



so? 

« Since mv report of the battle of the 27th, I ato well assured, 
that seven ot the enemy's slain have been found in one grave in 
Canlibee swamp, and five others in an adjacent one. °Accept 
my acknowledgments for the terms in which you have been 
pleased to approbate my conduct— my endeavours to continue to 
merit it will be unremitting." 

"February 3d, 1814. 
• I am informed that the enemy are in possession of our works 
at Camp Defiance, on their way to attack us, which in all proba- 
bility they will attempt to night. We are well prepared, and 
will gjve a good account of them, if they attempt the execution 
of their designs, I this morning sent off the most of our wound- 
ed and sick." 



HEAD QUARTERS, FORT STROTHER, February 17tb, 1814, 
SIR, 

Your two letters of the 8th and 14th instant, have been receiv- 
ed, but from the continued hurry of business with which I am 
surrounded, I have not had time to answer them until now. 

The importance of the service you have rendered, and the 
deep interest you have taken in forwarding my views and the 
objects of the campaign, command my sincere thanks. I hope 
you will continue to aid in procuring the means and transporting 
the supplies to this place : the active exertions of a patriot of six- 
ty-jive years of age, will certainly stimulate the youthful soldier 
to his duty ; such examples have become necessary; I find those 
who talk most of war and make the greatest bustle about our in- 
jured rights at home, are the last to step forward in vindication of 
those rights. Patriotism is an appendage which such men wear 
as a coquette does a fine ribband, merely for show, and to be laid 
aside or applied as necessity may require. 
I have the honour to be, &c. 

ANDREW JACKSON, 

Major general commanding. 
( 'olnnel William Cocke. 



UNITED STATES FRIGATE PRESIDENT, 

SANDY HOOK BAY, February 19thj 1814. 

*IR, 

I have to acquaint you that I arrived at my present an- 
chorage last evening at 5 o'clock, after a cruize of seventy -five 
days, and now have the honour to detail to you the particulars 
Inpursuance to your directions, I sailed from Providence the 
5th December ; and although I expected to have run the gauntlet 



SOS 

through the enemy's squadron, that was reported to be cruizing 
between Block Island and Gayhead for the purpose of intercej t- 
in"- the President, I had the good luck to avoid them. The day 
after leaving Providence, 1 re-captured the American schooner 
Comet, of, and bound to, New York, with a cargo of cotton from 
Savannah, which had been captured by the Ramilies and Loire, 
and in their possession about 48 hours. In a few hours after re- 
capturing the Comet, a sail was discovered to the eastward, 
which 1 felt inclined to avoid, from the circumstance of the wea : 
ther being hazy, and knowing that I was in the neighbourhood of. 
an enemy's squadron. From an advantage of wind, she was 
enabled, however to gain our lee beam at a distance of three or 
four miles, owing to which I was induced to shorten sail, with 
the intention of oCering her battle in the morning, should nothing 
else be in sight, and she not be a ship of the line. The weather 
becoming more obscure at 2 o'clock, prevented our seeing her un- 
til day-light, when she stood from us to the north east, although 
the President was hove to, to let her come up. From this date 
until the 25th, we did not see a single sail, except the Recovery 
(a brig belonging and bound to Penobscot, from St.Bartholomew, in 
ballast) until after reaching the longitude of 35, and latitute 19, 
being carried that far eastward by a severe S. W. gale, accompanied 
by such a heavy sea, as to render heaving to impracticable without 
infinite risk, when two large sail were discovered standing to the 
northward, and to which 1 gave chase, believing, as well from the 
situation in which they were first discovered, as the manifest dis- 
position they afterwards showed to avoid a separation, that one 
was a frigate and the other an Ind'iaman under her convoy ; in 
this I was mistaken, for on a nearer approach I could discover 
the headmost was a frigate with seven ports abaft her gangway, 
and the other a ship of equal or little inferior force. On discov- 
ering their decided superiority, and supposing them to be enemy's 
ships, I endeavored, duringthe succeeding night, to separate them 
by steering different courses, and occasionally shewing a light, 
but was unable to succeed, for the headmost was at one time so 
near that she fired a shot over us, whilst her consort was but a 
few hundred yards astern of her. I now directed our course to 
be altered, made sail, and continued the remainder of the night 
to shew them light occasionally, but to no effect, as at day-light 
they were discovered to be in a situation to unite their force. 
Afier this I shaped a course to reach a position to windward of 
Barbadoes, on a parallel of longitude with Cayenne, and did not 
meet another vessel till the 30th, when falling in with a Portu- 
guese brig, and receiving information that she had been boarded 
36 hours before by two British store ships, bound to the West In- 
dies with 300 troops on board, I crowded sail to the westward in 
ihe hope of overtaking them; in this I was again disappointed, 
and after a pursuit of four days, hauled further southward to gain 
the latitude of Barbadoes; and in that situation, on the 5th of 



309 

January captured the British merchant ship Wanderer, of 7 gnu? 
ami 16 men, from London bound to Jamaica, partly loaded with 
plantation si -. and after taking from her such light articles as 
were of most value, Bunk her. In the same position, on the 7th, 
I fell in with the British merchant ship Prince George, in 
the character of a cartel with prisoners, which, with 4 other 
British vessels, had been captured by two French 44 gun frigates,! he 
V Lisa and Nymph, the same ships 1 had fallen in with 14 days 
before. On board of the Prince George I sent the prisoners cap- 
tHicd in the Wanderer to Barbadoes, on parole. On the 9th of 
January, while -till to windward of Barbadoes, 1 captured the 
ship Edward, ol 6 guns and S men, from London bound toLagUira, 
in ballast — which vessel I also sunk. Having learned from the 
master of the Edward as well as the Wanderer and Prince George, 
(hat they had been separated in the Bay of Biscay from their con- 
l consisting of the Queen 74, two frigates, and two sloops of 
war, i was induced, owing to a belief that the convoy was still to the 
eastward, to remain to windward of Barbadoes until the 16th 
.1 lary, when finding they must have passed, I changed my 
ground and ranoff Cayenne, and from thence down the coast of 
Surinam, Berbice and Demarara, though between Tobago and 
Grenada, thence through the Caribbean sea, along the southeast 
side of Porto Rico, through the Mona passage, down the north 
iide of Jamaica, ami other leeward islands, without meeting a 
r vessel of the enemy, or any other than four Spanish drog- 
gers and one Swedish Bhip, until 1 got near the Manilla reef; 
near which, after capturing and sinking the British schooner 
Jonathan, loaded with rum and dry goods (the most valuable part 
of which I look on board) I hauled over lor the Florida shore and 
struck soundings off St. Augustine, and from thence run on sound- 
ings as far as Charleston, passing within 4 or 5 miles of Colum- 
bia island, and as near to Savannah as the weather and depth of 
water would allow, without meeting a single vessel except a, 
Spanish ship from the Havanna bound to Spain, but steering for 
Savannah in consequence of having sprung a leak. 

Arriving off Charleston, (which was on the 11th instant,) I 
strefc bed close in with the Bar, and made the private signal of 
the day to two schooners lying in Rebellion Roads, and which. 
from their appearance, 1 believed to be public vessels. After re- 
oing all da • offthe Bar, with colours hoisted, and the before - 
mentioned signal displayed, without being able to communicate 
with the schooners, [stood to the northward, and at seven o'clock 
the next morning, discovered and chased a ship to the southward, 
which, after pursuing) ght or nine miles, led me toa second sail, 
(a brig under her topsails, with her top-gallant masts housed, and 
her flying ghVrboom ri in), and ■ thence to the discovery 

of third sail, represented from the mast-head to be a large fri- 
gate ; on discovering the third s til, added to the manouvres of the 
first and second, 1 was induced to believe them part of an ene- 



e 



■9tf 

£ > > squadron, and accordingly hauled up and stood for the former, 
to ascertain her character; and after making her from the deck, 
erceived she was a frigate as reported. 1 now shortened sail, 
eiieving that towards night I might be able to cut off the ship, 
(which was either a small frigate or large sloop of war,) and brig, 
from the third or largest sail, at this time nine or ten miles to 
windward ; in this, however, i was not able to effect my purpose, 
cm m«; to the weather-sail (between sun-set and dark) bearing down 
for the others. Judging now from their manouvres, that after 
dark they would chase, I stood to the eastward, under short sail; 
believing that in the morning I might find them in some disorder; 
at day-light, however, owing to the haziness of the weather, they 
were not to be seen ; consequently, I wore and stood back to the 
westward to make them again, and in a few minutes discovered 
two, one on the lee, the other on the weather bow, to which I gave 
chace, but after chasing them about half an hour, the weather be- 
coming more clear, and two large ships suddenly making their 
appearance, one on the weather and the other on the lee beam, I 
changed my course to the eastward, when the four immediately 
crowded sail in pursuit ; but owing to the weather, assisted by 
the enemy's manner of chasing, I was enabled to get clear of them 
without difficulty in a few hours. From this 1 pursued a course 
on soundings (except in doubling Cape Hatteras) to eighteen fa- 
thom water off the Delaware, where, in a fog, I tell in with a large 
vessel apparently a man of war. Shortened sail to topsails and 
cleared Bhip i\)r action, but she suddenly disappearing, and in a 
few minutes she, or some other vessel near, being heard to fire 
signal gun •, i stood on to the northward, from a belief I was near 
another s [Uadron. From the Delaware I saw nothing until I 
made Sam! y Hook, when 1 again fell in with another of the enemy's 
squadrons, and by some unaccountable cause was permitted to 
enter the bay, although in the presence of a decidedly superior 
force, after having been obliged to remain outside seven hours 
ami a half waiting for the tide. 

I am, &c. 

JOHN RODGERS. 

Hon. Wm. Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 



BRITISH VERACITY. 
Surgeon Jlmos A. Evans to the Public. 

BOSTON, March, 1814. 
Having lately seen in the British Naval Chronicle, for May 
last, a publication Bigned Thomas Cook Jones, surgeon of his Bri- 
tannic majesty's lit.- ship Java; in which accusations of ill treat- 
ment towards the British wounded prisoners, whilst on board the 
United States" frigate Constitution, under the command of com- 



311 

inodore Bainbridge, are brought forward ; I conceive it my duty, 
lest silence should be construed into an acknowledgement of its 
correctness, to expose some of the falsehoods composing that state- 
ment. After introducing himself with considerable egotism, and 
much parade of professional skill, he makes the following observa- 
tions : 

"Their (the British wounded) removal to the Constitution, the 
deprivations they there experienced as to food, and the repeated 
disturbances they suffered by being carried below, and kept there- 
for se* eral hours, three different times, on the report of an enemy 
heaving in sight : when these, I say, are considered, and the results 
contrasted with those of the American wounded, four of whom 
who lost their limbs died when I was on board, were laid in cots, 

filaced in the most healthy parts of the ship, provided with every 
ittle luxury from competent and attentive nurses, and not allow- 
ed to be removed, when ours were thrust into the hold with ihe 
otler prisoners, the hatches at once shutting out light and fresh 
air, and this too in the latitude of St. Salvador, the recovery of our 
seiiinen .ii, i>s as miraculous as it proved happy; and truly 
evinced both resignation and courage in patiently submitting, 
without a complaint, to the cruelties of their situation, and firmly 
contending with every obstacle which chance or oppression could 
present or inflict. The Americans seemed very desirous not to 
allow arty of our officeis to witness the nature of their wounded, or 
compute their numbers. I ordered one of my assistants, Mr. 
Caponi, to attend, when their assistant went round, and he 
enumerated forty-six who were unable to stir from their cots, 
independent of those who had received what they called "slight 
hurts." Commodore Bainbridge was severely wounded in the- 
right thigh, and four of their amputations perished under my 
inspection. 

" I have noticed these facts, that your readers may be convinc- 
ed of the falsity of their official despatches, and to authorize theif - 
being received with some degree of scepticism. 

" I sent my assistant, with most of the wounded men, in the 
evening, and remained myself in the Java, till within a few mU 
nutesofher being set on fire: one poor fellow only remained, 
who had received a musket ball, which entered the right orbit and 
remained imbedded in the brain : he was in articulo mortis, and I 
begged the American lieutenant to let me stay with him undis- 
turbed for a few minutes, as I expected his immediate dissolu- 
tion. 

"This Yankee son of humanity proposed assisting him into 
eternity ; I instantly dragged him into the boat, and he expired 
along side the Constitution," 

It is not true that there was any distinction made between the 
British and American wounded : they were slung promiscuously 
together on the gun deck, and every thing which humanity could 
dictate that the ship afforded, was provided fer their comfort and 



312 

convenience. This ship was cleared for action but once during the 
time they were on hoard ; that was when the Hornet hove in sight, 
and as soon as her character could be ascertained, all the wound- 
ed, British and American, were brought on the gun deck together. 
Captain Lambert and Mr Waldo, were the only two persons not 
removed to the birth deck on this occasion; the former was 
left to the last moment, from principles of delicacy us well as 
humanity. Every exertion was made to land the prisoners at St. 
Salvador as soon as possible, that they might be "provided with 
every little luxury from competent and attentive nurses," that 
our men of course could not receive on board. 

It is equally false that we had forty-six men wounded. " Slight 
hurts," and all others included, there were twenty -five only. Why 
request his assistant to attend for the porpose of counting them, 
when doctor Jones himself, or any other officer on board ^ could 
have enumerated them, if he chose, an hundred times a day ? The 
doctor says four of our amputations perished under his own in- 
spection. We had but five amputations altogether ; four of them 
are now receiving pensions from their country, and may be seen 
almost any day about the Navy Yard at Charlestown ; and the fifth 
died of a malignant fever, north of the equator one month after tfie 
action. It is a fact, susceptible of the clearest and most positive 
proof, that not one of our men died during the time the doctor 
was on board the Constitution, nor until some time after we left 
St Salvador. 

" This Yankee son of humanity proposed assisting him into 
eternity," &c. No man who knows lieutenant Hoffman, will 
hesitate to pronounce doctor Jones an infamous calumniator. He 
(lieutenant Hoffman) is as remarkable for goodness of heart, for 
humane and tender feelings, for gentlemanly and correct conduct, 
as doctor Jones now is for his capacity to assert base and unqua- 
lified falsehoods. Lieutenant (then midshipman) German, who 
was present when this man was removed from the Java, and 
whose word no one will question, asserts that no such observation 
was made ; on the contrary, that he, (Mr. G.) by the orders of 
lieutenant Hoffman, repeatedly solicited doctor Jones to visit the 
then spoken of, and endeavor, if possible, to relieve 
him ; but that he neglected even to sec him, until they were ready 
to leave the ship, when he was removed into the boat at the doc- 
tor's request. If the doctor's charge had been founded in truth, 
would he not have reported lieutenant Hoffman immediately on 
his arrival at the Constitution? The ward room officers of the 
Constitution will recollect to have heard doctor Jones frequently 
spoken ol during the cruize as an inhuman monster for his con- 
duct to this same unfortunate sailor. 

I leave the punishment due his presumption for calling in ques- 
tion "official despatches," (after having fabricated himself such a 
ie of assertions, without even a coloring of truth) to the first 



3)3 

officer of the Constitution, who may have the good fortune of an 
op|) utunitv of taking him by t!ie nose. 

When - of the Java left the Constitution at St. Salva- 

dor, they expressed the warmest gratitude for the humane 

eatment they had experienced; nor was this contemp- 

ti lie hyp >■ rite - taring of his acknowledgments on that occasion. 

r having suffered every thinsr from the officers of the Consti* 

tution " oppression could inflict," wKy come forward and offer 

for kind and handsome treatment? [See letters of general 

Hislop and other-. J 

To complete the climax; of false assertions relative to that ac- 

co'i'it. one of the lieutenants of the Java, in a letter to the editor 

of the Naval Chronicle for June, asserts, that I am "an Irishman 

l'i, and icis lately an assistant surgeon in the British Navy!" 

truth is I was born in the state of Maryland, and had never 

been on the ocean, except in the service of my country* [pledge 

ii ". Substantiate, by the most respectable testimony, should 

it be necessary, every thing that I have here stated. 

1 challenge the Bnl i\e a solitary instance; where they 

have given a faithful and candid relation of the result of their 
actions with us, sincethe declaration of the present war. They 
have, of late, established fur dves, a kind of national cha- 

racter, that, 1 trust, none will envy them the pas- :': they 

have prosed thai although they may not be able to conquer 

in tattle, they can prevaricate, defame or mistake with as much 
ease as any nation on earth. 

AMOS A. EVANS, 
Surgeon of the United Slates frigate Constitution- 



DETROIT, March 7th, 1314. 
SIR, 

By lieutenant Shannon, of the 2rth regiment of the United States' 
infantry, I have the honour of informing you, that a detachment 
of the troops under my command, led bv "captain Holmes of the* 
24th regiment of United States infantry, have obtained a signal 
viri.uv over the enemy. 

1 e affair took place on the 4th instant, about 100 miles from 
this place, on the river de French. Our force, consisted of no 
more than 160 rangers and mounted infantry. The enemy, 
from their own acknowledgment, had about 240. The fine light 
company of Royal Scots, is totally destroyed ; they led the at- 
tack most gallantly, and their commander fell within ten paces of 
our front line. The light company of the 89th has also suffered 
severely, one officer of that company fell, one is a prisoner, and. 
another is said to be badlv wounded. In killed, wounded, and pri- 
soners, the enemy lost about 80, whilst on our part there wer* 
40 



314 

but four killed and four wounded. This great disparity in the loss 
on each side, is to be attributed to the very judicious pos tion oc- 
, npied bi captain Holmes, who compellecTthe enemy to attack him 
at great disadvantage ; this, even more than bis gallantry, merits 

the laurel. 

Captain Holmes has just returned, and will furnish a detailed 
K c >unt of the expedition, which shall immediately be transmitted 

to VOU. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

H. BUTLER, 

Lieutenant colonel commanding at Detroit. 
y jor general Harrison. 

Enemifs forces as stated by the prisoners : 

Roval Scots, 101: 89th Regiment, 45 ; Militia, 50; Indians, 

40 to' Go— total, 236. 

P. 8. We took 100 head of cattle also from the enemy, in- 
tended for Lonjr Point or Burlington. 



FORT COVINGTON, March lOtli, 1814. 
SIR, 

I have the honour to submit in writing, that the expedition sent 
under my command against the enemy's posts, by your special 
orders of the -21.->t ultimo, had the good fortune, on the 4th in- 
stant, to meet and subdue a force, double its own, fresh from the 
barracks, and led by a distinguished officer. 

I had been compelled to leave the artillery by the invincible 
difficulties of the route from Point au Plait to "the Round O. No 
wheel carriage of any kind had ever attempted it before, and none 
will ever pass it until the brush and fallen timber are cut away, 
and the p cause-waved or drained. After joining captain 

Gill, I began the march for Fort Talbot, but was soon convinced 
of ita being impossible to reach the post, in time to secure any 
■ whic he there or adjacent. This conviction, united 

with the information, that the enemy had a force at Delaware, 
"i the Thames, thai 1 shouH be expected at Fort Talbot, and 
consequently, that a previous descent upon Delaware might de- 
ceivethe foe, and lead him to expose me some point, in defending 
others he might think menaced, and coupled with the possibility 
that hearing of captain Gill's march to the Round 0, by M'Gre- 
s militia, whom he had j ursued, a detachment haddescended 
the Thames to intercepthim, determined to exercise the discre- 
tion allowed ' \ the order, and to strike at once upon the river. 

On the 3d instant, when only fifteen miles from Delaware, we 
received information thai the enemy had left Delaware with the 
intention ofdesccnding the river, and that we should probably 



315 

meet him in one hour ; that his force consisted o( a light company 
fro n the Royal Scots, mustering for duty 120 men ; a light com- 
pany of. the 89th regiment of foot (efficiency not known,) Cald- 
well's Indians and M'Gregor's militia, amounting in all to about 
300 men. My command originally had not exceeded 180 rank 
and file. Hunger, cold and fatigue, had brought on disease, and 
though none died, all were exceedingly depressed, and sixteen 
had been ordered home, as unable to continue the march. I re- 
solved therefore to avoid the conflict on equal grounds, and imme- 
diately retreated five miles, for the sake of a good position on the 
western bank of the Twenty Mile Creek, leaving captain Gill 
with twenty rangers to cover the rear, and to watch the enemy's 
motions. We had encamped but a few minutes, when captain 
Gill joined, after exchanging shots with the enemy's advance, in 
Vainly attempting to reconnoitre his force. The Twenty Mile 
Creek runs from north to south, through a deep and wide ravine, 
and of course is flanked east and west by lofty heights. My camp 
Mas formed upon the western heights. The enemy's on the oppo- 
site. During the night of the 3d all was quiet. At sun-rise on 
the 4th, the enemy appeared thinly upon the opposite heights, 
fired upon us without effect, and vanished. After waiting some- 
time For their re-appearance, lieutenant Knox of the rangers was 
sent to reconnoitre. On his return he reported that the enemy 
had retreated with the utmost precipitation, leaving his baggage 
scattered upon the road, and that his trail and fires made him out 
not more than seventy men. Mortified at the supposition of hav- 
ing retrograded from this diminutive force, I instantly commenc- 
ed the pursuit, with the design of attacking Delaware before the 
opening of another day. We had not, however, proceeded beyond 
five miles, when captain Lee, commanding the advance, discover- 
ed the enemy in considerable force, arranging himself for battle. 
The symptoms of fear and flight were now easil • traced to the 
purpose of seducing me from the heights, and so far the plan suc- 
ceeded. But the enemy failed to improve the advantage. If he 
had thrown his chief force across the ravine above the road, and 
occupied our camp when relinquished, thus obstructing my com- 
munication to the rear, I should have been driven upon Delaware 
against a superior force, since found to be, stationed there, or 
forced to take the wilderness for Fort Talbot, without forage or 
provisions. Heaven averted this calamity. We soon regained 
the position at Twenty Mile Creek, and though the rangers were 
greatly disheartened by the retreat, and to a man insisted upon 
not lighting the enemy, we decided to exhibit on that spot, the 
scene of death or victory. I was induced to adopt the order of 
the hollow square to prevent the necessity of evolution, which 
I knew all the troops are incompetent to perform in action. The 
detachments of the 24th and 28th infantry occupied the brow of 
the heights. The detachment from the garrison of Detroit, formed 
the north front of the square, the rangers the west, and the militia 



316 

the south. Our horses and baggage stood in the centre ; the enter 
niv threw his militia and Indians across the ravine above the mad, 
aiid commenced the action with savage yells, and bugles sounding 
from the north, west and south* His regulars at the same time 
charged down the road from the opposite heights, crossed the 
bridge and charged up the heights we occupied, within twenty 
. the American line, and against the most destructive tire. 
But bis frontsection was soon shot to pieces. Those who followed 
were muchthined and wounded. His officers were soon cut down, 
and I is antagonists continued to evince a degree of animation, 
thai bespoke at once their boldness and security. He therefore 
abandoned the charge, and took cover in the woods at diffused 
order, between fifteen, twenty, and thirty paces of our line, and 
placed all hopes upon his ammunition. 

Our regulars being uncovered, were ordered to kneel, that the 
brow of the heights might partly screen them from the enemy's 
view. The filing increased on both sides with great vivacity; but 
the crisis was over. 1 knew the enemy dare not uncover, and of 
course that no second charge would be attempted. On the north, 
west and south front, the firing had been sustained with much 
coolness, and with considerable loss to the foe. Our troops on 
those fronts being protected by logs hastily thrown together, and 
the enemy not charging, both the rifle and the musket were aim- 
ed at leisure, perhaps always told. The enemy at last became 
persuaded, that providence had sealed the fortune of the day. 
His cover on the east front was insufficient ; for as he had charged 
in column of sections, and therefore, when dispersing on either 
side of the road, was unable to extend his flanks, and as our re- 
gulars presented an extended front from the beginning, it is evi- 
dent that a common sized tree could not protect even one man, 
much less the squads that often stood and breathed their last to- 
gether; and yet upon his regulars the enemy relied for victory. 
in concert, therefore, and favoured by the shades of twilight, he 
commenced a general retreat, after one hour's close and gallant 
conflict, 

I did not pursue for the following reasons. First, we had tri- 
umphed against numbers and discipline, and were therefore under 
no obligation of honour to incur additional hazard. Second, in 
these requisites (numbers and discipline) the enemy were still 
bu peri or, and the night would have ensured success to an ambus- 
cade. Third, the enemy's bugle sounded the close upon the op- 
posite heights. If then we had pursued, we must have passed 
over i.i him, a.- he did to us, because the creek could be passed on 
horseback at no other point; and the troops being fatigued and 
frost-bitten, and their shoes cut to pieces by the frozen ground, it 
was mil possible to puisne on foot. It follows that the attempt to 
pursue would have given the enemy the same advantage that pro 
duced the defeat. 



817 

«ur lotto in killed and wounded, amounted to anon-commission- 
ed officer and six privates, but the blood of between 80 aud 90 
brave Englishmen, and among them four officers, avenged their 
fall. The commander, captain Bardenof the 89th, is supposed 
to have been killed at an early stage of the contest. The whole 
American force in action, consisted of 150 rank and file, of whom 
7i) were militia, including rangers. The enemy's regulars alone, 
were from 1 .50 to 180 strong, and his militia and Indians fought 
upon three fronts of our square. 

1 am rn'iih indebted to all my regular officers, and trust their 
names will be mentioned to the army and to the War Department. 
Without intending a discrimination, it must be acknowledged, 
that the exertions of lieutenants Kouns and Henry of the .:8th, 
and Jackson and Potter of the 24th, were most conspicuous, be- 
cause fortune had opposed them to the main strength of the toe. 
Captain Lee of the. Michigan dragoons, was of great assistance be- 
fore the action, at the head of the advance and spies, and my 
warmest ihanks are due to acting sailing master Darling, of the 
United 8tates' schooner SomCrs, who had volunteered to command 
the artilh rv. Ensign Heard of the 28th, acting as volui teer ad- 
jutant, merits mv acknowledgments, and especially fur his 7,eal m 
defending mv opinion against a final retreat, when others per- 
mitted their hopes to sink beneath the pressure of rhe moment. 

The enemy's wounded and prisoners were treated with the ut- 
most humanity. Though some of our men were marching in thin 
Stocking feet, they were not permitted to take a shoe even from 
die dead. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

A. H. HOLMES, Capt. ?Ath Ivft, 

Lieutenant colonel Butler. 



UNITED STATES' SHIP UNITED STATES, NEW LONDON, 

March 18th, 1814, 

SIR, 

I have the honour to forward to you enclosed, a despatch re- 
ceived by me from captain Capel, the commanding officer of the 
British squadron before this port, written in reply to an applica- 
tion of mine, for the release of an American seaman, detained 
against his will on board the frigate Statira. 

Hiram Thayer, born in the town of Greenwich, in the county ol 
Hampshire, ami commonwealth of Massachusetts, was impress- 
ed into the naval service of Great Britain, in the month of August, 
1803, and detained ever since. A! - years ago, when the 

Statira was put in commission, he was transferred to her, am: has 
been constantly on board her to this day. 1 am informed, and in 
fact it was stated bv captain Stackpole to lieutenant Hamilton, 
who was charged with the flag, that the late general Lyman, our 



318 

consul at London, made application to the Lords Commissioners 
for the discharge of Thayer, but they were not satisfied with the 
evidence of hi-; nativity. 

Join Thayer, the father of Hiram, assures me, that the certi- 
ficate of the select-men, the town clerk, and the minister of 
Greenwich, were forwarded some time ago to Mr. Mitchel, the 
resident agent for American prisoners of war at Halifax, but does 
not know the reason why he was not released then. The son has 
written to his father, and informed him that on his representing 
to ca] f.iin Stackpole, that he was an American citizen, and would 
not fight against his countrv, that captain Stackpole told him " if 
they fell in with an American man of war, and he did not do his 
duty, he should lie tied to the mast and shot like a dog." 

On .Monday the 14th instant, John Thayer requested me to 
allow him a Bag to no oft* to the enemy and ask for the release of 
his son. This I granted at once, and addressed a note to captain 
Capel, stating that I felt pursuaded that the application of the 
father, furnished as he wai with conclusive evidence of the nativi- 
ty and tlie identity of his son, would induce an immediate order 
for his discharge. The reply is enclosed. The son descried his 
father at a distance in the boat, and told the first lie itenant of 
the Statira that it was his father, and I understand that the ieel- 
manifested by the old man on receiving the hand of his son, 
proved, beyond all other evidence, the property lie had in him. 
re was no doubt left on the mind of a single British ofheerof 
Hiram Thayer's being an American citizen; and yet he is de- 
ed, not as a prisoner of war, but compelled, under the most 
cruel Lhreats, to serve the enemies of his country. 

has so recommended himself by his sobriety, industry 
anship, as to he appointed a boatswain's mate, and is now 
serving in that capacity in the Statira: and he says there is due 
to him from the British government about two hundred and fifty 
» nds rling. He has also assured his father, that he has al- 
• n l"< hmI to receive any bounty or advance, lest it might 
rd some pretext lor denying him his discharge whenever a pro- 
per application should be made for it. 

1 have the honour to be, &c. 

STEPHEN DECATUR, 
s, Secretary of the Navy. 



SIXTH AND SEVENTH DISTRICTS, TOUT HAWKINS, 

April 2d, 1814. 
SIR, 

I nave the honour of enclosing to your excellency the offi- 
ac count of a decisive victory over the hostile Creek Indians, 
red by the military talents and enterprize of general Jack- 
supported by the distinguished valor and good conduct of 



319 

the gallant troops under his command. While the sigh of human- 
ity will escape for tin? profuse effusion of human blood, which 
results from tin- savage principle of our enemy, neither to give 
nor accej.t quarter, and while every American will deeply la- 
ment the lo-^s of our meritorious fellow soldiers who have fallen 
in this contest, we have ample cause of gratitude to the giver of 
all victory for thus continuing his protection to our women and 
children, who would otherwise be exposed to the indiscriminate 
havoc of the tomahawk and all the horrors of savage warfare. 

1 have the honour to be, &c. 

THOMAS PINCKNEY, 

Mag. Gen. U. S. arm;;. 
His excellency Gov. Early. 



(iNCLOSURE.) 

ON THE BATTLE GROUND, IN THE BEND OF THE TALAPOOSIE, 

March 28th, 1814. 

SIR, 

I feel particularly happy in being able to communicate to you 
the fortunate eventration of my expedition to Talapoosie. I 
reached the head near Emucfau (called by the whites Horse. 
Shoe) about 10 o'clock on the forenoon of yesterday, where I 
found the strength of the neighboring towns collected ; expecting 
our approach, they had gathered in from Oakfuskee, Oakehoga, 
New Vorcau, Ilillibees, the Fish Pond, and Eufalee towns, to the 
number it is said of 1 000. It is difficult to conceive a situation more 
eligible for defence than the one they had chosen, or one rendered 
more secure by the skill with which they had ereted their breast- 
work. It was from 5 to 8 feet high, and extended across the point in 
such a direction, as that a force approaching it would be exposed to 
a double fire, while they lay in perfect security behind. A cannon 
pla: ted at one extremity could have raked it to no advantage. 

Determined to exterminate the!.', I detached general Coffee 
with the mounted, and nearly the whole of the Indian, force, early 
on the morning of yesterday, to cross the river about two miles 
below their encampment, and t<> surround the bend in such a 
manner, as that none ©f them should escape by attempting to cross 
the river. With the infantry 1 proceeded slowly and in order 
along the point of land which led to the front of their breast- 
work ; having planted my cannon, (one six and one three poun- 
der) on an eminence at the distance of 150 to 200 yards from it. 
I opened a very brisk fire, playing upon the enemy with the mus- 
kc- and rifles whenever the) shewd themselves bevond it ; this 
was kept up, with short interruptions, for about two hours, when a 
pair of the Indian force and captain Russell's, and lieutenant 
Be. tu's companies of spies, who had accompanied general Coffee, 
crossed over in canoes to the extremity of the bind, and set fire 



350 

lo a few of the buildings which were there situated ; they theii 
advanced with greal gallantry towards the breastwork, and com- 
menced a spirited fire upon the enemy behind it. Finding that 
force, notw ithstandirtg the bravery thus displayed, was wholly 
insufficient to dislodge them, and that general Coffee had entirely 
B toured t! ipp >site bank, of the river, I now determined to take 
■ e ;■ works ■ storm* The men by whom this was to be effected 
ha i been waii ag with impatience to receive the order, and hailed 
ii i< : acclamation. The spirit which animated them was a sure 
augur j »f the success which was to follow. The history of war- 
Li ik furnishes few instances of a more brilliant attack; 
i ilars led on by their intrepid and skillful commander, 

el Williams, and by the gallant major Montgomery, soon 
• pos session of the works in the midst of a most tremendous 
i behind them, and the militia of the venerable general 
Doherl y's brigade accompanied them in the charge With a vivacity 
firmness which would have done honour to regular^. The 
ene is completely routed. Five hundred and fifty -seven were 

left dead on the peninsula, and a great number were killed by the 
liorsemen in attemp i . ; tocross the river. It is believed that not 
more than twenty have ped. 

The !■ itinued with some severity about five hours, 

but we continued to destroy many of them, who had concealed 
the; under the banks of the ri ver, until we were prevented 

by the night. This morning we killed sixteen who had been 
concealed. We took about 250 prisoners, all women and children 
except two or three. Our loss is 106 wounded, and 25 killed. 
Major M-i itosh, tl e ( owetau, who joined my army with a part of 
hi> tribe reatly distinguished himself. When I get a leisure 
hour i ili send you a more detailed account. 

According to my o purpose, I commenced my return 

march to Port Williams to-day, and shall, if I find sufficient 
supplies there, hasten to the Hickory ground. The power of the 
Creeks is I think forever brol en. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

A.NDREW JACKSON, Maj. Gen. 
Major general Thomas Pinckney. 



r the battle of the Horse Shu:' general Jackson made the JoU 
lou ing address to the army, March 28//;, 1814. 

SOLDIERS, 

Y<> i have entitled yourselves to the gratitude of your coun- 
try and your general. The expedition, from which you have just 
rnea, has, by your good conduct, been rendered prosperous, 
d v example in the historj of our warfare: it has re- 
deemed the character of your state, and of that description tfr 
troops, of which the greater part of you arc. 



321 

You have, within a few days, opened your way to the Tallapoo- 
sie, and destroyed a confederacy of the enemy, ferocious by na- 
ture, and grown insolent from impunity. Relying on their num- 
bers, the security of their situation, and the assurances of their 
prophets, they derided our approach, and already exulted, in 
anticipation of the victory they expected to obtain. But they 
were ignorant of the influence of government on the human pow- 
ers, nor knew what brave men, and civilized, could effect. By 
their yells, they hoped to frighten us, and with their wooden forti- 
fications to oppose us. Stupid mortals! their yells but designa^- 
ted their situation the more certainly ; whilst their walls became 
a snare for their own destruction. So will it ever be when 
presumption and ignorance contend against bravery and pru- 
dence. 

The fiends of the Tallapoosie will no longer murder our women 
and children, or disturb the quiet of our borders. Their mid- 
night flambeaux will no more illumine their council-house, or 
shine upon the victim of their infernal orgies. In their places, a 
new generation will arise, who will know their duty better. The 
weapons of warfare will be exchanged for utensils of husbandry ; 
and the wilderness, which now withers in sterility, and mourns 
the desolation which overspreads her, will blossom as the rose, 
and become the nursery of the arts. But before this happy day 
can arrive, other chastisements remain to be inflicted. It is 
indeed lamentable, that the path to peace should lead through 
blood, and over the bodies of the slain: but it is a dispensation 
of Providence, to inflict partial evils that good may be produced. 

Our enemies are not sufficiently humbled ; they do not sue for 
peace. A collection of them awaits our approach, and remain to 
be dispersed. Buried in ignorance, and seduced by their prophets, 
thev have the weakness to believe they will still be able to make 
a stand against us. They must be undeceived, and made to atone 
for their obstinacy and their crimes, by still further suffering. 
The hopes which have so long deluded them, must be driven from 
their last refuge. They must be made to know that their pro- 
phets are impostors, and that our strength is mighty, and will 
prevail. Then, and not till then, may we expect to make with, 
them a peace that shall be lasting, 



Extract of a letter from general Jackson to governor Blount. 

March 28th, 1814. 

" I took up the line of march on the morning of the 24th instant, 
and having opened a passage of 5-2 miles over the ridges which 
divide the waters of the two rivers, I reached the bend of the Ta- 
lapoosie three miles beyond where I had the engagement of the. 
22d January, and at the southern extremity of New Yorcau oa 

41 



322 

the morning of the 27th. This bend resembles in its curvature 
{ha! of a hocse shoe, and is thence called by that name among the 
3. Nature furnishes few situations as eligible for defence; 
and barbarians have never rendered one more secure by art. Across 
the neck of land which leads into it from the north, they have 
had erected a breast-work of the greatest compactness and strength, 
from five to eight feet high, and prepared with double rows of 
Imles very artfully arranged. The figure of this wall roani- 
ed no less skill in the projectors Of it, than its construction: 
an army could not approach it, without being exposed to a double 
and" cross fire from the enemy, who lay in perfect security behind 
it. The area of this peninsula, thus bounded by breast-works, 
includes, 1 conjecture, 80 or 100 acres. 

" Having maintained for a few minutes a very obstinate conflict, 
muzzle to muzzle, through the port holes, in which muni/ of the 
enemy's balls were welded to the bayonets of our muskets, our troops 
succeeded in gaining the opposite side of the works. The event 
could no longer be doubtful. The enemy, although many of 
them fought to the last with that kind of bravery which despera- 
tion inspires, were at length routed and cut to pieces. The whole 
margin of the river which surrounded the peninsula, was strewed 
with the slain. 

" Among the dead was found their famous prophet Monahooe, 
shot in the mouth by a grapeshot, as if Heaven designed to chas- 
tise his impostures by an appropriate punishment. Two other 
prophets were also killed; leaving no others, as I learn, on the 
Talapoosie. Our loss was 26 white men killed and 106 wounded. 
Cherok< es 18 killed and 36 wounded. Friendly Creeks 5 killed 
and 1 1 wounded. 

"The loss of colonel Williams's regiment of regulars is 17 killed 

and 55 wounded, two of whom have since died. Amongst the 

former were major Montgomery, lieutenant Somerville, and lieu- 

■ I Moulton, who fell in the charge made on the works. No 

men ever acted more gallantl) or fell more gloriously. 

"Of the artillery company commanded by captain Parish, 11 
were wounded, one of whom, Samuel Garner, has since died! 
Lieutenants Allen and llidjrely were both wounded. The whole 
eompany acted with its usual gallantry. Captain Bradford of the 
17th United States' infantry, who acted as chief engineer, and 
superintended the firing of the cannon, has entitled himself, by his 
good conduct, to my warmest thanks. 

" To saj nil iua word, the whole army who achieved this fortu- 
nate victory, have merited, by their good conduct, the gratitude 
..I' their country. So far as 1 saw or could learn, there was not 
an officer or soldier who did not perforin his duty with the ut- 
most fidelity. The conduct of the militia on this occasion has gone 
far toward- redeeming the character of that description of troops. 
They have been as orderly in their encampments, and on their 
line of march, as they have been signally bane in the day of battle. 



323 

Tn a few days T shall take up the line of march for the Hickory 
ground; and have every thing to hope from such troops." 

The following extract from the life of general Jackson, by his aid, 
John Reid, brevet major, United States 11 army, pourtrays the 
difficulties which surrounded the general prior to the battle 
of Tohopeka or the Horse Shoe. 

" Nothing was wanted now, to put the troops in motion, and 
actively to prosecute the war, but necessary supplies. Remon- 
stance, entreaty, and threats, had long since been used, and ex- 
hausted. Every mean had been resorted to, to impress on the 
minds of the contractors the necessity of urging forward, in 
faithful discharge of their duty ; but the same indifference and 
neglect were still persisted in. Toward off the effects of such 
great evils, — evils which he foresaw would again eventuate in 
discontent and revolt, Jackson resolved to pursue a different 
course, and no longer depend on persons who had so frequently 
disappointed him. lie accordingly despatched messengers to the 
nearest settlements, with directions to purchase provisions at 
whatever price they could be procured. This course, to these in- 
cumbents on the nation, afforded an argument much stronger than 
any to which he had before resorted. Thus assailed in a 
way they had not before thought of, by being held and made 
liable for the amount of the purchases, they exerted themselves 
in discharge of a duty they had hitherto shamefully neglected. 
Every expedient had been tried, to urge them to a compliance 
with the obligations they were under to their government ; un- 
til present, none had proved effectual. In one of his letters, 
about this time, the general remarks : ' I have no doubt, but a 
combination has been formed, to starve us out, and defeat the 
objects of the campaign ; but McGee ought to have recollected that 
he had disappointed and starved my army once; and now in re- 
turn, it shall be amply provided for, at his expense. At this 
point, he was to have delivered the rations, and whatever they 
may cost, at this place, he will be required to pay ; any price 
that will ensure their delivery, I have directed to be given.' 
The supplying an army by contractors, he had often objected to, as 
highly exceptionable and dangerous. His monitor, on this sub- 
ject, was his own experience. Disappointment, mutiny, and 
abandonment by his troops, when in the full career of success, 
and an unnecessarily protracted campaign, were among the evils 
already experienced, and which he wished, if possible, to be in fu- 
ture avoided. 

" Under these and other circumstances which seemed to in- 
volve much more serious consequences, the general bad but little 
repose or quietness; every thing was working in opposition to his 
wishes. The East Tennessee brigade, under the command of 






324 

Bohcrty, having been instructed to halt, until adequate supplies 
should "be received at head quarters, had already manifested many 
Bymptoms of revolt, and was with much difficulty restrained from 
returning immediately home. Added to their own discontents, 
and unwillingness to remain in service, much pains had been ta- 
ken by a personage high in authority, to scatter dissension 
amongst them, and to persuade them, that they had been impro- 
perly called out, and without suflicient authority } — that the draft 
was illegal, and that they were under no necessity to serve. 
Arguments like these, urged by a man of standing, were well cal- 
culated to answer the end desired ; what the governing motive 
was, that gave rise to a course of conduct so strange, is difficult to 
be imagined ; none was ever avowed, and certainly none can be 
given, that will account for it satisfactorily. On the morning 
that general Doherty was about to proceed to head quarters, he 
was astonished to find a beating up for volunteers, to abandon his 
camp and return home. Notwithstanding all his efforts to pre- 
vent it, one hundred and eighty deserted. His surprise was still 
greater, on learning, that a captain from Carter county, had been 
instructed by major general Cocke, that in the event of his march- 
ing back any number of the troops, he would take upon himself to 
discharge them, on their return to Knoxville. Before this, Cocke 
had been at the camp of Doherty, and had, by different means, 
attempted to excite mutiny and disaffection among the troops. 
As a reason for being unwilling to go with them in command, he 
stated, that they would be placed in a situation which lie disliked 
to mention, and one which his feelings would not enable him to 
witne>s : that they were going out to be placed under the com- 
mand of general Jackson, who would impose on them the seve- 
rest trials, and where they would have to encounter every privation 
and suffering. He represented, that at head quarters there was 
not a sufficiency of provisions on hand to last five days ; nor was 
there a probability that there would be any change of circum- 
stances for the better ; — that should they once be placed in the 
power of Jackson, he would, with the regular force under his 
command, compel them to serve as long as he pleased. Expres- 
sions like these, (o men who had never before been in the field, 
and coming from one who had already been employed in a res- 
pectable command, were well calculated to poduce serious im- 
pressions. Doherty, who was a brigadier in the first dhision, was 
at a Loss to know how he should proceed with his own mayor gen- 
eral, who had obtruded himself into his camp, and was endea- 
voring to excite a revolt ; he accordingly despatched an express 
to head quarters, to give information of what was passing. The 
messenger arrived, and, in return, received an order from gen- 
eral Jackson to Doherty, commanding him, peremptorily, to seize, 
and send undei guard to Fort Strother, every officer, without re- 
gard to his rank, who should be found, in any manner, attempt- 
ing to excite his army to mutiny. General Cocke, perhaps appre- 



325 

bending what was going on, had retired before this order arrived , 
ami thus escaped the punishment due to so aggravated an 
offence." 



PROVINCE OF LOWER CANADA, 

Odell Town, March 31st, 1314: 

SIR, 

We have had an affair with the enemy, in which our troop.3 
have given him another test of firmness and valour. 

Pursuant to the designs communicated to you in my last, and 
to accomplish your views if in my power, I entered Canada yes- 
terday morning, and was met by the enemy near this place, about 
eleven (."clock, whom we forced at every point of attack on 
the route to La Cole, distant from hence one league, and from 
St. John's six. We reached the former post about three o'clock, 
ai ind there a strong corps in possession of a spacious loity 

stone mill, of which I had received some information. An eigh- 
teen pounder had been ordered forward to effect the destruction 
of lis building, butit broke down, and after being repaired, the 
only road of approach through a deep forest was reported to be 
impracticable to a gun of such weight. An opinion prevailed at 
the same time with the chief engineer, major Totten, founded on 
intelligence previously received, and several of the best inform- 
ed officers, that an iron twelve would suffice to make a breach; 
but after a fair and tedious experiment at 300 yards distance only,, 
it was discovered our battery could make no impression. 

Brigadier generals Smith and Bissell, covered our guns, and 
brigadier general Macomb, with a select corps, formed the re- 
serve. The enemy had been reported, from a source considered 
strictly confidential, to 2500 strong, and his first attack of my 
right favoured the report, from the use he made of congreve 
roc ets and other indications of deliberate preparation; the 
corps therefore, were held in high order to receive his combined 
attack. Yet believing in the efficacy of our battery, dispositions 
had been matte to intercept the enemy, should he evacuate the 
post, and to give it the utmost effect, we were obliged to take, 
ground near the margin of the field, which encompassed the mill. 
During the cannonade, which was returned with vivacity by the 
enemy's gallies (1 presume) several sorties and desperate charges 
were 'made from the mill upon our battery, winch were repulsed 
with incredible coolnes3 by the covering corps, at the expense 
of some blood and some lives on both sides ; it is reported to me, 
that in the last charge, a captain of grenadiers and fifteen men 
fell together, but i cannot vouch tor the fact. Finding all our 
attempts to make a breach unsuccessful, I withdrew the battery, 
called in my detachments, and having removed our dead and 
wounded, and every tiling else, fell back to this place about six 
o'clwck. 



S2G 

Where a militai v corps appears to be universally animated by 
e si - >ilities, where the only competition is for danger 
I '/!. r\, i:i(i vidual distinctions seem improper, except in ex- 
ian cases, such as the conduct of the officers who com- 
manded our battery yesterday. Captain M'Pherson, ofthelighi 
artillery, (my military secretary, impelled by the noble spirit. 
wl ich marks his whole character,) asked permission to take part 
in the operations oi the day with liis proper arm ; he was indulg- 
ed, and being first for command, tooic charge of" the pieces which 
followed the advance and formed our battery, in which he was 
Beconded by lieutenants Larrabee and Sheldon. On opening bis 
fire he seemed inclined to the opinion he could make an impres- 
sion on die work, i:::: he soon received a wound under the chin, 
which he tied up with his handkerchief, and continued at his piece, 
until a second shot, which broke his thigh, brought him to the 
earth. Larrabee had kept his station, until shot through the 
lungs, and ^!>«l Ion kept up the fire until ordered to retire. The 
<mii, hut of iM'-,' gentlemen has, from the nature of their duties, 
spicuoush gallant, as to attract the admiration of their 
brethren i:: arms, and should (I humbly conceive) be distinguish- 
ed by the executive. 1 have sent inward my wounded, who can 
bear the m e ml to Plattsburg or Burlington, and those who 
( aot, will be provided for at Champlain. 1 would hold this 
I :il 1 received further orders, were it not for the diffi- 

- irting >ur provisions, and the impossibility to cover 
the roo I mall not retire further than Champlain, which 

ive miles from St. John's, and forty-two from 
Monti !. 

I cannot cjose t'.i - I itter without confessing my obligations to 
my general . and to my general staff of every 

de, for tli • able and . rompl supporl 1 reci ived from them. So 
fair does not merit so tedious a detail, but it warrants 
IK-' i thai it will produce a degree of self confidence, ofre- 

cipi ■-;, of harmou) ami •• attachments in this corps 

I efici I to this service. It is a lesson of command to the 

■ >, and of obedience to the soldiers, worth a whole year's 
drill of empty parades. The returns of killed and wounded, have 
trnished, but they will not exceed 80 or 90, in- 
. :i and fo i- subalterns, and this shall be forward- 
ed 1 row or next day. For the. ipforniation of their friends, 
\ou have at foot the nanus of the wounded officers. 

With great t'CSpe< t, &C. 

JAMES WILKINSON. 

irs wounded: 

Captain M'Pherson, lieutcnanl Larrabee, light artillery ; lieu- 
ten- en, 1 1 tli infantry ; leutenant Parker, 14th infantry; 
lieutenant Kci r, rifle regiment. 



SIR, 



327 

RUTLEDGE, April 6th, 1814. 



The limited means I set out with to procure provisions for the 
troops under yourcommand, and the transportation thereof, would 
in almost every other country have proved ineffectual. The con- 
tractors, the quarter master and the citizens concerned with me, 
have all done their duty, and it is with much pleasure that I now 
announce to you, that the waters have risen, and theboatsare de- 
scending the rivers Hohstein, Frenchbroad, and Tennessee, so 
that we shall be able to land from three to five thousand barrels of 
bread shift*, from thirty to fifty thousand weight of bacon and 
other necessary supplies at Fort Deposit, within eight or ten days, 
in addition to what you now have, which will more than realize 
your best expectations. It is a high gratification forme to assure 
you that the best exertions to aid me in ail things necessary, have 
been cheerfully afforded by my fellow citizens in all parts of the 
state; as well as in the county ot Madison, in the Mississippi ter- 
ritory. May glory and conquest still attend you. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

WILLIAM COCKE. 

'Major general Andrew Jackson. 



CAMP, AT THE JUNCTION OF THE COOSEE &. TALAPOOSIE, 

April 18th, 1814. 

SIR, 

I am happy to inform you that the campaign is drawing to a 
prosperous close. We have scoured tie Coasee and Talapoosie, 
and the intervening country. A part of the enemy on the latter 
river, made their escape across it just before our arrival, and are 
flying in consternation towards Pensacola. Many of those on the 
Coosce and the neighbouring country, have come in and surren- 
dered unconditionally ; and others are on their way, and hourly 
arriving, to submit in the same way. We will overtake those who 
have fled, and make them sensible there is no more safety in flight 
than in resistance. 

Many of the negroes who were taken at fort Minims, have been 
delivered up, and one white woman (Polly Jones), with her two 
children. They will be properly taken care of. The Talapoosie 
king has been arrested, and is here in confinement. The Tosta- 
hatchee king of the Hickory ground tribe, has delivered himself 
up. Weatherford has been with me, and I did not confine him. 
He will be with me again in a few days. Peter M'Quin has bean 
taken, but escaped; he must be taken again. Hillishagee, their 
great prophet, has also absconded ; bu. he will be found. Thev 
were the instigators of the war, and such is their situation. 



32$ 

The advance of the eastern division formed a junction with me 
at the Hallawellee, on the 15th, and accompanied me to fort 
Decatur, opposite Tuckabatchee, and the rest will arrive in a few- 
days, except what will be left for the retention of the posts. Major 
general Pinckney will join the army at this place to-morrow or 
next day. The business of the campaign will not, I presume, 
require that I or my troops should remain here much longer. 
General Pinckney and colonel Hawkins, who is now with me, 
have been appointed to make the treaty. 

I am, sir, very respectfully, &c. 

ANDREW JACKSON, Maj. Gen. 

Vlis excellency Willie Blount, 

Governor of Tennessee. 



UNITED STATES' SHIP GENERAL PIKE, 

Sackett's Harbour, April 27th, 1814. 
SIR, 

The night of the 25th instant, two of our guard boats fell in 
with three of the enemy's boats in this bay. Lieutenant Dudley, 
(the officer of the guard) hailed and was answered, "guard boats;" 
this, however, not being satisfactory, he repeated the hail, but was 
not answered ; finding that strange boats were endeavouring to 
cut him off from the shore, he fired upon them; the enemy, lay- 
ing upon their oars for a short time, pulled in towards Bull Rock 
Point, without returning the fire. Lieutenant Dudley returned 
to the fleet, and got a reinforcement of boats; but nothing more 
was seen of the enemy that night. Yesterday morning, I directed 
both shores of Shermont Hay to be examined, to see whether the 
enemy had not secreted himself in some of the small Creeks. No- 
thing, however, was discovered, but six barrels of powder, found 
in the water near the shore, where our guard boats fired on the 
enemy; these barrels were all slung in such a manner, that one 
man could take two across his shoulders and carry them ; each 
barrel had a hole bored in the head of about an inch diameter, with 
a wooden plug in it ; these barrels of powder were evidently fitted 
for the purpose of blowing our large ship up, if the enemy could 
ha\ e gol in undiscovered, by placing them under the ship's bottom, 
and putting a piece of slow match or port-fire in the hole in the 
head, which would burn a sufficient time to allow the parties to 
escape before the fire would communicate to the powder ; this also 
iccounts for the enemy not returning the fire of our boats, for, 
having so much powder in, he was apprehensive of accidents, 
which no doubt induced him to heave it overboard, to be prepared 
to return the fire if he was pursuedt 

It would have been impossible for the enemy to have succeeded, 
even if he had eluded our guard boats (which there are two lines 
of;) for, independent of all the approaches by water being secured 



329 

by booms, the Madison is moored across the large ship's stern 
within twenty yards, and her guns loaded with canister and bags 
of musket balls, to rake under the bottom if necessary. A lieute- 
nant, two midshipmen and ten men, are on watch under the 
ship's Ijottom every night, besides a marine guard outside of her. 
With all these precautions, I think that it would be impossible for 
an enemy to land near the ship yard unobserved. However, after 
this discovery of the enemy's intentions, we shall redouble out 
vigilance and exertions to preserve our fleet to meet the enemy 
fairly upon the Lake. 

1 have the honour to be, &c. 

ISAAC CHAUNCEY. 

Honourable W. Jones. 



UNITED STATES' SHIP ADAMS, April 29th, 1814. 

SIR, 

Having passed the enemy in Lynhaven, on the night of the 
18th of January last, I steered to the southward of Bermuda, and 
crossed the Atlantic, between 28 and 32 degrees, north latitude. 
Oo the 29th January, captured an English schooner from Malaga 
to Halifax, with a cargo of witie, oil and fruit, which we burnt, as 
am' likewise did another schooner from Newfoundland to Grenada, 
with a cargo offish and oil, captured on the 9th February. 

On the 4th March, captured a small sloop boat under Cape 
Mount, on the coast of Africa, with a little rice and Camwood on 
board ; twenty leagues east of Cape Palinas, we captured on the 
11th March, the brig Roebuck, of London, with a small quantity 
of ivory, a quantity of palm oil, and various other articles. After 
destroying her armament and cargo, we paroled our prisoners, and 
gave them the brig as a cartel to Sierra Leone. After a long 
chase on the 25th March, the last four hours of which was in thick 
weather, we captured the English India ship Woodbridge, with 
a cai£>;o of rice and dye-woods, but had scarcely taken possession 
of her, when the weather cleared up, and we discovered a fleet of 25 
sail immediately to windward of us, and two ships of war standing 
for us ; we were compelled to abandon the prize with precipita 
tion, and attend to our own safety, till 11 A. M. the next day, 
when they save over the chase and returned to the fleet. I inclosf 
the paroles signed by the prisoners. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

C. MORRIS. 
Honourable William Jones. 



UNITED STATES' SLOOP PEACOCK, AT SEA, 

Latitude 27, 47, longitude 89, April 29th, 1314 
SIR, 

I have the honour to inform you, that we have this morning 
captured, after an action of 42 minuted, his majesty's brijjEpcT- 



33« 

vier, captain Wales, rating and mounting 18 thirty-two pound car- 
ronades, with 128 men, of whom 8 were killed and 15 wounded, 
according to the best information we could obtain. Among the latter 
is her first lieutenant, who has lost an arm, and received a severe 
splinter wound on the hip. Not a man in the Peacock was killed, 
and only two wounded, neither dangerously so. The fate of the 
Epervier would have been determined in much less time, but for 
the circumstance of our fore yard being totally disabled by two 
round shot in the starboard quarter from her first broadside, which 
entirely deprived us of the use of our fore and fore-top sails 
and compelled us to keep the ship large throughout the remain- 
der of the action. This, with a few top-mast and top -gallant back 
stays cut away, a few shot through our sails, is the only injury 
the Peacock has sustained. Not a round shot touched our hull ; 
our masts and spars are as sound as ever. When the enemy 
struck he had five feet water in his hold, his main top-mast was 
over the side, his main boom shot away, his fore-mast cut nearly 
in two and tottering, his fore rigging and stays shot away, his 
bowsprit badly wounded, and forty-five shot holes in his hull, 
twenty of which were within a foot of his water line. By great 
exertion we got her in sailing order just as dark came on. 

In fifteen "minutes after the enemy struck, the Peacock was 
ready for another action, in every respect but her fore yard, which 
was sent down, finished and had the foresail set again in forty 
five minutes : such was the spirit and activity of our gallant crew. 
The Epervier had under her convoy an English hermaphrodite brig, 
a Russian and a Spanish ship, which all hauled their wind and 
stood to the east north-cast. I had determined upon pursuing the 
former, but found that it would not answer to leave our prize in 
her then crippled state, and the more particularly so, as we found 
she had in 120,000 dollars in specie, which we soon transferred to 
this sloop. Every officer, seaman and marine did his duty, which 
is the highest compliment i can pay them. 

1 am, respectfully, 

L. WARRINGTON. 
•Honourable William Jones; 



SAVANNAH, May 1st, 1814. 
SIR, 

I have the honour of informing you of my arrival here in late 
his Britannic majesty's brig Epervier, of eighteen 32 pound car- 
ronades, captain Wales, captured by the sloop Peacock, captain 
Warrington, on Friday morning, the 29th ultimo, oft' cape Carna- 
veral, after an action of forty-two minutes, in which time she was 
much cut up in hull, spars, rigging and sails, with upwards ot 
five feet water in her hold, having the advantage of the weather 
?age 



331 

She has lost 3 killed and 15 wounded, among the latter her first 
lieutenant, who has lost his arm. I am happy to say the Peacock 
received no material injury : her fore yard and two men slightly 
wounded ; she received not one shot in her hull. The brig had 
upwards of one hundred thousand dollars on board. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

JOHN B. NICGLSON. 
Honourable William Jones. 



UNITED STATES' SHIP GENERAL PIKE, SACKETT'S HARBOR, 

Mav 1st, 1814. 

SIR, 

I am happy to have it in my power to inform you, that the 
United States' ship " Superior" was launched this morning, with- 
out accident. The Superior is an uncommon beautiful, well-built 
ship, something larger than the President, and could mount 64 
guns, if it was thought advisable to put as many upon her. This 
ship has been built in the short space of eighty days, and when it 
is taken into view, that two brigs of 500 tons each, have also been 
built, rigged, and completely fitted for service, since the first of 
February, it will be acknowledged, that the mechanics employed 
on this station have done their duty. 

1 have the honour to be, &c. 

ISAAC CHAUNCEY. 
Honourable Wilbam Jones. 



UNITED STATES' SLOOP PEACOCK, May 5th, 1814. 
SIR, 

As my letter of yesterday was too late for the mail, I address 
you again in the pertormance of a duty which is pleasing and gra- 
tifying to me in a high degree, and is but doing justice to the 
merits of the deserving officers under my command, of whom I 
have hitherto refrained from speaking, as I considered it most 
correct to make it a subject of a particular communication. 

To the unwearied and indefatigable attention of first lieutenant 
Nicolson in organizing and training the crew, the success of this 
action is in a great measure to be attributed. I have confided 
greatly in him, and have never found my confidence misplaced. 
For judgment, coolness, and decision in times of difficulty, few 
can surpass him. This is the second action in which he has been 
engaged this war, and in both he has been successful. His great 
pride is to earn a commander's commission, by fighting for, instead 
of heiring it. 

From second lieutenant Henley, and lieutenant Voorhees (act- 
ting third, who has also twice been successfully engaged) I receiv- 
ed every assistance that zeal, ardor and experience could afford. 
The fire from their two divisions was terrible, and directed with 



332 

'test precision and coolness. In sailing master Percival, 
:eat wish and pride is to obtain a lieutenant's commission, 
remitting ml constant attention to duty, added to 
his professional knowledge, entitle him to it in my opinion, I found 
as well as viiling assistant. He handled the ship as if 
he had been working her into a roadstead. Mr. David Cole, acting 
enter, 1 have also found such an able and valuable man in his 
occupation, that I must request, in the most earnest manner, that 
he may receive a warrant : for 1 feel confident that to his uncom- 
mon exertions, we, in a great measure, owe the getting our prize 
into port. From 11 A. M. to 6 P. M. he was over her side stop- 
ping shot holes, on a grating, and when the ordinary resources 
failed of success, his skill soon supplied him with efficient ones. 
Mr. Philip Myers, master's mate, has also conducted himself in 
such a manner as to warrant my recommendation of him as a 
master. He is a seaman, navigator, and officer; his family in 
Now York is respectable, and he would prove an acquisition to 
the service. My clerk, Mr. John S. Townsend, is anxious to 
obtain, through my means, a midshipman's warrant, and has taken 
pains to qualify himself for it, by volunteering and constantly 
performing a midshipman's duty. Indeed I have but little use 
tor a clerk, and he is as great a proficient as any of the young 
midshipmen, the whole of whom behaved in a manner that was 
pleasing to me, and must be gratifying to you, as it gives an ear- 
nest of what they will make in time; three only have been to sea 
before, and one only in a man of war ; yet they are as much at 
home, and as much disposed to exert themselves, as any officer of 
the ship. Lieutenant Nicolson speaks in high terms of the con- 
duct of -Messrs. Greeves and Rodgers (midshipmen) who were in 
the prize with him. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

L. WARRINGTON. 
Honourable; William Jones. 



Extract of a letter from Commodore C'liauncey to the Secretary of 

the Navy. 

UNITED STATES' SHIP GENERAL PIKE, SACKETT'S HARBOR, 

May 7th, 1814. 

" T received a letter from captain "Woolsey last evening, dated 
at 6 o'clock P. M. on the 5th instant. The enemy had been 
cannonading Oswego about three hours when the express came 
away, without doing any injury. He had been twice repulsed in 
Ins attempt to land, and the officers and men in high spirits, and 
expected to be able to hold out until reinforcements arrived. 
Colonel Mitchell and captain Woolsey are both excellent officers, 
and I may say, without disparagement to any other corps, that the 
3d regiment of artillery is one of the best disciplined corps in the 



333 

army, and is remarkable for the great number of scientific and 
correct officers in it — we therefore may expect a most gallant de- 
fence of Oswego. If the enemy has succeeded in taking the place, 
lie has paid dearly for it. The attack, 1 presume, was renewed 
yesterday morning, as the guns we heard distinctly at this place 
from morning until about 2 P. M. when the firins"ceased." 



I XI TED STATES' SHIP GENERAL PIKE, SACKF.TT'S HARBOR, 

May 7th, 5 o'clock P. M. 1814. 
SIR, 

The enemy's fleet passed in sight about an hour since, at a 
great distance, and standing for Kingston. We have several 
vague reports, that the enemy landed from 1500 to 3000 men, 
and that they carried the fort at Oswego by storm and put the 
garrison to the sword; others, that the garrison, with captain 
W oolsey and seamen, surrendered, and that the enemy was 
marching to the falls. All these reports are unquestionably 
much exaggerated, and if it should turn out that Oswego has been 
taken, it will be found that the troops and seamen did their du- 
ly, and that the enemy has paid dearly for the place. 

1 have the honour to be, &c. 

ISAAC CHAUNCEY. 

Honourable W. Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 



GENERAL ORDERS. 

HEAD QUARTERS, SACKETT'S HARBOR, May 12th, 1814. 

Major general Brown has the satisfaction of announcing to the 
troops of his division, that the detachment under the command of 
lieutenant colonel Mitchell, of the corps of artillery, have, by their 
gallant and military conduct on the 5th and Gth instant, gained a 
name in arms worthy of the nation they serve and the cause they 
support. For nearly two days they maintained an unequal con- 
test against ten times their numbers, and but yielded their post 
when the interest of their country made that measure necessary. 

The companies composing this gallant detachment were Boyle's, 
Romayne's, M'lntires, and Pierce's, of the heavy artillery, and a 
few seamen under the command of lieutenant Pearce of the 
navy — in all, less than threp hundred men. The enemy's force 
by land and water exceeded three thousand. 



HEAD QUARTERS, SACKETT'S HARBOR, 

May 12th, 1814 

SIR. 

Enclosed is an abstract from the report of lieutenant colonel 
Mitchell, of the aft'air at Oswego. Being well satisfied with the 



334 

manner in which the colonel executed my orders, and with the 
evidence given of steady discipline and gallant conduct on the 
part of the troops, I have noticed them in the general order, a 
copv of which is enclosed. 

The enemy's object was the naval and military stores deposit- 
ed at the falls, 10 miles in the rear of the fort. These were pro- 
tected. The stores at the fort and village were not important. 

I am, &c. 

JACOB BROWN, maj. gen. 
lion. Secretary at War. 



LIEUTENANT COLONEL MITCHELL'S REPORT. 

I informed you of my arrival at fort Oswego on the 30th ulti- 
mo. This post being but occasionally and not recently occupied 
by regular troops, was in a bad state of defence. Of cannon we 
had but five old guns, three of which had lost their trunnions — 
what could be done in the way of repair was effected — new plat- 
forms were laid, the gun carriages put in order, and decayed 
pickets replaced. On the fifth instant the British naval force, 
consisting of 4 large ships, 3 brigs and a number of gun and 
other boats, were descried at revellie beating about 7 miles from 
the fort. Information was immediately given to captain Wool- 
sej of the navy, ( who was at Oswego village) and to the neigh- 
boring militia. It being doubtful on what side of the river the 
enemy would attempt to land, and my force (290 effectives) being 
too small to bear division, 1 ordered the tents to be pitched on the 
\ iliage side, while 1 occupied the other with my whole force. It 
i- probable that this artifice had its effect and determined the en- 
emy to attack where, from appearances, they expected the least 
opposition. About one o'clock the fleet approached. Fifteen 
boats, large and crowded with troops, at a given signal, moved 
■-lowly to the shore. These were preceded by gun boats sent to 
rake the woods and cover the landing, while the larger vessels 
opened a lire upon the fort. Captain Boyle, and lieutenant Le- 
gate, (so soon as the debarking boats got within range of our 
shot) opened upon them a very successful fire from the shore 
battery, and compelled them twice to retire. They at length 
returned to the ships, and the whole stood off' from the shore for 
better anchorage. One of the enemy's boats, which had been 
deserted, was taken up by us, and some others by the militia. 
The firsl mentioned was sixty feet long, and carried thirty-six 
oars ami three sails, and could accommodate 150 men. She had 
received a ball through her bow, and was nearly filled with 
water. 

Picket guards were stationed at different points, and we lay on 
our arms during the night. 



,335 

At day break on the 6th the fleet appeared, bearing up under 
easy sail. The Wolfe, &c. took a position directly against the 
fort and batteries, and for 3 hours kept up a heavy fire of grape, 
&c. Finding that the enemy had effected a landing, I withdrew 
in n small disposable force into the rear of the fort, and with two 
companies, (Romavne's and Melvin's) met their advancing col- 
umns, while the other companies engaged the flanks of the ene- 
my. Lieutenant Pierce of the navy and some seamen, joined in 
the attack, and fought with their characteristic bravery. We 
maintained our ground about 30 minutes, and as long as consist- 
ed with my farther duty of defending the public stores deposit- 
ed at the falls, which no doubt formed the principal object of 
the expedition on the part of the enemy. Nor was this move- 
ment made precipitately. I halted within 400 yards of the fort. 
Captain Romayne's company formed the rear guard, and, remain- 
ing with it, I marched t<» this place in good order, destroying the 
bi ids;es in mv rear. The enemy landed 600 of De Watteville's 
regiment, 600 marines, two companies of the Glengary corps, and 
350 seamen. 

General Drummond and commodore Yeo were the land and 
naval commanders. They burned the old barracks and evacu* 
ated I he fort about 3 o'clock in the morning of the 7th. 

Our loss in killed, is 6 ; in wounded 38 — and in missing 25. 
That of the enemy is much greater. Deserters, and citizens of 
ours taken prisoners and afterwards released, state their killed at 
64 and wounded in proportion — among them are several land and 
navy officers of merit. 

I cannot close this despatch without speaking of the dead and 
the living of my detachment. Lieutenant Blaney, a young man 
of much promise, was unfortunately killed. His conduct in the 
action was highly meritorious. Captain Boyle and lieutenant 
Legate merit my highest approbation, and indeed I want lan- 
guage to express mv admiration of their gallant conduct. The 
subalterns M'Comb," Ansart, King, Robb, Earl, M'Clintock and 
Newkirk, performed well their several parts. 

It would be injustice were I not to acknowledge and report the 
zeal and patriotism evinced by the militia, who arrived at a short 
notice, and were anxious to be useful. 






Extract of a letter from captain Macdonough to the Secretary' of 

the Navy 

" YERGENNES, May 14th, '1814. 

" I have the honour to inform you, that an engagement between 
our battery at the mouth of Otter Creek, and eight of the ene- 
my's gallc'vs, with a bomb-vessel, has terminated by the retreat 
of tin- enemy, who it i^ supposed came, with an intention of 
blockading us. 



33G 

'•The battery, commanded by captain Thornton of the artil- 
[ery, who was gallantly assisted by lieutenant Cassen of the navy, 
received but little injury, although a number of shells wei'e 
thrown, and many lodged in the parapet. 

"Colonel Davis was advantageously posted to receive the ene j 
my in the event of his landing, which we had reason to expect, 
as" his new brig, with several other gallies, and four other sloops, 
were within two and a half miles of the point, on which the bat- 
tery stands, during the attion, which lasted one hour and a half, 
when they all stood oft", and were seen passing Burlington for the 
northward. Every exertion was made to get the vessels down to 
the creek, which, however, we could not effect until the enemy 
had withdrawn. Our whole force is now at the creek's mouth, 
with the exception of the schooner, and she will be down also in 
the course of four or five days." 



Extract of a letter from captain Macdonough to the Secretary of 

the Navy. 

"VERGENNE3, May 18th, 1814. 

" I omitted stating in my letter of the 14th, that the enemy 
had two fine row-boats shot adrift from their gallies in the action 
with the battery, which, in their precipitate retreat, were left, 
and picked up by us. 

" I have since learned, that in other parts of the lake they were 
much cut up by the militia. Two of their gallies, in passing up 
a small river, on the New York side, had nearly all their men 
killed and wounded." 



NEW YORK, May 29th,, 1814. 
SIR, 

I have the honour to inform you, that on the 19lh, I disco- 
vered the enemy in pursuit of a brig under American colours, 
standing for Sandy Hook. I ordered a detachment of eleven gun- 
boats to proceed to sea, and pass between the chase and the ene- 
my, by which means to bring him to action, and give opportunity 
ft) the chase to escape, all which was effected ; the enemy, after 
receiving my fire, bore away, and the brig in question, entering 
the harbour, proved to be the brig Regent from France, with a 
very valuable cargo. 

And on Monday the 23d, I engaged the enemy before New 
London, and opened a passage for forty sail of coasting vessels; 
the action lasted three hours, in which the Flotilla suffered very 
little; No. G received a shot under water, and others through 
the sails : we have reason to believe, that the enemy suffered very 
great injury, as he appeared unwilling to renew the action the 



337 

following morning; my object was accomplished, which was te 
force a pass 'ge for the convoy. There are before New London, 
three Beventy-fours, tour frigates, and several small vessels, the 
latter doing great injury from their disguised character, and supe- 
rior sailing. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

J. LEWIS. 
Hon. Wm. Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 



UNITED STATES' SHIP SUPERIOR, SACKETT'S II \RBOR, 

June 2d, 1814. 

SIR, 

Finding it a most difficult task to transport our heavy guns 
on by land, I determined to get them to Stony Creek by water, 
when we should have only about three miles, land carriage, to 
transport them to Henderson's Harbor, from which we could 
bring them to this place by water. I directed captain Woolsey 
to -end all the stores, except the heavy guns, up to Forth Bay, 
and to place the guns in boats ready to move up or down the river, 
but to be ready to start at a moment's notice for Sandy Creek, when- 
ever the coast is clear of the enemy's gun-boats, which hovered about 
the creeks in Mexico Bay. On the evening of the 28th, captain 
Woolsey, started ("nun Oswego with eighteen boats, containing all 
our heavy guns, twelve cables, and a quantity of shot. Major 
Appling, 01 the rifle corps, accompanied the boats with about 
130 riflemen. 1 had also engaged 130 Indians to traverse the 
shore, for the purpose of protecting the boats if chased on shore, 
or into any of the creeks. Captain Woolsey proceeded unmo- 
lested to Sandy Creek, where he arrived about noon on Sunday 
the 29th, with one boat missing, containing one cable and two 
twenty-four-pounders. As soon as I received information of the 
arrival of the boats at Sandy Creek, the general, at my request, 
despatched two pieces of artillery, and captain Harris's company 
of dragoons. Yesterday morning, I ordered captain Smith with 
about 220 marines to Sandy Creek, and general Gaines very po- 
litelv ottered an additional force of about 300 artillery and infan- 
trv, under the command of that excellent officer, colonel Mitchell, 
to the same place; but before this force could reach the creek, 
the enemy was discovered in chase of our look-out boats, and 
entered the creek a little after day-light; they landed and recon- 
noitered the shore : a part of their force marched up on each side 
of the creek, while their gun-boats ascended cautiously, occasion- 
ally firing into the woods. Major Appling disposed of his force 
in the most judicious manner, and permitted the enemy to ap- 
proach within a few yards of his ambuscade, when the riflemen 
and Indians opened a most destructive lire up on the enemy, 
which obliged them to surrender in about ten minutes, with the 
loss of a number of killed and wounded, and seven boats taken, 
,3 



38 

mounting six, eight, twenty-four, eighteen, and twelve pounders, 
wj •■ aller guns. 

i • u nber of ofhcers and men which the enemy entered the 

. ■■ itii, were auout 200, but the number killed, wounded, 

,■: ak 'i prisoners, I am still ignorant of, as no return has been 

m . me; amongst the prisoners, however, are two post cap- 

foi ■ lieutenants, and two Lieutenants of the marines. 

t of major Appling, and the troops' Under his com- 
en high] honourable, and they are entitled to my 
wai o ledgments for the zeai and ability with which they 

have defended the guns and stores for i is virion. 

I iave an de arrange aents for transporting the guns from San- 
<!■ Creek by laud, ihich is about sixteen miies. I hope to have 
them all here befi re the 10th. 

t in< lose here ith for your information, captain Woolsey's re- 
port of his proceedings. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

ISAAC CHAUNCEY. 

Hon. Wm. Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 



(inclosure.) 

SACKF/IT'S HARBOR, June 1st, 1814. 

SIR, 

I have already had the honour to inform you of the affair at 
Sandy Creek on the 30th ultimo, but for want of time at that 
juncture, I had it not in my power to give you the particulars, 
a .1 as the most of niv communication since measures were adopt- 
ed for a push from Oswego Falls to Sandy Creek, with the naval 
Stores, have been made in great haste, I avail myself of a leisure 
moment to make a report in detail of my proceedings since that 
period. On the 17th I despatched Mr. Huginan to Mexico, to 
hire a number of ox-teams, and to engage a quantity of forage, &c. 
I also scut orders to Ohwejro Falls to have an additional number 
of large wheels made for transporting the guns and cables hack 
across the portage, and caused reports to be circulated in every 
direction that Chad received your orders to send all the naval 
si ores to Oneida lake, with all possible expedition. On the morn- 
ii>.': of t' e 28th, when these reports were well in circulation, and 
when (as I have since heard from good authority) they had been 
detailed 1 «» sir .lames, I had the honour to receive per express your 
communication of the 27th, vesting in me discretionary powers. 
I immediately despatched Mr. Dixon in the long gig to reconnoitre 
the coast . 1 went with my officers to the falls, to run the boats down 
n\ er the rapids. At sun-set we arrived at Oswego with the boats 
(19 in aumber) loaded in all with 21 long thirty-two pounders, 10 
twenty -four pounders, 3 forty-two ditto (carronades) and 10 cables, 
besides some light articles, and distributed in the batteaux a guard 
of about 150 riflemen, under command of major Appling. Mr. 



339 

Dixon having returned with a report of the coast being clear, we 
Be oft'at dark and arrived at Big Salmon river about sun-rise on 
the 29th, with the loss of one boat having on board l 2 twenty-four 
pounders and one cable. I cannot account for her having sepa- 
I from us, as every possible exertion was made to keep the 
brigade as compact as possible. 

A' Big Salmon we met the Oneidas, whom I had despatched the 
da\ previous, under the command of lieutenant Hill, of the rifle 
regiment. As soon as they had taken up their line of march along 
the Bhore of Big Sandy creek, I started with all the boars and 
arrived at noon at outplace of destination about two miles up the 
creek. In this laborious and hazardous duty, I feel much indebted 
to major Appling, his officers, and men, for their exertions, havi g 
assisted my officers and seamen in rowing the boats without a 
moment's Vest, twelve hours, and about half the time enveloj d 
in darkness and deluged with rain ; also, to some of the principal 
inhabitants of Oswego, who volunteered their services as pilots. 
At I A. M. on the 30th, I received your letter of the 29th, 6 
1'. M. per express, ami agreeably to the order contained therein, 
sent lieutenant Pierce to look out as far as Stony Point. About 
2 o'clock he returned, having been pursued by a gun boat and three 
barges. The best possible disposition was made of the riflemen 
and Indians, about half a mile below our boats. About 8 A.M. 
a cannonading at long shot was commenced by the enemy, and 
believing, as I did, that no attempt would be made to land with 
'their small force, 1 ordered lieutenant Pierce to proceed in erect- 
ing sheers and making preparations to unload the boats; and, as 
all the teams had retrograded in consequence of the cannonading, 
I sent in pursuit of them to return. About9 o'clock captain Kar- 
ris, with a squadron of dragoons, and captain Melvin, v ith a com- 
panv of light artillery and two six pounders, arrived. Captain 
Harris, ihe commanding officer, agreed with me that this reinforce- 
ment Bhould halt, as the troops best calculated for a bush fight 
were already on the ground, where they could act to the greatest 
advantage, and that the enemy, seeing a large reinforcement ar- 
rive, would most probably retreat. About 10, the enemy having 
landed and pushed up the creek with three gun-boats, three cutters, 
and one gig; the riflemen, under that excellent officer, major 
Appling, rose from their concealment, and after a smart fire of 
about ten minutes, succeeded in capturing all the boats and their 
crews, without one having escaped. 

At about 5 P. M. after having buried with the honours of war, 
Mr. Hoare, a British midshipman, killed in the action, I was re- 
lieved by captain Ridgely, whom you did tne the honour to send 
to Sandy Creek for that purpose. * All the prisoners, except the 
wounded, having been removed, and expecting another attack at 
night, I remained to assist captain Ridgely in that event : but 
yesterday morning, seeing nothing in the offing, i availed myself 
of my relief, and returned to this place. In performing, to the 



340 

beM of mj abilities, the duties for which I was ordered to Oswega 
Falls, I have great satisfaction in acknowledging the unremitted 
exertions of lieutenant Pierce, sailing-master Vaughan, and mid- 
si ipmen Mackey, Hart, and Caton; also to major Appling, his 

officers and men, for their kind assistance in the same duty. 

The -report of killed, wounded, and prisoners, and also the 
number and description of the captured boats, has been already 
remitted by captain Ridgely and myself. 

1 have the honour to be, &c. 

M. F. WOOLSEY. 
Commodore Isaac Chauncey, 

commanding U. S. forces on the Lakes. 



Extract of a letter from commodore Barney to the Secretary of 

the Jtfwy. 

"ST. LEONARD'S CREEK, June lltb, 1814. 

"SIR, 

" My last was on the 9th instant. On the evening of the 9th, 
the enemy moved up with twenty barges, having received more 
force from the 74, at the mouth of the Patuxent. I met thein, 
and after a short action drove them until dark, and return- 
ed to my anchorage. Yesterday they made a bold attempt; 
about 2 P. XI. they moved up with twenty-one barges, one 
rocket barge, and two schooners in tow. On making their ap- 
pearance, we went down on them; they kept up a smart fire for 
sometime, and seemed determined to do something decisive. But 
they soon gave way and retreated ; we pursued them down the 
creek. At the mouth lay the eighteen gun schooner ; she attempt- 
ed to beat out, but our lire was so severe, she ran ashore at t!.e 
entrance, and was abandoned. We still pursued, until the razee 
and brig opened upon us a brisk fire, which completely covered 
the schooner and tin- II \ ing barges, &x. YV'e must have done them 
considerable damage." 



Extract jof a letter from commodore Borne)/ to the Secretary of 

the Navy. 

« ST. LEONARD'S CREEK, June 13th, 1814. 

" I hadthehonourofaddressingyouonthe 1 lth instant, giving 
a short detail of our action with the enemy on the 10th. By in- 
formation, they suffered much. The large schooner was nearly 
destroyed, having several shot through her at the water's edge; 

her deck torn up, gun dismounted, and main-mast nearly cut off 
about half-wav up, and rendered unserviceable. !ihe was other- 
wise much cut; they ran her ashore to prevent her sinking. The, 



34i 

commodore's boat was cut in two; a shot went through the rocket 
bout ; one of the small schooners, carrying two 32 pounders, had 
a shot which raked her from aft, forward ; the boats, generally, 
Buffered ; but I have not ascertained what loss they sustained in 
men. 

" Yesterday a gentleman of this county, by the name of Parron, 
who lives at the mouth of the creek, came up, and said, that him- 
self and brother had been taken and carried on board. That he 
had been landed from the commodore, to inform the inhabitants, 
that if they remained at home quietly, they should not be molested, 
but if oo Lauding he found their houses deserted, he would burn 
them all, as he had done the house of a Mr. Patterson, and the 
barn of Mr. Skinner (our purser). Saturday and yesterday, the 
enemy were employed on the Patuxent River, in landing on the 
banks to plunder stock, &c. It was on Sunday evening they burnt 
tiie property of Mr. Patterson and Skinner. Mr. Parron informs 
me, that commodore Barrie, of the Dragon, always commanded^ 
and is much disappointed at his defeats, for that he had wrote to 
admiral Cockburn, that if the admiral would send him a frigate 
and brig, lie would most assuredly destroy the Flotilla. The fri-' 
gaic- is the Acasta, the brig the Jasseur, They left only 200 men, 
and one small boat on board the Dragon, at the mouth of the Pa- 
tuxent, so that there must have been in the affair on Friday, up- 
wards of 800 men ! They came with a band of music playingSl 



UNITED STATES' SHIP SUPERIOK, SACKETT'S HARBOR, 

June 20th, 1814. 

SIR, 

Knowing that the enemy was constantly receiving naval and 
military stores at Kingston, by the St. Lawrence, I thought it 

t be practicable to surprise and capture a brigade of boats 
v. th stores on board, and either destroy or bring them oif. For 
this purpose I directed lieutenant Gregory to take three gigs with 
onlj their crew and one settee in each boat, and proceed down 
the St. Lawrence, secrete himself on some of the islands, and 
watch a favourable opportunity to surprise a brigade of loaded 
bo its, and either brii g them oil' or destroy them, as circumstances 
would point out. 

Lieutenant Gregory left here with his party on the evening of 
the 13th instant, and proceeded to the " Thousand Islands," where 
he hauled his boats on shore and concealed them: saw two bri- 
gades of boats pass, one up the river with troops, of course too 
strong for our little parts ; the other down the river empty, and 
not worth taking. 

Lieutenant Gregoi > found the enemy had gun boats stationed 
between Kingston and Prescott, within about six mdes of each 
oih , • id thai thej had a telegraph loo;, out, in a! mo.- 1 every high 
island, so that they convey intelligence with great expedition. 



342 

day morning;, between 9 and 10 o'clock, lieutenant Ore- 
ing himself discovered, and a gun-boat close to him, he 
formed the bold design to board her, which he did, and 
carried :er without losing a man : one of the enemy was badly 
tided. She proved to be the fine gun-boat Black Snake or 
Number 9, and mounted one eighteen pounder and manned 
w t)i 18 men, chiefly royal marines, (a list of which is enclosed). 
Lieutenant Gregory manned his prize and proceeded up the St. 
ce, but was soon discovered and pursued by a very large 
-boat mounting two heavy guns and rowed with upwards of 
ars, which overhauled him fast. He kept possession of 
•lize until the enemy threw their shot over him ; he then very 
tantly (but 1 think properly) took out all his prisoners and 
tied the gun-boat, which sunk instantly, and escaped the ene- 
although so heavily loaded. Lieutenant Gregory arrived safe 
morning with all his prisoners. 
Permit me to recommend this gallant } r oung officer to your 
r, .ice and patronage. He is not surpassed bv any of his grade 
i zeal, intelligence, and intrepidity. Sailing master Vaughan 
and Mr. Dixon, each commanding a gig under lieutenant Gregory, 
are entitled to my acknowledgments for their zeal and activity 
on all occasions to render service to their country, more particu- 
larly on the last expedition, when, from their knowledge of the 
river, they rendered the most important services by pointing out 
the proper channels to elude the pursuit of the enemy. 

Will you be pleased to direct in what manner the prisoners are 
to be disposed of. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

ISAAC CHAUNCEY. 
Secretary of the Navy. 



Extract of a letter from general P. Stuart, of the Maryland 
militia, to the Secretary of War, dated June ZSd, 1814. 

" I have ordered on to Washington, under an officer who is 
directed upon his arrival lo report himself to you, five prisoners 
and one deserter. The prisoners were tal.en on the 21st instant 
In a detachment of Maryland militia under my command, aided 
1)\ ;t squadron of horse from the district of Columbia, under the 
command of major Peter. 

"The cruel course of war waged by the enemy upon our exten- 
sive water courses, has forced me to call into service a great 
body of our militia. 

" 1 must express my thanks for the aid so promptly sent from 
your department. It was a source of considerable regret tX'at 
major Peter of the artillery, notwithstanding his great exertions, 
could not join us till morning. By his aid, I feel confident we 
could have destroyed the enemy's" schooner sent up to take oil' 



343 

the residue of the tobacco. Major Peter's squadron acted with 
promptitude and ardor, displaying a temper which will ren- 
der them essentially useful to the nation. The frequent injuries 
which arise to the service from intelligence communicated to the 
enemy, have determined me to sutt'er no deserter to remain with- 
in my command." 



Sunday, June 25th, 1814.— 10 A. M. 
SIR, 

This morning, at 4 A.M. a combined attack of the artille- 
ry, marine corps and flotilla, was made upon the enemy's two 
frigates, at the mouth of the creek. After two hours engage- 
ment, ihev got under way and made sail down the river. They 
are now warping round Point Patience, and I am now moving up 
the Patuxent with my flotilla. My floss is acting midshipman 
Asquith killed, and ten others killed and wounded. 

Mr. Blake,* the bearer of this, was a volunteer in my bar"-e. 
lie will give you every other information. 

With respect, &c. 

JOSHUA BARNEY. 

The Secretary of the Navy. 



PHILADELPHIA, June 25th, 1814. 

SIR, 

On Sunday last the British frigate Belvidera captured a small 
schooner belonging to Indian river, about ten nnles above Cape 
Henlopen; and after having her in possession thirty-four hours, 
ransomed her for 800 dollars. I was yesterday morning on the 
eve of leaving this, with about SO officers and men, who are em- 

E loved here in the equipment of the Guerriere, to join the flotilla, 
ut received information that the Belvidera left the bay on the 21st. 
The flotilla is down as low as Egg Island Flats, from which it 
came up to New Castle only the day before the Belvidera came 
into the Bay, for the purpose of replenishing its provisions. 

With great respect, &c. 

JOHN RODGERS. 
The Secretary- of the Navy. 



CAMP NEAR ST. LEONARD'S, June 26th, 1814. 

SIR, 

We decided on attacking the enemy this morning at day- 
break ; after two and a half or three hours cannonading, he 

* Mr. T. P. Andrews, of Washington, accompanied Mr. Blake; they both 
acted as captains of marines, under major William B. Barney. — Edit. 



344 

thought proper to retreat down the river, and commodore "Barney 
has lake n advantage of his absence to pass his flotilla up the Pa- 
tuxent. I was constrained to precipitate the attack before I was 
fully prepared, from the circumstance of all the enemy's small 
vessels having left the river. The ground I was obliged to occu- 
py for a battery, consisted of a high bluff point, having the Patux- 
ent on the right, and St. Leonard's Creek on the left, with which 
the communication was over a flat piece of ground, subject to be 
enfiladed from the Patuxent, and the hill on which the guns were 
to be placed, liable to a severe fire from the same quarter ; there- 
fore, in ca^e of an attack, the enemy might have rendered our 
situation very uncomfortable, by stationing a small vessel so as to 
command the low ground I speak of. 

We committed a great many blunders during the action, or our 
success would probably have been more complete. I forbear to 
enter into minute particulars, lest I should cast an indirect cen- 
sure on some officers, perhaps undeserved, for I must acknow- 
ledge, I was so much engaged at the battery, as to have but an 
indistinct knowledge of what passed elsewhere. But the fact is, 
the infantry and light artillery decided upon retreating without my 
orders, before they had lost a single man killed or wounded ; 
and at the time too, when the enemy were manouvring to the 
rear of our position with their barges. The consequence of this 
moving was very disadvantageous; the men at the guns perceiv- 
ing the infantry retreating, and the enemy getting into the rear, 
their numbers began sensibly to diminish, and I was pretty soon 
left with only men enough to work one gun, which I was necessi- 
tated to turn to the rear for the sake of keeping the barges in check. 
Finally, the few men that remained were so exhausted with fa- 
tigue, we found it impracticable to fire any more, and the limbers 
and horses which had been ordered down the hill, having disap- 
peared and gone, I know not where, I found myself under the 
painful necessity of spiking the guns, to prevent their being used 
by the enemy, should he get possession of them. 

1 might, in justice to the infantry, acknowledge they did not 
take to flight, but quitted the ground in perfect order ; after a 
v Idle 1 was able to halt them, and bring them back. In the mean 
time the enemy were getting under way, and retiring down the 
river: from the precipitancy of his retreat, I infer he must have 
suffered considerably. From some untoward circumstances, I 
had it not in my power to observe the effect of each shot we fired, 
otherwise I think its destruction would be complete. 

Commodore Barney furnished me with twenty excellent men 
from his flotilla to work the guns. By some mismanagement in 
loading with the hot shot, one poor fellow had his arm blown off, 
which is the only material accident we sustained. One of the 
enemy s rockets passed through an ammunition box, which had 
beei; injudiciously placed, and exploded it, which did some dam- 



345 

age. An ammunition cart near it was covered with the fire, biit 
Fortunately did not explode. Some other trifling accidents were 
sustained. 

We commenced in the night an epaulment to cover our guns; 
but the work, progressed so little, from the shortness of time, I 
did not think it best to occupy it. We retreated our guns so as 
barely to allow the muzzles to peep over the hill. This brou-.ht 
us on descending ground, in a ploughed cornfield. The recoil of 
the gun downwards, every time it was fired, gave us excessive la- 
bour to bring it up to its position. In other respects it answered 
admirably. The enemy found it impossible to hit either the guns 
or the men. Every shot aimed by them, either fell short and 
struck, the bank, or flew clear over. Towards the close of the 
firing, they adopted t\\e method of using small charges of powder, 
which just threw his shot over the hill, probably firing from his 
carronades; but the effect was not more decisive. 

To prevent the enemy taking alarm in the night, from our 
movements, we were necessitated to halt our ammunition wagons 
and carts above a quarter of a mile- from the battery, and pass all 
our stores ; even the bricks of which our furnace >vas constructed, 
were brought that distance by hand. This fatigued the me; ex- 
-i\elv. I felt certain, if the enemy should open upon us, even 
at a random fire, it would be impossible to get any thing done for 
the confusion it would create. 

I ought to mention, that the situation in which the infantry and 
light artillery were placed, was a trying one for new raised troops. 
Most of the shot which missed the battery, fell among them. I 
had anticipated that disadvantage, but it was unavoidable. It 
was indispensable to have them covered by some rising ground 
from the waters of the Patuxent, and the position chosen, was the 
only one compatible with that view, and the design I had in post- 
ing them, to protect the rear of our battery. 

The battalion of the 38th regiment, joined us but last evening, 
after a hard day's march, and were immediately marched to the 
ground. Some of their men were completely exhausted, and the 
whole excessively fatigued and half famished. 

Commodore Barney's flotilla was at hand, ready to open upon 
the enemy, the moment a favourable opportunity should offer. He 
commenced firing soon after us, and drew off that of the enemy for 
a while. I have not seen him since the action, but understand 
he lost several men, killed and wounded. 

I hope, on the whole, taking into consideration our not being ful- 
ly prepared, the excessive fatigue the men had undergone, and that 
we have attained the object in view, which was the release of com- 
modore Barney's flotilla, the affair will not reflect dishonour on 
our troops. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

DECIUS WADSWORTH. 

♦Vneral John Armstrong-, Secretin- of War. 

44 



346 
GENERAL BROWN'S GENERAL ORDERS. 

ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE, 1^ FT DIVISION, 

July 2d, 1814. 

Major general Brown has the satisfaction to announce to the 
troops of his division, on this Frontier, that he is authorized by the 
orders of his government, to put them in motion against the ene- 
mv. The first and second brigades, with the corps of artillery, 
will cross the straights before them this night, or as early to- 
morrow as possible. The necessary instructions have been given 
to the brigadiers, and by them to the commanding officers of re- 
giments and corps. 

Upon entering Canada, the laws of war will govern — men 
ound in arms, or otherwise engaged in the service of the enemy, 
will be treated as enemies ; those behaving peaceably, and follow- 
ing their private occupations, will be treated as friends. Private 
property in all cases will be held sacred ; public property, wher- 
ever found, will be seized and disposed of by the commanding ge- 
neral. Our utmost protection will be given to all who actually 
join, or who evince a desire to join us. 

Plundering is prohibited. The major general does not appre- 
hend any difficulty on this account, with the regular army, or 
with honourable volunteers, who press too the standard of their 
country to avenge her wrongs, and to gain a name in arms. Pro- 
fligate men who follow the army for plunder, must not expect that 
they will escape the vengeance of the gallant spirits, who are 
struggling to exalt the national character. Any plunderer shall 
be punished with death, who may be found violating this order. 
By order of the major general. 

C. R. GARDNER, Adji. Gen. 

In pursuance of the above orders, the army passed the Nia- 
gara river on Sunday morning, 3d instant. The brigade of ge- 
neral Scott, and the. artillery corps of major Hind man, lauded 
nearly a mile below Fort Erie, between two and ih.ee o'clock, 
while general Ripley, with his brigade, made the shore about the 
same distance above. The enemy was perfectly unapprised of 
these movements. General Scott led the van, and was on shore 
before the enemy's picket, which was stationed at this point, tired 
a gun ; the guard discharged their guns and retreated. 

In the morning, a small Indian corps was crossed over. J he 
fort was approached on the right and left, and the Indians skirted 
the woods in (he rear. General Brown now demanded a surren- 
der of the garrison, and gave the commander two hoi«rs for con- 
sideration. — In the mean time, a battery of long 18"s was planted 
in a position which commanded the fort. The enemy surrendered 
prisoners of war — marched out of the fort at six, stacked their 
arms, and were immediately sent across the river to the American 
shore; there were upwards of 170 prisoners, of the 8th and 100th 



347 

regimeifts, among which were seven officers. Major Burke coui- 
manded the fort. 

The schooners Tigress and Porcupine assisted in crossing; the 
troops, and lay during; the. day within cannon-shot of the fort. 

Captain Camp, of the quarter master general's department 
volunteered in the expedition, and crossed in the boat with general 
Scof. 

During; t' e mo n'nsr, the enemy fired two or three cannon from 
the fort, which killed one man, and wounded two or three others. 
We learn the snemy had one killed. 

There ar< several pieces of ordnance in the garrison, and some 
military sttu e . 

Thus has the Niagara been crossed, and a fort captured, without 
scarcely the loss of a man. 



CRUIZE OF THE ESSEX. 

ESSEX JUNIOR, July 3d, 1814— at sea. 

SIR, 

I have done myself the honour to address you repeatedly, 
since I left the Delaware; but have scarcely a hope that one of 
rny letters has reached you ; therefore consider it necessary to 
give you a brief history of mv proceedings since that period. 

1 sailed from the Delaware on the 27th of Ocober, 1812, and 
repaired with all diligence (agreeably to the instructions of com- 
modore Bainbridge) to IVrt IVaya, Fernando de Noronho, and 
Cape Frio, and arrived at each place on the day appointed to meet 
him. On uay passage from Fort Praya to Fernando de Noronho, 
I caotured his Britannic majesty's packet Nocton ; and after tak- 
ing; out about ^1 1,000 sterling; in specie, sent her under com- 
mand <:f lieutenant Finch, for America. I cruized off Rio de 
Janeiro, and about Cape Frio, until the 12th January, 1813, hear- 
ing; frequently of the commodore, by vessels from Bahia. I here 
captured one schooner, with hides and tallow. I sent her into Rio. 
The Montague, the admiral's ship, being in pursuit of me, my 
provisions getting short, and finding it necessary to look out for 
a supply, to enable me to meet fie commodore by the 1st April, 
off St Helena, I proceeded to th* 1 island of St. Catharine's (the last 
place of rendezvous on the coast of Brazil,) as the most likely to 
supply mv wants, and, at the same time, afford me that intelli- 
gence necessary to enable me to elude the British ships of war 
on the coast, and expected there. I here procured only wood, 
water, and rum, and a few bag;s of Hour; and hearing of the 
commodore's action with the Java, the capture of the Hornet by 
the Montague, and of a considerable augmentation of the British 
force on the coast, several being in pursuit of me, I found it ne- 
cessary to g;et to sea as soon as possible. I now, agreeably to the 
commodore's plan, stretched to the southward, scouring the coast 



, S4S 

as tar as Rio de la Plata. I heard that Buenos Ayres was in a 
state of starvation, and could not supply our wants, and that the 
(;,: ,•!)••. ent of Monteviedo was inimical to us. The commodore's 
instructions nov left it completely discretionary with me what 
course to pursue, and I determined on following that which had 
net onh met his approbation, but the approbation of the then Se- 
cretary of the Navy. 

I accordingly shaped my course for the Pacific ; and after 
su fi ring greatly from short allowance of provisions, and heavy 
gales oii'Cape Horn, (for which my ship and men w ere ill provided,) 
I arrived at Valparaiso on the 14th March, 1813. I here took in 
as much jerked beef, and other provisions, as my ship would 
conveniently stow, and ran down the coast of Chili and Peru. In 
this track I fell in with a Peruvian corsair, which had on hoard 
24 Americans, as prisoners, the cre\\s of two whale ships, which 
she had taken on the coast of Chili. The captain informed me- 
that, as a i lies of Great Britain, they would capture all they 
should meet with, in expectation of a war between Spain and the 
United States. [ consequently threw all his guns and ammuni- 
tion into the sea, liberated the Americans, wrote a respectful 
letter to the viceroy, explaining the cause of my proceedings, 
which I delivered to her captain. I then proceeded for Lima, 
and re-captured one of the vessels as she was entering the port. 
From thence I shaped my course for the Gallapagos islands, 
where 1 cruized from the 17th April until the 3d October, 1813; 
during; this time I touched only once on the coast of America, 
which was for the purpose of procuring a supply of fresh water, 
as none is to be found among these islands, which are, perhaps, 
the most barren and desolate of any known. While among this 
group, 1 captured the following British ships, employed chiefly 
in the spermaceti whale fishery, viz. 





Letters 


of Marque. 






Tons. 


Men. 


Guns. 


Pierced foi 


Montezuma, 


270 


21 


2 




Policy, 


275 


25 


10 


18 


Georgiana, 


280 


25 


6 


18 


Greenwich, 


338 


25 


10 


20 


Atlantic, 


355 


24 


8 


20 


Hose, 


220 


21 


8 


20 


Hector, 


270 


25 


11 


20 


Catharine, 


270 


29 


8 


18 


Seringa patam, 


350 


31 


14 


26 


Charlton, 


274 


21 


10 


18 


New Zealander, 


259 


23 


8 


18 


Sir A. Hammond 


, 301 


31 

302 


12 


18 




3369 


107 





349 

A9 some of those ships were captured by boats, and others by 
prizes, my officers and men had .several opportunities of showing 
their gallantry. 

The Rose and the Charlton, were iriven up to the prisoners; 
the Hector, Catharine and Montezuma, I sent to Valparaiso, 
where they were laid up : the Policy, Georgiana, and Xew Zea- 
land, I sent for America : the Greenwich I kept as a store ship, 
to contain the stores of my other prizes, necessary for us, and the 
Atlantic, now called the Essei Junior, 1 equipped with 20 guns, 
and jjave the command of her to lieutenant Downes. 

Lieutenant Downes had conveyed the prizes to Valparaiso, and 
dn his return brought me letters, informing me that a squadron 
under the command of commodore James Hillyar, consisting of 
the frigate Pluebe, of 36 guns, had sailed on the Cth July for this 
sea. The Racoon and Cherub, had been seeking for me for some 
time on the coast of Brazil, and, on the return from their cruize, 
joined the squadron sent in search of me to the Pacific. My ship, 
as it maybe supposed, after being near a year at sea, required 
some repairs to put her in a state ro meet them : which I deter- 
mined to do, and bring them to action, if I could meet them on 
nearly equal term-.. 1 proceeded now, in company with the re- 
mainder of my prizes, to the island of Nooaheevah, or Madison's 
island, lying in the Washington group, discovered by a captain 
Ingrahaiu, of Boston. Here I caulked and completely overhauled 
my Bhip, made for her a new set of water casks, her old ones 
being nearly decayed, and took on board from my prizes, provisi- 
ons and stores for upwards of four months, and sailed for the coast 
of Chili on the 12th December, !81S. Previous to sailing I se- 
cured the Seringapatam, Greenwich, and Sir A. Hammond, under 
the ijuns of a battery which 1 erected for their protection: after 
taking possession of this fine island for the United States, and 
establishing the most friendly intercourse with the natives, I left 
them under charge of lieutenant Gamble, of the marines, with 21 
men, with orders to repair to Valparaiso, after a certain period. 

I arrived on the coast of Chili, on the 12th January, 1814; 
looked int» Conception and Valparaiso, found at both places only 
three English vessels, and learned that the squadron which sailed 
from Rio de Janeiro for that sea, had not been heard of since their 
departure, and was supposed to be lost in endeavouring to double 
Cape Horn. 

I had completelv broken up the British navigation in the Paci- 
fic; the vessels which had not been captured by me, were laid up, 
and dare not venture out. I had afforded the most ample protec- 
tion to our own vessels, which were, on my arrival, very numer- 
ous and unprotected. The valuable whale fishery there, is en- 
tirely destroyed, and the actual injury we have done them maybe 
estimated at two and a half millions of dollars, independent of 
the expenses of the vessels in search of me. They have supplied 
me amply with sails, cordage, cables, anchors, provisions, medi- 



350 

cines, and stores of every description : and the slops on board- 
them have furnished clothing for the seamen. We had, in fact, 
lived on the enemy since I had been in that sea, every prize hav- 
ine: proved a well-found store slip for me. I had not vet been 
under the necessity of drawing bills on the department for any 
object, and had been enabled to make considerable advances to my 
officers and crew on account of pay. 

For the unexampled time we had kept the sea, my crew had 
continued remarkably healthy. I had but one case of the scurvy, 
and had lost only the following men by death, viz. : 

John S. Cowan, lieutenant; Robert Miller, surgeon; Levi 
Holmes, O. S. ; Edward Sweeny, do.; Samuel Groce, seaman; 
James S.paflbrd, gunner's mate; Benjamin Geers, John Rodgers, 
quarter gunners; Andrew Mahan, corporal of marines; Lewis 
Price, private marine. 

1 had done all the injury that could be done the British com- 
merce in the Pacific, and still hoped to signalize my cruize by 
something more splendid, before leaving that sea. 1 thought it 
not improbable, that commodore Hillyar might have kept his ar- 
rival secret, and believing he would seek me at Valparaiso, as the 
most likely place to find me, I determined to cruize about that 
place, and* should I fail of meeting him, hoped to be compensated 
bv the capture ot some merchant ships, said to, be expected from 
England. 

The Phoebe, agreeable to my expectations, came to seek me at 
Valparaiso, where I was anchored with the Essex; my armed 
prize, ihe Essex Junior, under the command of lieutenant Dowries, 
on the look-out off the harbor. But contrary to the course I thought 
he would pursue, commodore Hillyar brought with him the Che- 
rub sloop of war, mounting 28 guns, eighteen 32 pound carro- 
nades, eight 24's, and two long 9's on the quarter-deck and fore- 
castle, and a complement of 180 men. The force of the Phcebeis 
as follows: — thirty-two long 18 pounders, sixteen 32 pound car- 
ronades, one howitzer, and six 3 pounders in the tops, in all 53 
guns, and a complement of 320 men: making a force of 81 guns, 
and 50C men ; in addition to which they took on board the crew of 
an English letter of marque, lying in port. Both ships had picked 
crews," and were sent into the Pacific, in company with the Ra- 
coon of 22 guns, and a store ship of 20 guns, for the express purpose 
of seeking the Essex, and were prepared with flags bearing the 
motto, 'Cod and country; British sailor's best rights; traitors 
offend both." This was intended as a reply to my motto, " Free 
trade and sailor's rights," under the erroneous impression, that 
my crew were chiefly Englishmen, or to counteract its effect on 
their own crews. The force of the Essex was 46 guns, forty 32 
pound carronades, and si-; long 12's, and her crew, which had 
been much reduced by prizes, amounted to only 255 men. The 
Essex Junior, which was intended chiefly as a store ship, mounted 
20 guns, ten 18 pound carronades, and ten short 6's, with only 60 



351 

men on board. In reply to their motto, I wrote at my mizen, 
" Qiid, o ir country and liberty; tyrants offend them" 

On jetti ig their provisions on board; they went oil' the port for 
the purpose >! blockading me, where they cruized for near six 
weeks ; during which time I endeavoured to provoke a challenge, 
and frequently, bul ineffectually, to bring the Phcebe alone to ac- 
tion, first with both my ships, and afterwards with my single ship, 
with both crews on board. 1 was several times under way, and 
ascertained that I had greatly the advantage in point of sailing, 
and once succeeded in closing within gun-shot of the Phcebe, and 
Co nmeuced a fire on her, when she ran down for the Cherub, 
which was two and a half miles to leeward: this excited some 
surprise and expressions of indignation, as previous to my getting 
under way, she hove to off the port, hoisted her motto Bag, and 
tired . i gun to windward. Commodore Hillyar seemed determin- 
ed to avoid a contest with me on nearly equal terms, and from his 
extreme prudence in keeping both his ships ever after constantly 
within hail of each other, there were no hopes of any advantages 
to my country from a longer stay in port. 1 therefore determined 
to put to sea the first opportunity which should offer 5 and I was 
the more Strongly induced to do SO, as I had gained certain intel- 
ligence, thai the Tagus, rated 38, and two other frigates, had 
sailed for that sea in pursuit of me. I had reason to expect the 
arrival of the Racoon, from the north-west coast of America, 
where she had been sent for the purpose of destroying our fur es- 
tablishment on the Columbia. A rendezvous was appointed for 
the Kssev Junior, and ever) arrangement made for sailing, and I 
intended to let them chase me off, to give t lie Essex Junior an 
opportunity of escaping. On the 28th March, the day after this 
determination was formed, the wind came to blow fresh from the 
southward, when I parted my larboard cable and dragged my star- 
board anchor directly out to sea. Not a moment was to be lost 
in uyltmu; sail on the ship. The enemy were close in with the 
point forming the west side of the bay; but on opening them, I 
saw a prospect of passing to windward, when I took in my top- 
gallant -.--ails, which were set over single-reefed-topsails, and 
braced up lor this purpose; but on rounding the point, a heavy 
squall struck the ship, and carried away her main top-mast, pre- 
cii itating the men who were aloft into the sea, who were drown- 
ed. Both ships now gavechase to me, and I endeavoured, in my 
disabled state, to regain the port; but finding 1 could not reco- 
ver the common anchorage, I ran close into a small bay, about 
three quarters of a mile to leeward of the battery, on the east side 
of the harbor, and let go my anchor within pistol-shot of the shore, 
where 1 intended to repair my damages as soon as possible The 
enemy continued to approach, shewed an evident-intention of :t- 
taekingus, regardless of the ueutrality pfjthe place where 1 was 
anchored; ana the caution observed in their apj 1 >theattaok 
of the crippled Essex, was truly ridiculous, as was their display 



35 1 

of their motto flags, and the number of jacks at all their mast heads. 
1, with as much expedition as circumstances would admit of, got 
mv ship ready for action, and endeavoured to get a spring on my 
cable, but had not succeeded when the enemy, at 54 minutes past 
3 P. M. made his attack, the Phcebe placing herself under my 
stern, and the Cherub on my starboard bow ; but the Cherub soon 
Gilding her situation a hot one, bore up and ran down under the 
stern also, where both ships kept up a not raking fire. 

I had got 3 long twelve pounders out of the stern ports, which 
Mere worked wit!: so much bravery and skill, that in half an hour 
we so disabled both as to compel them to haul off to repair dama- 
ges. In the course of this firing, I had, by the great exertions of 
Mr. Edward Barnwell, the acting sailing master, assisted by Mr. 
Linscott, the boatswain, succeeded in getting springs onourcable 
three different times ; but the fire of the enemy was so excessive, 
that before we could get our broadside to bear, they were shot 
away, and thus rendered useless to us. My ship had receivei' 
man v injuries and several had been killed and wounded; but nrj 
brave officers and men, notwithstanding the unfavourable circum- 
ces under which we were brought to action, and the powerful 
force opposed to us, were no ways discouraged; all appeared 
lied to defend their ship to the last extremity, and to die in 
•fence to a shameful surrender. Our gaff, with the ensign and 
notto Bag at the mizen, had been shot away, but free trade 
and sailor's rights, continued to fly at the fore. Our ensign 
- replaced by another ; and to guard against a similar event, 
an ensign \>;*.s made fast in the mizen rigging, and several jacks 
were hoisted in different parts of the ship. The enemy soon re- 
paired his dan. aires for a fresh attack, He now placed himself, 
w itii both his ships on my starboard quarter, out of the reach of 
mv carronades, and where my stern guns could not be brought to 
lie there kept up a most galling fire, which it was out of 
mv pow er to return, w hen I saw no prospectof injuring him without 
getting under weigh and becoming the assailant. My top-sail 
sheets and haul-yards were all shut away as well as the jib and 
fore-top-mas stay -ail haul-yards. The only rope not cut was 
taut-yards, and that being the only sail I could set, 
1 caused it to be hoisted, mj (able to be cut, and ran down on 
hot. -hips, with an intention of laying the Phcebe onboard. The 
. on both sidt-s was now tremendous. I had let fall my 
-tops .1 and foresail, but the want of tacks and sheets had 
rendered them almost - to us; yet we were enabled, for a 

short time, to close with the enemy ; and although our decks were 
now strewed with dead, and our cockpit filled with wounded — 
although our -hip had been several times on fire, and was render- 
ed a perfect wreck, we v ere still encouraged to a hope to save 
her, from the oircu of the Cherub being compelled to 

haul oil*. She did no; return to close action, although she appa- 



353 

rently had it in her power to do so, but kept up a distant firing 
with her long zuns. 

The Phoebe, from our disabled state, was enabled, however, by 
edging off, to choose the distance which best suited her long guns, 
and kept up a tremendous fire on us, which mowed down mv 
brave companions by the dozen. Many of my guns had been 
rendered useless by the enemy's shot, and many of them had their 
whole crews destroyed. We manned them again from those which 
were disabled, and one gun in particular was three times manned ; 
15 men were slain at it in the action! but strange as it may 
appear, the captain of it escaped with only a slight wound. Find- 
ing that the enemy had it in his power to chose his distance, I 
now gave up all hopes of closing with him, and as the wind, for 
the moment, seemed to favour the design, I determined to endea- 
vour to run her on shore, land my men and destroy her. Every 
thiu^ seemed to favour my wishes. We had approached the shore 
within musket shot, and I had no doubt of succeeding, when, in 
an instant, the wind shifted from the land (as is very common in 
this port in the latter part of the day) and payed our head down 
on the Phoebe, where we were as;ain exposed to a dreadful raking 
fire. Mv >hip wa> now totally unmanageable; yet, as her head 
was toward the enemy, and he to leeward of me, I still hoped to 
be able to board him. At this moment lieutenant commandant 
Downes came on board, to receive my orders, under the impression 
that I should soon be a prisoner. He could be of no use to me 
in the then wretched state of the Essex; and finding (from the 
enemy's putting his helm up) that mv last attempt at boarding 
would not succeed, I directed him, after he had been about ten 
minutes on board, to return to his own ship, to be prepared for 
defending and destroying her in case of an attack. IT3 took with 
him several of my wounded, leaving three of his boat's crew on 
board to make room for them. The Cherub now had an oppor- 
tunity of distinguishing herself, by keeping up a hot fire on him 
during his return. 

The slaughter on board my ship had now become horrible ; the 
enemy continuing to rake us, and we unable to bring a gun to 
bear. I therefore directed a hawser to be bent to the sheet 
anchor, and the anchor to be cut from the bows to bring her head 
round. This succeeded. We again got our broadside to bear, 
and as the enemy was much crippled and unable to hold his own, 
I have no doubt he would soon have drifted out of gun-shot before 
he discovered we had anchored, had not the hawser unfortunate- 
lv parted. My ship had taken fire several times during the action, 
but alarmingly so forward and aft at this moment; the flames 
were bursting up each hatchway, and no hopes were entertained 
of saving her ; our distance from the shore did not exceed three 
quarters of a mile, and I hoped many of my brave crew would be 
able to save themselves, should the ship blow up, as I was inform- 
ed the tire was near the magazine, and the explosion of a large 
45 



354 

quantity of powder below, served to increase the horrors of our 
si(> ;:>:on. Our boats were destroyed by the enemy's shot ; I there- 
fore directed those who could swim to jump overboard, and endea- 
vour to gain the shore. Some reached it, some were taken by 
the enemy, and some perished in the attempt; but most preferred 
sharing with me the fate of the ship. 

We vvho remained, now turned our attention wholly to extin- 
guishing the flames ; and when we had succeeded, went again to 
our guns, where the firing was kept up for some minutes, but the 
crew had by this time become so weakened, that they all declared 
to me the impossibility of making further resistance, and entreat- 
ed me to surrender my ship to save the wounded, as all further 
attempts at opposition must prove ineffectual, almost every gun 
bei.ig disabled by the destruction of their crews. I now sent for 
the officers of divisions to consult them ; but what was my sur- 
prise to find only acting lieutenant Stephen Decatur M'Knight 
remaining, who confirmed the report respecting the condition of 
the guns on the quarter-deck — those on the spar-deck were not 
in a better state. Lieutenant Wilmer, after fighting most gal- 
lantly throughout the action, had been knocked overboard by a 
splinter, while getting the sheet anchor from the bows, and was 
drowned. Acting lieutenant John G. Cowell had lost a leg ; Mr. 
Edward Barnwell, acting sailing master, had been carried below, 
after receiving two severe Mounds, one in the breast and one in 
the face ; and acting lieutenant William H.Odenheimer had been 
knocked overboard from the quarter, an instant before, and did 
not regain the ship till after the surrender. 

I was informed that the cockpit, the steerage, the wardroom, 
and the birth-deck, could contain no more wounded; and that 
the wound- d were killed while the surgeons were dressing them, 
and that unless something was speedily done to prevent it, the 
ship would soon sink, from the number of shot-holes in her bottom. 
And on sending for the carpenter, he informed me that all his 
crew had been killed or wounded, and that he had been once over 
the side to stop the leaks, when his slings had been shot away, and 
it was with difficulty he was saved from drowning. The enemy, 
from the smoothness of the water, and the impossibility of our 
reaching him with our carronades, and the little apprehension 
that was excited by our fire, which had now become much slack- 
ened, was enabled to take aim at us as at a target; his shot never 
missed our hull, and my ship was cut up in a manner which was 
perhaps never before witnessed : in fine, I saw no hopes of saving 
tier, and at 20 minutes after 6 P. M. gave the painful order to strike 
the colours. Seventy-five men, including officers, were all that re- 
mained of my whole crew, after the action, capable of doing duty, 
and many of them severely wounded, some of whom have since died. 
The enemy still continued liisjire, and my brave, though unfortunate 
companions were still falling about me. I directed an opposite 
gun to be fired, to show them wc intended no further resistance; 



355 

lut they did not m desist : ft r men were killed at my side, and 
others in different part* of the ship. I now believed he intended 
to shov as no quarter, and that it would be as well to die with 
m\ Bag flying as struck, and was on the point of again hoisting; 
it, when, about ten minutes after hauling the colours down, he 
• ted firing. 

1 cannot speak in sufficiently high terms of the conduct of those 
iged for such an Unparalleled length of time, (under such cir- 
comstances) with me, in the arduous and unequal contest. Let it 
raffice i" say, that more bravery, skill, patriotism, and zeal, were 
never displayed on any occasion; every one seemed determined 
to die in defence of their much loved country's cause, and no- 
thing but views to humanity could ever have reconciled them to 
the surrender of the *hi]>; thej remembered their wounded and 
helpless ship-matea below. To acting lieutenants M' Knight and 
Odenheimer, I feel much indebted for their great exertions and 
bravery throughout the ait ion, in fighting and encouraging the 
men al their divisions, for the dexterous management of the long 
guns, and for their promptness in re-manning their guns, as their 
a were slaughtered. The conduct of that brave and heroic 
officer, acting lieutenant John G. Cowell, who lost his leg in the 
latter pari of the action, excited the admiration of every man in 
theship, and after being wounded, would not consent to be taken 
below, until loss of blood rendered him insensible. Mr. Edward 
Barnwell, acting sailing-master, whose activity and courage were 
equallj conspicuous, returned on deck after his first wound, and 
remained alter receiving his second, until fainting with loss of 
blood. Mr. Samuel B. Johnston, who had joined me the day be- 
fore, and acted as marine officer, conducted himself with great 
bravery, and exerted himself in assisting at the long guns, the 
musketry alter the first half hour being useless (from our great 
distance). 

Mr. M. W. Bostwick, whom I had appointed acting purser of 
the E-sex Junior, and who was on board my ship, did the duties of 
an aid, in a manner which reflects on him the highest honour; 
midshipmen Isaacs, Farragut, and Ogden, as well as acting mid- 
shipmen James Terry, James R. Lyman, and Samuel Duzenbury, 
and master's mate William Pierce, exerted themselves in the per- 
formance of their respective duties, and gave an earnest of their 
value to the service ; the three first are too young to recommend 
for promotion, the latter I beg leave to recommend for confirma- 
tion, as well as the acting lieutenants, and Messrs. Barnwell., 
Johnston, and Bostwick. 

We have been unfortunate, but not disgraced; the defence of 
the Essex has not been less honourable to her officers and crew, 
than the capture of an equal force, and I now consider my situa- 
tion less unpleasant than that of commodore Hillyar, who, in vio~ 
lation of every principle of honour and generosity, and regardless 
nf the rights ofnations, attacked the Essex m her crippled statCj 



356 

■within pistol-shot of a neutral shore ; when for. six weeks I had 
daily ottered him fair and honourable combat, on terms greatly to 
his advantage ; the blood of the slain must be on his head, and he 
has yet to reconcile his conduct to Heaven, to his conscience, and 
to the world. The annexed extract of a letter from commodore 
Hillyar, which was written previously to his returning me my 
sword, will show his opinion of our conduct. 

My loss has been dreadfully severe; 58 killed or have since 
died of their wounds, and among them is lieutenant Cowell; 59 
were severely wounded, 27 slightly, and 31 are missing ; n;aking 
in all 154, killed, wounded, and missing, a list of whose names is 
annexed. 

The professional knowledge ot doctor Richard Hoffman, act- 
ing surgeon, and doctor Alexander Montgomery, acting surgeon's 
mate, added to their assiduity, and the benevolent attentions and 
assistance of Mr. D. P. Adams, the chaplain, saved the lives of 
many of the wounded. 'Ihose gentlemen have been indefatigable 
in their attentions to them ; the two first 1 beg lea^e to recom- 
mend for confirmation, and the latter to the notice of the depart- 
ment. 

I must in justice to myself observe, that with our six 1£ poun- 
ders <>nly we fought this action, our carronades being almost 
useless. 

The loss in killed and wounded has been great with the ene- 
my ; among the former is the first lieutenant of the Phoebe, and of 
the latter captain Tucker, of the Cherub, whose wounds are se- 
vere. Both the Essex and Phoebe were in a sinking state, and 
it was with difficulty they could be kept afloat until anchored in 
Valparaiso next morning. The shattered state of the Essex will, 
I believe, prevent her ever reaching England, and 1 also think it 
will be out of their power to repair the damages of the Fho?be, so 
as to enable her to double Cape Horn. Ali the masts and yards 
of the Phoebe and Cherub are badly crippled, and their hulls much 
cut up; the former had eighteen 1-2 pound shot through her below 
her water line, some three feet under water. Nothing but the 
smoothness of the water saved both the Phot be and Essex. 

1 hope, sir, that our conduct may prove satisfactory to our 
country, and that it will testify it by obtaining our speedy ex- 
change, that we may again have it in our power to prove our 
zeal. 

Commodore Hillyar (I am informed,) has thought proper to 
state to his government, that the action only lasted 45 minutes. 
Should he havedone so, the motive may be easily discovered ; but 
the thousands of disinterested witnesses who covered the surround- 
ing hills, can testify that we fought his ships near two hours and 
a half; upwards of 50 broadsides were fired by the enemy, agreea- 
bly to their own accounts, and upwards of 75 by ours ; except, the 
few minutes they were repairing damages, the firing was inces- 
sant. 



357 

Soon after my capture, I entered into an agreement with com- 
nodore tiillyar to disarm mv prize, the Essex Junior, and proceed 
with the Burvivors « ► t" my officers and crew in her to the United 
States, taking with me her officers and crew. He consented to 
grant her .1 passport to secure her from re-capture. The ship was 
ill, and we knew we had much to suffer, yet we hoped soon to 
reach our country in safety, that we might again have it in our 
power ti» serve it. This arrangement was attended with no addi- 

il expci Be, a> Bhe \'u^ abundantly supplied with proyis 
and stores in the vo\ 

l;i jus ice to t ommodore Hillyar, I must observe, that, (altl.o.igh 
I 1 11 never be reconciled to the manner of his attack on the Esses, 
Or 1 his ■!'!. 1 before the action) he lias, since our capture, 
11 the greatest h nanity to .on wounded, (whom he permitted 
i : i laud, on ( Qditi in that tln j ited States should bear their 
(endeavoured, as much a> lay in his power, to 
ressea I ar bj the most generous and delicate 
dei towards my officers and crew ; he gave orders that the 

proj I everj person should be respected ; which orders, howe- 

ver wei • no jo strictly attended to as might have been expected; 
g; deprived of boo i b, &c. &c. both myself and 
1- lost many articles of our clotliiug, some to a considerable 
■ ■int. 1 should not have considered this last circumstance of 
it 1 nportance to notice, did it no< mark a striking differ- 
• between the navy of Great Britain and that of the United 
. highly creditable to the latter. 
By the arrival of the Tagus, a fevi days after my capture, I was 
informed, that besides the ships which had arrived in the Pacific 
in pursuit of me, and those still expected, others were sent to 
end/ • for me in the China Seas, off .New Zealand, Timor, and 
New Holland, and that another frigate was sent to the river la 
Plate. 

To possess the Essex it has cost the British government near 
six millions of dollars, and yet, sir, her capture was owing entirely 
t,, iccident; and if we consider the expedition with wliich naval 
o nt sts are nun decided, the action is a dishonour to them. Had 
t|>,.\ , 1 1 ships boldly into action, with a force so very 

ud having the choice of position, t! e\ should either have 
captured or destroyed us in one fourth, the time they were about 
it. 

During the action, our consul general Mr, Poinsett, called on 
the governor o( Val] araiso, and requested that the batteries might 
protect the Essex. This request was refused, but he promised 
that if she should succeed in fighting her vay to the common an- 
rage, that lie would send an officer to the British commander 
ami request him to cease firing, but declined using force under 
ai, (i c imstancee, and there is no doubt a perfect understanding 

ted between thei 3 conduct* added to Uwa&istauce given 

to the British, and their friendly reception after the action, and 



358 

the Btrong bias of the faction which govern Chili in favor of the 
Enuli-h, as well as their inhospitality to the Americans, induced 
Mr. Poinsett to leave that country. Under such circumstances, 
I did not conceive it would be proper for me to claim the restora- 
tion of my ship, confident that the claim would be made bv my 
government to more effect. Finding some difficulty in the sale of 
mv prizes, 1 had taken the Hector and Catharine to sea and burnt 
them with their cargoes* 

1 exchanged lieutenant M'Knight, Mr. Adams, and Mr. Lvman, 
and eleven seamen, for part of the crew of the Sir Andrew Ham- 
mond : and sailed from Valparaiso on the 27th April, where the 
enemy were still patching up their ships, to put them in a state for 
proceeding to Rio de Janeiro, previous ( to goingto England. 

Annexed is a list of the remains of my crew to be exchanged, 
as also a copy of the correspondence between commodore Hillyar 
and myself on that subject. I also send you a list of the prison- 
ers I have taken during my cruize, amounting to 343. 

1 have the honour to be, Sec. 

D. PORTER. 
The honourable Secretary of the Navy 

of" the United States^ Washington. 

P. S. To give you a correct idea of the state of the Essex at 
the time of her surrender, 1 send you the boatswain's and carpen- 
ter's report of damages : I also send you a report of the divi- 
sions. 



Extract of a letter from commodore Hillyar to commodore Porter, 

"PIICEBE, April 4th, 1814. 

"MY DEAR SIR, 

" Neither in our conversations, nor in the accompanying let- 
ter, have I mentioned your sword. Ascribe my remissness in the 
Gist instance to forgetfulness : I consider it onlv in mv servant's 
ossession with my own, until the master may please to call for 
it ; and although I omitted, at the moment of representation, 
from my mind being much engrossed in attending to professional 
duties, to offer its restoration, the hand that received will be most 
gladly extended to put it in possession of him who wore it so ho- 
nourably in defence of his country's cause. 

" Ueiieve me, mv dear sir, &c. 

« JAMES HILLYAR/' 



After some conversation on the subject, the following correspon- 
dence took place. 

VALPARAISO, April 4th, 1814 
SIR. 

Taking into consideration the immense distance we are from 
onrrespectrve countries, the uncertainty of the future movements 



<359 

of his majesty's -hips under my command, which precludes the 
poss bility of my making a permanent arrangement tor transport- 
ing t .• officers and crew of the late Essex to Europe; and the- 
approaching season which renders a passage round Cape Horn 
in some degree dangerous ; I have the honour to propose for your 
approbation the following articles, which, I hope, the government 
of the I Jnited States as well as that of Great Britain, will deem 
satisfactory ; and request, that should you conceive them so, you 
will favor me with the necessary bond for their fulfilment. 

1 st. The Kssex Junior to be deprived of all her armament and 
perfectly neutralized ; to be equipped for the voyage solely and 
wholly at the expense of the American government; and to pro- 
ceed with a proper American officers and crew (of which I wish 
to be furnished with a list, for the purpose of giving the neces- 
sary passport) to any port in the United States of America, that 
you may ilceni most proper. 

2d. Yourself, the officers, petty officers, seamen and marines, 
&c. composing your crew, to be exchanged immediately on their 
arrival in America, for an equal number of British prisoner- of 
similar rank ; yourself and officers to be considered on their 
parole of honour until your and their exchange shall be effected. 
In qase of the foregoing articles being accepted the Essex Juni- 
or will be expected to prepare immediately for her voyage, and 
to proceed on it before the expiration of the present month. 
Should any of the wounded, at that period, be found incapable of 
removal, from not being sufficiently advanced in their recovery, 
the most humane attention Bhall be paid to them; and they shall 
be forwarded home by the first favourable conveyance tjiat may 
slier. 

I have the honour to be, &c 

JAMES H1LLYAR, 
Cap. David Porter, late commander 

of the U. S. frigate Essex, Valparaiso. 



VALPARAISO, April oth, 1814. 

SIR, 

I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your several 
favours of yesterday's date. 

The conditions offered by you for our return to the United 
Mile- are perfectly satisfactory to me; and I entertain no doubts 
of their being equally so to my country. I, therefore, do nor 
hesitate to pledge my honour (the strongest bond I can give) that 
every article of the arrangement shall, on our part, be fully com- 
plied with. A list of the Essex Junior's crew shall be furnished 
you as Boon as it can be made out, and her disarmament eli'ected 
with all possible despatch. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

DAVID PORTER. 
. James Hillyar, commanding - 
II. B.M'a innate Plicehc, Valparaiso. 



36§ 

Commodore Hillyar sent me a paper certifying that he had exchanged 
certain individuals, "therein named, making part of the crew of the sir Andrew 
Hammond, for an equal number of the most severely wounded of my crew ; 
this occasioned the following letters: 

VALPARAISO, April 4th, 1814 
SIR, 

I have received a paper signed by you, dated yesterday, 
stating, that vou had exchanged certain wounded prisoners, 
making part of my crew, for the captain and crew of the prize 
ship Sir Andrew Hammond, which paper I have taken the liberty 
to return to vou, and protest in the strongest terms against such 
an angement. 

In the first place, the wounded and helpless individuals therein 
named, do not wish such exchange ; one died last night and several 
others expect to share his fate. 

Secondly, should I from my circumstances be separated from 
them, which would be more likely to be the case than if they 
remained prisoners, their situation would be more deplorable than 
it is at present. 

Thirdly, this arrangement has been made without my consent, 
and on terms far from offering equal advantages to the United 
States. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

D. PORTER. 

Com. James Hillvar. commanding 

H. B'. M's fiigate Phoebe. 



HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY'S SHIP PHOZP.E, 

Valparaiso, April 4th, 1814. 
?IR, 

I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter 
of this day's date, protesting against the arrangement I made in 
the paper you returned, and to express a regret that my wish, 
which was to alleviate and not to increase the afflictions of your 
wounded officers and crew, has failed of being gratified. I am 
sorry you have thought proper to mention the dead and dying, 
as 1 so fully explained to you this morning, that in the event of 
the loss of any, other names should be added to the list. 1 shall 
now direct captain David Porter to consider himself still a prison- 
er of war on his parole; but as I have ordered the people to go 
onboard the Essex to work, under the impression that no difficul- 
ty would arise, I will liberate in exchange for them an equal 
number o!" prisoners, as their names, being seamen, shall be found 
to follow each other on your late ship's hooks, and give up also 
two mates or midshipmen, for the two mates of the English party. 
1 hoj e this may pro', e satisfactory to your government and self. 

I am yours, ckc. 

JAMES HILLYAR. 
Captain 1). Porter. 



36L 

VALPARAISO, April 5th, 1814. 
SIR, 

The arrangement which you have suggested respecting the 
exchange of the seamen of the Sir Andrew Hammond, for an 
equal number of the seamen of the late United States' frigate 
Essex, a> they stand on the list furnished you, is perfectly satis- 
factory. It will be a great satisfaction to the three officers who 
accompany the Essex, to know, that after your object in taking 
them with you slmll be effected, there will be no difficulty in their 
proceeding immediately for the United States; I take the liberty 
therefore to suggest that they might be exchanged here for captain 
William Porter and his three mates. This will be an accommo- 
dation to all parties, and reconcile the officers so exchanged to a 
separation from their friends. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

DAVID PORTER. 
Com. James Hillyar, commanding 

II. B. Ms frigate Phiebe. 



NEW YOliK, July 13th, 1814 

SIR, 

There are some facts relating to our enemy, and although 
not connected with the action tend to show his perfidy, and should 
be know n. 

On commodore Hillyar's arrival at Valparaiso, he ran the 
Phoebe close along side the Essex, and enquired politely after m\ 
health, observing that his ship was cleared for action, and his men 
prepared for boarding. I observed, " Sir, if you, by any accident, 
get on board of me, I assure you that great confusion will take 
place ; I am prepared to receive you, but shall only act on the 
defensive." He observed coolly and indifferently, " Oh, sir, I have 
no such intention;"' at this instant his ship took aback on my 
starboard bow, her yards nearly locking with those of the Essex. 
1 called all hands to board the enemy; and in an instant my crew 
were ready to spring on herdecks. Commodore Hillyar exclaim- 
ed, with great agitation, " I had no intention of coming so near 
you. I am sorry I came so near you." His ship fell off with the 
jib-boom over my decks ; her bows exposed to my broadside, her 
stern to the fire of the Essex Junior, her crew in the greatest con- 
fusion ; and in fifteen minutes I could have taken or destroyed her. 
After he had brought his ship to anchor, commodore Hillyar and 
captain Tucker, of the Cherub, visited me on shore, when I asked 
him if he intended to respect the neutrality of the port. " Sir," 
said he, " you have paid such respect to the neutrality of this port 
that I feel myself bound, in honour, to do the same." 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

DAVID PORTER. 
The Sccrctarr of the Navy. 

46 



368 

[•It r ia deemed proper to introduce the following letters in'this place, as they 
are the sequel of captain Porter s cruize in the 1 acific. — I ditor.] 

NEW YORK, August 28th, 1815. 

SIR, 

I have the honour to inform you that on the 12th of Decem- 
ber, 18)3, (the day on which the Essex frigate and Essex Junior 
took their departure from Nooahee\ah,) I was left in Port Anna 
Maria Bay, with eighteen men under my command, and six pri- 
soners of war in charge of the establishment on shore, together 
■with the prize ships Greenwich, Seringapatam, Sir Andrew Ham- 
mond, and New Zealander, with orders from captain Porter to 
remain five and a half calendar months at that place; at the ex- 
piration of which time, should he not return or send me further 
instructions how to act, I was, if possible, to man two of the ships, 
and after taking every article of value out of the other and burn- 
ing her, repair to the port of Valparaiso, where, in the event of 
not finding the frigate, or additional orders, I was authorized to 
dispose of one of the ships to the best advantage, and take all the 
men under my charge, as well as the prize crews of the different 
ships then in that port, on board of the other, and proceed to the 
United States. 

After receiving these instructions my first object was, agreea- 
bly to captain Porter's wish, to fill the New Zealander vyitb oil 
from the other ships, and on the 23th day of December, she took 
her departure for the United States, with a cargo of 1930 barrels, 
and well found in every respect for so long a voyage- 
It is with regret I inform you, that the frigate had scarcely got 
clear of the Marquesas, before we discovered a hostile dispo- 
sition in the natives, and in a few days they became so insolent. 
that I found it absolutely necessary, not only for the. security of 
the ships and property on shore, but for our personal safety, to 
land my men and regain by force of arms the numerous articles 
thev had in the most daring manner stolen from the encampment; 
and what was of still greater importance, to prevent, if possible, 
the execution of threats, which might have been attended with 
very serious consequences to us, as duty required my men to be 
much separated. I, however, had the satisfaction to accomplish 
my wish without firing a musket, and from that time lived in per- 
fect amity with them, until the 7th day of May following, when 
mv distressed situation had nearly placed me in their power. Be- 
fore, however, mentioning the lamentable events of that and the 
two following days, I will give you a brief account of a few pre- 
ceding occurrences, which were sources of great uneasiness: 

The first was the death of John Witter, (a faithful old marine 
who was unfortunately drowned in the surf on the 28th of Februa- 
ry,) and the desertion of four of my men; one of them, a black 
named Isaac Coffin, had deserted from the Essex the day before 
she left the bay, and was then a prisoner for making the second 
attempt. They took advantage of a dark night, and left the bay 






3G9 

in a whale boat, unobserved, (all, except the prisoner, haviug the 
w itch on deck), and carried oft' several muskets, a supply of am- 
m inition, and many things of but little value. I was prevented 
from punning them, as they had in a measure destroyed the only 
remaining boat at that time seaworthy. 

On the l L 2t!i of April we commenced rigging the Seringapatam,, 
and Sir Andrew Hammond, which, as 1 had calculated, kept the 
men employed until the 1st of May « All hands we e then engag- 
ed in removing the remainder of the property from the Green- 
wich to the Seringapatam, as I began to despair of being rejoined 
by the frigate al that place. 

The work went on well, and the men were obedient to my or- 
de s, tho h I discovered an evident change in their countenances 
which led me to suppose that there was something wrong in agi- 
tation. Under that impression I caused all the muskets, ammu- 
nition, and small arms of every description, to be removed from 
the other ships to the Greenwich, (the one on board of which I 
lived,) asa accessary precaution against a surprise from my own 
men. 

On the 7th of May, while on board the Seringapatam, on duty 
which required my presence, 1 was suddenly and violently at- 
tacked | )V the men employed in that ship. After struggling a 
short time and receiving many bruiz.es, I was prostrated on the 
deck and mr hands and legs tied. Tney then threw me on the 
second deck, thence dragged me into the cabin and confined me 
in the run. Midshipman Keltus, and acting midshipman Clapp, 
were in a few minutes after thrown in, tied in the same manner as 
myself; the scuttle was then nailed down and a sentinel placed 
over it. titerspikingallthegunsof the Greenwich and of the Fort, 
and those of the Sir Andrew Hammond that were loaded; plun- 
dering the ships of every thing valuable ; committing many wan- 
ton depredations on shore; taking all the arms and ammunition 
from the Greenwich; sending for Robert White, who was turned 
ashore from the Essex for mutinous conduct ; and bending all the 
necessan -ails : they stood out of the bay with a light wind off 
the land. My fellow prisoners and myself were shortly after 
taken out of the run and placed in the cabin, under the immediate 
charge of se\ eral men. I then learned the names of the mutineers, 
and assure you, sir, even in my trulypainful situation, it afforded 
me no small degree of consolation, that there were no Americans 
among them. 

The following are the names of the mutineers and prisoners of 
war: — Thomas Belcher, boatswain's mate, Englishman; James 
Bantum, negro ; Martin Stanley, foreigner? Robert George, Jo- 
seph Curtis, Richard Power, and Jeremiah Workman, English- 
men, (who entered on board the Essex from the whaling ships 
captured in the Pacific Ocean,) and Robert White, mutineer. — 
Prisoners, William Clarke, Lewis Ransford, James Morrison, 
William Stiles, James Duncan, and Robert Lambries. 



364 

Shortly after getting clear of the bay, one of the sentinels, (al- 
though repeatedly cautioned against putting his finger on the trig- 
ger) fired a pistol, the contents of which passed through my left 
heel a little below the ancle bone. As soon as the men on deck 
heard the report, they immediately pointed their muskets down 
the sky-light and were in the act of firing, but were prevented by 
the sentinel, who told them that the pistol was accidentally dis- 
charged. 

At nine o'clock, the night dark, and the wind blowing fresh, 
after receiving (by request) from the mutineers a barrel of powder 
and three old muskets, 1 was put into a leaky boat, in which I 
found my unfortunate companions, and the only two Americans 
that were in the ship at the time the mutiny took place, the others 
being employed on board the Greenwich, and on shore, in putting 
the arms in order, baking bread, and doing other work which re- 
quired the most trusty. In this situation, after rowing at least 
six miles, and every person exhausted from the great exertions 
made to keep the boat from sinking, we reached the Greenwich, 
where I found the few remaining men anxiously looking out for 
me, and seriously alarmed at the conduct of the savages, who had 
already begun to plunder the encampment, and been informed by 
Wilson, (a man who had lived among them for several years, and 
who, as 1 afterwards learned, was not only instrumental in pro- 
moting the mutiny, but, in my absence, plundered the Sir Andrew 
Hammond) of our defenceless situation. 

Finding it impossible to comply with that part of my instruc- 
tions, directing me to remain in the bay until the 27th of May, I 
thought it most advisable to repair to the port of Valparaiso, and 
with that view, all hands, assisted by George Ross and William 
Brudenell, (who were living on the island for the purpose of col- 
lecting sandal wood,) exerted themselves in making the necessary 
preparations to depart. My first object was to put the Sir An- 
drew Hammond in such a situation, that we might get under way 
a I any moment. After which, all hands were engaged in getting 
the few articles of value from shore, and in endeavouring to reco- 
ver the property stolen from the Sir Andrew Hammond, when the 
savages made an unprovoked and wanton attack upon us, in which 
I have with the deepest regret to inform you, that midshipmen 
William Feltus, John Thomas, Thomas Gibbs, and William Bru- 
denell, were massacred, and Peter Coddington dangerously 
wounded, who, with William Worth, made his escape by swim- 
ming some distance, when they were both taken out of the water 
by acting midshipman Clapp, and the three remaining men. Our 
situation at this moment was most desperate. The savages put 
off in every direction for the purpose of intercepting the boat and 
boarding the ship, but were driven back by my firing the few guns 
■we had just before loaded with grape and cannister shot. Before 
the boat returned and the guns were re-loaded they made a second 
attempt, and afterwards repeated efforts, first to board the Green- 



365 

w'u-h and then the >it Andrew Hammond, but were repulsed by 
cur keening up a constant fire. During this time several huu- 
dreil were employed in pulling down the houses and plundering 
the encampment, whilst others were in the fort, endeavouring (as- 
risted by Wilson, who had received several casks of powder from 
•he mutineers) to get the spikes nut of the guns. As soon as 
William Worth had recovered a little strength, after having been 
so lon«; in the water, I sent the. boat to the Greenwich for John 
Pettinger, a sick man, and some things that were indispensably 
necessary, with orders to burn that ship and return with all pos- 
sible despatch* as our ammunition was nearly expended, and we 
had no other means of keeping the savages one moment out of the 
ship. We then bent the jib and spanker, cut the moorings, and 
luckilv had a light breeze, which carried us clear of the bay, with 
onlv >iv cartridges remaining. 

We now found our situation most distressing, for in attempting 
to run the boat up she broke in two parts, and we were compelled 
to cut away from the bows the only remaining anchor, not being 
able to cast it. We mustered altogether eight souls, of whom 
there were one cripple confined to his bed; one man dangerously 
wounded ; one sick; one convalescent (a feeble old man just re- 
oovering from the scurvy) : and myself unable to lend any further 
assistance, the exertion's of the day having inflamed my wound 
so much as t«> produce a violent fever; leaving midshipman Clapp 
and two men only capable of doing duty. 

In thai -Kite, destitute of charts, and" of every means of getting 

to windward, 1 saw but one alternatives to run the trade winds 

down, and, if possible, make the Sandwich islands, in hopes of 

either falling in with some of the Canton ships (that being their 

principal place of rendezvous) or of obtaining some assistance from 

Tamaahmaah, king of the Windward Islands. No time was lost 

in bending the topsails, and on the 10th of May we took our 

departure from Robert's Island, on the 25th of the same month 

made Owhvhee, and on the 30th, after suffering much, came to 

anchor in Whytetee Bav, at the Island of Woahoo. I here found 

captain Winship, several officers of ships, and a number of men, 

from whom (particularly captain W.) I received every assistance 

their situations could afford me. The natives, though at first 

surprised at our deplorable condition, and inquisitive to know the 

cause, of which I did not think prudent to inform them, supplied 

the ship with fresh meat, fruits and vegetables, partly on condition 

that I would take the chief man of the island and some others, 

with their property up to the Windward Island, where I found it 

necessary to go (after shipping some men) in order to procure from 

the king, a supply of provisions. Thence, it was my intention to 

have proceeded to Valparaiso, in compliance with my instructions 

from captain Porter, but I was unfortunately captured on the 

passage by the English ship Cherub, of twenty guns. I was some 

what surprised to hear captain Tucker say (when I pointed out 



366 

a valuable canoe and many oilier articles, which I assured him 
was the property of the natives, and that I was merely conveying 
them and it from one island to the other, the weather being too 
boisterous at that time for them to make the passage in their 
canoes) that every thing found in a prize ship belonged to the 
•captors. I thus had the mortification to see the people, from 
whom I had received so much kindness, sent on shore, deprived 
of all they had been collecting for twelve months, and were about 
to present to their king as a tribute. 

The Cherub proceeded to Atooi, where she captured the ship 
Charon, and made many fruitless attempts to get the cargo of that 
ship, and of several others which had been deposited on the island 
under the immediate protection of the king of the Leeward 
Islands. .She took her departure on the 15th of July, and on the 
28th of November arrived at Rio de Janeiro with her prizes, 
touching on the passage for refreshments at Otaheite and Valpa- 
raiso. During her stay at the latter place, the frigates Britton 
and Tagus arrived from the Marquesas, where they had been in 
search of the ships left under my charge. On the 1.5th of Decem- 
ber the prisoners were sent on shore, having received the most 
rigorous treatment from captain Tucker during their loni* confine- 
ment in his ship, and the greater part of them, like the natives, 
left destitute of every thing, save the clothes on their backs. The 
men belonging to the Essex had little to lose, but those It shipped 
at. Woahoo, had received in part money and goods, for one, two, 
and some of them three years services in the Canton ships. 

On the 15th of May (by the advice of a physician who attended 
me,) I took my departure from Rio de Janeiro in a Swedish ship, 
bound to Havre de Grace, leaving behind acting midshipman 
Benjamin Clapp and five men, having lost one soon after my 
arrival at that place, with the small pox. No opportunity had 
previously offered by which I could possibly leave that place, the 
English admiral on that station, being determined to prevent, by 
every means in his power, American prisoners returning to their 
own country. 

On the 10th instant, in latitude 47 north and longitude 18 west, 
I took passage on board the ship Oliver Elsworth, captain Roberts, 
15 days from Havre de Grace, bound to New York. 

I arrived here last evening, and have the honour to await, either 
the orders of the Navy Department or the commandant of the 
marine corps. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

JOHN M. GAMBLE. 

The Secretary of the Navy. 

UNITED STATES' IKICJATE ESSEX, AT SFA, 

July 14th, 1813. 
Sill, 

Allow me to return to you my thanks for your handsome 
conduct in bringing the Seringapatam to action, which greatly 



367 

facilitated her capture, while it prevented the possibility of hfcr 
pe. 
Be assured, sir, I shall make a suitable representation of the 
affair to the honourable Secretary of the Navy. 

With the greatest respect, &c. 

D. PORTER* 

.tieut. John M. (iambic, commanding 

tlie pii/,e ship Greenwich- 



NAVY COMMISSIONERS 3 OFFICE, February 10th, 1816, 

'SIR. 

Captain John M. Gamble of the marines served with me m 
the Essex, from the time of my taking command of that vessel, 
an ; ,, departure from Madison's Island; during the whole of 
v. lis conduct was such as to entitle him to my respect, as an 

offi i r ind a gentleman. During a great part of my cruize in the 
Soul . captain (then lieutenant) Gamble, continued in com- 

mand of one of my mosl valuable prizes, and while in that situa- 
tion brought to action with an inferior force, and caused to sur- 
render, an armed vessel of the enemy, which had long been the 
terror of the American ships, which had been engaged in com- 
i I and other pursuits in that ocean. 

II . i , tie mention was made of this affair to the Secretary of 
the N ivy, but by the capture of the vessel, the account was lost, 
ami of course never reached the United States. 

. i Gamble at all time-, greatly distinguished himself by 
his i in every enterprize engaged in by the force under my 

co,' mand, and in many critical encounters by the natives of Mad- 
ia - Island, rendered essential services, and at all times distin- 
guished himself bv his coolness and bravery. I therefore do, 
with pleasure, reco amend him to the department as an officer de- 
serving of its patronage. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

DAVID PORTER. 
Hon. B. YV. Crovn'mshield, Secretary of the Navy. 



NAVY COMMISSIONERS' OFFICE, February 23th, 1816. 

SIR, . . 

Captain Gamble of the marine corps, has informed me that 

he had understood it to be your wish that I should state my opini- 
on positively, whether I think him entitled to a brevet for the ser- 
vices rendered. Making part of the department, motives of deli- 
cacy prevented mv doing so before, but I now avail myself of the 
opportunity of assuring vou, that no marine officer in the service, 
ever had such strong cfaims as captain Gamble, and that none 
have been placed iu such conspicuous and critical situations, and 



368 

that none could have extricated themselves from them more Us 
their honour. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

D. PORTER, 

Honourable 13. W. Crowninshield, 

Secretary of the Navy. 



TIEAD QUARTERS, CHIPPEWA PLAINS, Julv 7th, 1814. 
DEAR SIR, 

On the 2d instant I issued my order for crossing the Niagara 
river, and made the arrangements deemed necessary for securing 
the garrison of fort Erie. On the 3d that post surrendered at 
5 P. M. Our loss in this affair was four of the 25th regiment 
under major Jessup, of brigadier general Scott's brigade, wounded. 
I have enclosed a return of the prisoners, of the ordnance, and 
ordnance stores captured. 

To secure my rear, I have placed a garrison in this fort, and 
requested captain Kennedy to station his vessels near the post. 

On the morning of the 4th, brigadier general Scott, with his 
brigade and a corps of artillery, was ordered to advance towards 
Chippewa, and be governed by circumstances ; taking care to 
secure a good military position for the night. After some skir- 
mishing with the enemy, he selected this plain with the eye of a 
soldier, his right resting on the river, and a ravine being in front. 
At 1 1 at night, I joined him with the reserve under general Rip- 
ley, our field and battering train, and corps of artillery under 
major Hindman. General Porter arrived the next merning with 
a part of the New York and Pennsylvania volunteers, and some 
of the warriors of the Six Nations. 

Early in the morning of the 5th, the enemy commenced a petty 
war upon our pickets, and, as he was indulged, his presumption 
increased; by noon he showed himself on the left of our extensive 
line, and attacked one of our pickets as it was returning to camp. 
Captain Treat, who commanded it, retired disgracefully, leaving 
a wounded man on the ground. Captain Riddle, of the artillery, 
who was near the scene, impelled by feelings highly honourable 
to him as a soldier and officer, promptly assumed the command 
of this picket, led it back to the wounded man, and brought him 
off the field. I ordered captain Treat, on the spot, to retire from 
the army, and as I am anxious that no officers shall remain under 
my command who can be suspected of cowardice, I advise that 

captain Treat,* and lieutenant , who was also with the 

picket, be struck from the rolls of the army. 

At 4 o'clock in the afternooon, agreeably to a plan I had given 
general Porter, he advanced from the rear of our camp, with the 
volunteers and Indians (taking the woods in order to keep out of 
view of the enemy), with the hope of bringing his pickets and 



Captain Treat was tried by a court martial and honourably acquitted 



Ml 

looatiag parties between hit [Porter's] line of innrcli, and our 

\- P :' • moved, I ordered the parties advanced in front 

i back eradually, under the enemy's fire, in 

i to draw him, if possible, up to our line. About half past 4, 
tli-- tdvance ofg ral 1'" "- command met the light parties of 

enem) in the woods, upon our extreme left. The enemy were 
di \<:n, and Porter advancing near to Chippewa, met their whole 
column in order of battle. From the cloud of dust rising, and he 
beavj firing, I was led to conclude that the entire force of the 
t ...- in march, and prepared for action. 1 immediately 

Ordered - toadvance with his brigade, and Towson's 

artillery, and meet them upon the plain in front of our camp. 
The il did not expect to be gratified with a field engagement. 

II advanced in the most prompt and officer-like Btyle, and in a 
I - was in close action upon the plain, ith a superior 

force of British regular troops. li\ this time general Porter's 
command had given way, and Bed in every direction, notwith- 
- ," rsonal gallantry, and great exertions to stay their* 
flight. The retreat of the volunteers and Indians caused the left 
flank of general Scott' ide to h ly exposed. Captain 

I is, with his dragoons, was directed to Btop the fugitives, 
I d the l •• onting mr ca II Bent colonel Gardner 

to ordei R ph e with the 21st regiment which 

fori, i part ol i esei ve to the left oi our camp, skirt the 

woods so i- i" keep out < , and fall upon the rear of the 

> ny's right Hank. This order was promptly obeyed, and the 

tade bv t!if 21s1 regiment to gain their 
I tion, and close with the enemy, but in vain ; for such was the 
ze id gallantry of the line commanded by general Scott, that 
it advance upon the enemy was not to be checked. Major 
.1 ; , ■ oi imanding the left Hank battalion, finding himself press- 
ed in front and in Hank, and his men falling fast around him, 
battalion to '* support arms and advance ; n the order 
v rapth obeyed, amidst the most deadly and destructive 

fin-. He gained a more secure position, and returned upon the 
_ dling a discharge, as caused them to retire. By this 
1 , theii whole line was falling back, and our gallant soldiers 
jv dug upon them as fast as possible. As soon as the enemy 
h d ... ried the -loping ground descending towards Chippewa, 
and distant a quarter of a mile, he broke and ran to gain his 
-. In this effort he was too successful, and the guns from 
his batteries opening immediately upon our line, checked in some 
degree the pursuit. At this moment 1 resolved to bring up all my 
ordnance, and force the place by a direct attack, and gave the 
order accordingly. Major Wood, of the corps of engineers, and 
mj aid, captain xustin, rode to the bank of the creek towards 
the right oi their line of works, and examined them. 1 was in- 
(I ed by their report, the lateness of the hour, and the advice of 
general Scotland major Wood, to order the forces, to retire tocajup. 
47 



970 

My most difficult duty remains to be performed ; I am depress- 
ed with the fear of not being able to do justice to my brave compa- 
nions in arms, and apprehensive, that some who had an opportu- 
nity of distinguishing themselves, and promptly embraced it, will 
escape my notice. 

Brigadier general Scott is entitled to the highest praise our 
country can bestow : to him, more than any other man, J am 
indebted for the victory of the 5th of July. His brigade has 
cohered itself with glory. Every officer and evei y man of the 
9th and 22d, 11th and 25th regiments, did his duty, with a zeal 
and energy, worthy of the American character. When every 
ofl cer stands so pre-eminently high in the path of his duty and 
honour, it is impossible to discriminate, but I cannot deprive my- 
self of the pleasure of saying, that major Lavenworth commanded 
the 9th and 22d, major Jessup the 25th, and major M'Neil the 
11th. Colonel Campbell was wounded early in the action, gal- 
lant!) leading on his regiment. 

The family of general Scott were conspicuous in the field ; 
lieutenant Smith of the 6th infantry, major of brigade, and lieu- 
tenants Worth and Watts, his aids. 

From general Ripley and his brigade, I received every assist- 
ance that I gave them an opportunity of rendering. 1 did not 
order any part of the reserve into action, until general Porter's 
command had given way, and then general Scott's movements 
were so rapid and decisive, that general Ripley could not get up 
in time with the 21st, to the position as directed. The corps of 
artillery under major Hindinan, were not generally in action ; 
this was not their fault. Captain Towson's company was the 
only one that had a full ».>portunity of distinguishing itself, and 
itis believed, that no company ever embraced an opportunity with 
more zeal or more success. 

A detachment from the 2d brigade under the command of lieute- 
nant M'Donald, penetrated the woods with the Indians and volun- 
teers, and for their support. The conduct of M'Donald and his 
command reflects high honour on the brigade to which they belong. 

The conduct of general Porter has been conspicuously gallant. 
Every assistance in his power to afford, with the description of 
force under his command, has been rendered. We could not 
expect him to contend with the British column of regulars which 
appeared upon the plains of Chippewa. It was no cause of sur- 
prise to me, to see his command retire before this column. 

Justice forbids that I should omit to name my own family 
They yield to none in honourable zeal, intelligence, and atten- 
tion to duty. Colonel Gardner, major Jones, and my aids, cap- 
tains Austin and Spencer, have been as active and as much de- 
voted to the cause as any officers of the army. Their conduct 
merits my warmest acknowledgments ; of Gardner and Jones I 
shall have occasion again to speak to you, 



371 

M >jor Camp, deputy quarter master general, deserves my par 
r notice and >> inn. Ms his great exertions, I was 

enabled to find the means of crossing. Captain Daliba, of tlie 
•rdnance department, l>a-> rendered every service in his powers 

The inclosed return ill show vou our lo-*, and furnish vou 

with the nan f the dead and wounded officers. These gallant 

■en must not be forgotten. Our country will remember them, 
ami <ln them juttii «-. 

With great respect, &c. 

JACOB BROWN. 
H Fohn Arms'- cretary of War 

INSPECTOR GENERAL'S OFFICE, It. Q. LEFT DrvISION, 

Chippewa, July 'Jth, 1814. 

' rn of the killed, wounded, and prisoners, of the enemy, in Ihe 

ad the 5th instant, fought >n the plains within half a milt 

t'f Chippewa, betweei the left division of the United States* or- 

, commanded by major . /' n, and the English forces, 

•/;/'/.;■ ///»■ command of bum *r \ rat RialL 

Kn.i vi). — Thr iptains, three subalterns, and eighty-seven 

rank and lilf of the regular troops. 

\\ mimm p. — Two • aptains of the 1st Royal Scots, one lieute- 
nant of the I00t*i regiment, and Beventy-two rank and lile of the 
Royal S 3th ana 100th regiments. 

PmisoMKRS. — One captain of die Indians, and nine rank and 
He of tin' regulai s. 

k 1 1 i.i n is mm W oods. — Of the Indiana eighty-seven, of the 
militia and regulars eighteen. 

Indian I'hisoni.ks. — One chief and four privates. 

Recapitulation, 

Captains. Subalterns. Rank and File 
killed, 3 3 192 

\\ ounded and ? I po 

Prisoners, 3 
Prisoners, 1 14 

6 4 298 

Total off the enemy placed hars de combat, that we have ascer- 
tained beyond a doubt, G captains, 4 subalterns, and 298 rank and 
tile. Those reported under the head of wounded and prisoners, 
were so severely injured, that it would have been impracticable 
for them to have escaped. The enemy had the same facilities of 
carrying their wounded from the field at the commencement of 
the at tion as ourselves, and there can be no doubt, from the infor- 
mation that I have received from unquestionable sources, that 



37* 

.they carried from the field as many of their wounded as are re- 
ported above in the total. 

A. ORNE, Jlsst. Ins. Gen. 
Major general Brown. 

Report of the killed and wounded of the left division, commavd?3, 
bi/ major general Brown, in the action of the 5th July, 1814, 
m the plains of Chippewa, Upper Canada. 

H. Q. CAMP CHIPPEWA, July 7th, 1814. 

Artillery — Killed, 4 privates; wounded severely, 3 corpo- 
ris, 5 privates ; 8 privates slightly. 

General Scott's Brigade, 9th Infantry — Killed, 2 musici- 
ans, 11 privates; wounded severely, 1 captain, 2 subalterns, 2 
corporals, 19 privates; slightly, 2 sergeants, 18 privates. 

22d Infantry attached — Killed, 8 privates; wounded severe- 
ly, 1 captain, 8 privates; slightly, 2 sergeants, 33 privates. . 

11th Infantry — Killed, i sergeant, 4 corporals, lu privates; 
wounded severely, 1 colonel, 1 subaltern, 3 sergeants, 5 corporals, 
28 privates ; slightly, 3 sergeants, 19 privates. 

23d Infantry — Killed, 1 sergeant, 4 privates ; wounded se- 
verely, 1 captain, 2 subalterns, 5 sergeants, 2 corporals, 37 pri- 
vates ; slightly, 2 sergeants, 2 corporals, 1 musician, 19 privates. 

General Ripley's Brigade, 21st Regiment, none; 19th 
Infantry attached — Killed, 3 privates; severely wounded, 2 
privates; missing, 2. 

2£d 'infantry — Severely wounded, 1 private. 

General P. B. Porter's Command, Fenton's Regiment op 
Pennsylvania Militia — Killed, 3 privates; severely wounded, 1 
private ; slightly, 1 private ; missing, 3 officers, 4 non-commission- 
ed officers and privates. 

Corps of Indians — Killed, 9 privates; severely wounded, 4 ; 
slightly, 4 ; missing, 10. 

Grand total — 2 sergeants, 4 corporals, 2 musicians, 52 pri- 
vates, killed. 1 colonel, 3 captains, 5 subalterns, 8 sergeants, 12 
corporals, 105 privates, severely wounded. 9 sergeants, 2 cor- 
porals, 1 musician, 103 privates, slightly wounded. 3 officers, 
16 non-commissioned officers and privates, missing. 

Total, non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates, 
416. 

Aggregate, 328. 

Names and rank of Officers wounded. 

Colonel Campbell, 11th infantry, severely ; knee-pan fractured. 
Captain King, 22d infantry, dangerously ; shot wound in the ab- 
domen. Captain Read, 25th infantry, badly ; flesh wound in the 
thigh. Captain Harrison, 42d, doiug duty in the 9th infantry, se- 
verely; shot wound in the shou'der. Lieutenant Barron, 11th 
hifantry, severely. Lieutenant De Witt, 25th infantry, severely. 






37 

I itenant Pa1 !5th infantry, badly; flesh wound in the th 

I B ill, 9th infant! y, slignth . 

N i wounded ui <■ last 1 1 r <>\ ei ing. 

C.K.G IRDNER, A Ijt.Gen, 

P ECTOR GENERAL'S OFF1CF, II Q. LEFT DIVISION, 

1 Fort Erie, J i, 1814. 

K- I r British pris - f War, who surrendered by capi- 

t Fori I. I of the Sd July, 18M, 

/ left I i vision of th I States' trmy, under the com 

m • / | f i . d Brown. 

or kn _'- R e ".Mil — 1 major. 
R >val \n illtr \ — l int, I corporal, 1 bombardier, and 

! inner-. 

I OOth Regiment — 1 < aptain, 2 lieutenants, 1 ensign, 4 sergeants, 
5 corporals, • musicians, 93 privates, 

/.' capitulation. 

m'i Regiment — l major. 

Rojal utillerj — l subaltern, 4 sergeants, 5 corporals, 3 musi- 
cian - 

\__i'_it-', i>r. 

K. ORNE, Asst Ins. Gen. 

M i „ 1 Drown. 



LOS8 OF THE ALLIGATOR 

BT. HELENA ISLAND, July 2d 181-t. 

SIR. 

The painful task of informing you of the particulars of the 
lots of the United States' BchoOner Alligator, I am now able to 
undertake. On the 1st July, at 3 P. M. while at anchor in the 
Port Royal Sound, with lower yards down, and top-gallant-masts 

housed, a heavj dark cloud rose in the west, and coming rapidly 
h\ as, the squall, when within about half a mile, had the ap- 
pearani <• of a water spout or whirlwind; supposing from its ap- 
pearance it would upset or destroy us, I thought the only way to 
sare the vessel would be to run her on shore, as it waa first quar- 
ter flood ; the cable was cut and the head of the jib hoisted ; u.ien 
before the wind, she was struck by a most tremendous blast, but 
no injury was done ; it then cleared up. The small bower anchor 
was then let go, and the vessel brought up. In ten minutes she was 
Strut k by another .-till more violent gust, and instantly upset ; the 
cable was again cut, in hopes that she would drive on shore, but 
all to no purpose; she sunk in four fathoms water, some of the 
men attempted to gain the shore by swimming, but dreadful to 
relate only fwur succeeded ; twenty-tnree were drowned. Among 



374 

the number I have to lament the loss of two promising young offi- 
cers, midshipmen Brailsford a v nd Rogerson. Nineteen have h en 
found and interred in this island. Messrs. Brailsford and R<; er- 
soa were interred in the church-yard by the gentlemen of St. 
Helena. Annexed is a list of the names of those who have been 
found, and those who are still missing. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

R. BASSET. 

Captain J. S. Dent. 

Twelve including myself were saved on the head of the top 

mast. 

R. B. 

Drowned — Joseph Brailsford, midshipman ; Robert Rogerson, 
do.; Thomas T. Johnston, carpenter's mate; Presley B. Hatha- 
way, gunner's mate ; Oliver Salvador, quarter- master ; Nicholas T. 
Rennie, purser's steward; William Ishum, seaman; William 
Steel, do.; Joseph Crosby, do.; Joseph Moulder, do. ; Thomas 
Harvey, do.; John Nelson, do.; John P. Rea, ordinary seaman; 
Philip Fraser, cook; John Mirtinburgh, boy: Jeffery Graves, or- 
dinary seaman ; Jerry Stout, do. ; Samuel Johnston, do. ; William 
Scarlet, do. 

Nor Found — Michael Rush, ordinary seaman ; Polydor Thomp- 
son, boy; Csesar Howard, seaman ; Daniel Thompson, do. 

Saved — Russel Basset, lieutenant commandant; John M. Bald, 
master's mate; Elias J. Salters, volunteer; James Gelespie, boat- 
swain's mate ; John White, seaman ; Joseph Lewis, do. ; Henry 
M'Gruder, boatswain ; John Roberts, seaman ; Samuel Guttry, 
do. ; John Davis, do. ; Hyman Perry, quarter gunner ; William 
Ray, master at arms ; John Rodden, boy ; John Cook, ordinary 
seaman ; Charles Mercer, seaman ; George Selby, ordinary sea- 
man. 



GENERAL ORDERS. 

ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE, LEFT DIVISION, 

Chippewa Plains, July 6th, 1814. 

Major general Brown has the gratification to say, that the sol- 
diers of the 2d division, west of the Niagara, merit greater ap- 
plause than he is able to bestow in general orders ; they merit the 
highest approbation of their country. The conduct of brigadier 
general Scott's brigade, which had the opportunity to engage the 
whole force of the enemy, the greater part, it is believed, of all 
in the peninsula, removes on the day of this battle the reflection 
on our country, that its reputation in arms is yet to be establish- 
ed. His brigade consists of battalions of the 9th, the 1 1th, the 
25th, and a detachment of the 22d. Towson's company of artil- 



375 

f> w'nch waa led to it, gallantly commenced, and with it 

mi. 

r mil Indians performed their part; thev drove 

I '- ln.ti.ui> and light troops until they met the British 

erars ap| robation. 
oi '' " "• •' - "I killed and w sanded, the names of the wound- 
ed officers will be mentioned, in order thatthey may be rewarded 
wah that honourable mention which is due. 

By order of major general Brown. 

t". K. GARDNER, Jtdjt. Gen. 



UNITED BTA1 ES' IH1P BUPERIOR, S VCKKTT'S HARBOR, 

July 7th, 1814. 

I am happy thai I have it in my power to detail to you 
a ' ''■•' brilliant a< hievement of lieutenant Gregory with ins brave 
l iponi ■ 

[received information some time -ince that the enemy was 
building a . schoonerat" |ue Isle." I determined upon 

hn destruction, but deferred the execution until she should be 
I dy for launching. Finding the alarm extensive down 

the St. Lawrence in consequence of taking the gun-boat L'lack 
I . lit it .i Favourable opportunity to attempt something 
at " Presque (ale." On the 86th ultimo, I directed lieutenant 
Gregory to take with him Mews. Vaughan and Dixon, proceed 
with the two largest giga to Nicholas Island, (within about seven 
miles of " Presque Isle" harbor) and there conceal his boats and 
w tit for hone transpor -. which I had information were expected 
there to take up provision and munitions of war, which had been 
sent up the Hay ofQuinta for the troops at York and Fort George, 
but if these transports did not make their appearance in three or 
four days, th n to proceed to "Presque Isle," and burn the vessel 
on the Btocks; but with positive orders not to injure any private 
property. The d.iy after lieutenant Gregory arrived on the coast, 
he discovered a vessel beating up, but just as he shoved oft' to 
bond her, a large gun-boat hove in sight a little below him. This 
boat made a signal to the vessel in the offing, upon which she tack- 
ed and Btood for the gun-boat. Lieutenant Gregory secreted his 
- as well as he could, but was apprehensive that he had been 
discovered. The gun-boat and her convoy (which was full of 
troops) Btood into " Presque Isle." Lieutenant Gregory wasde- 
ter uined to ascertain whether he had been discovered ; according- 
ly he sent our of hi> boats in the next night and took oft' one of 
the inhabitants, who informed him that it was known he was on 
the « oast, and that two expresses had been sent to Kingston in 
co set lence. lie therefore determined upon executing the latter 
part of his instructions and made his arrangements accordingly, 



376 

landed, placed sentinels at the houses to prevent alarm, and set 
fire to the vessel, which was nearly ready to launrh; she was a 
stout well built vessel to mount 14 guns, and would probably li ve 
been launched in about ten days. A small store-house, which 
contained stores for the vessel, was unavoidably burnt, as it was 
ao near the vessel that it took fire from her. 

Lieutenant Gregory learned from the inhabitants that much 
property had been sent up a few days previous, that a company of 
the Glengary regiment had been stationed there, but had been 
sent to York a few days before; another company was on its way 
from Kingston to replace them. The few militia which had been 
left to guard the vessel and property, retreated upon the approach 
of our boats. As soon as the vessel was entirely consumed, lieu- 
tenant Gregory re-embarked his men without having permitted 
one of them to enter a house ; finding the alarm so general, he 
thought prudent to cross the lake immediately ; he stopped one 
dav at Oswego for refreshment, and arrived here last evening, 
having perfor rued a most difficult service with his usual gallantry 
and good conduct. 

Lieutenant Gregory speaks in the highest terms of sailing-mas- 
ter Vaughan, and Mr. Dixon, as well as the men under his com- 
mand, for their patient endurance of hunger and fatigue, and the 
zeal with which they performed every part of their duty. 

I think, in justice to these brave men, that they ought to be al- 
lowed something for the destruction of this vessel : they have, 
however, every confidence in the justice and liberality of the 
government, and submit their case most cheerfully to its decision. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

ISAAC CHAUNCEY. 
Honourable William Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 



REINDEER CAPTURED BY THE WASP. 

UNITED STATES' SHIP WASP, L'ORIENT, July 8tb, 1814. 

SIR, 

On Tuesday the 28th instant, being then in latitude 48, 36, 
north, and longitude 11, 15, west, we fell in with, engaged, and 
after an action of nineteen minutes, captured his Britannic ma- 
jesty's sloop of war the Reindeer, William Manners, esquire, 
commander. 

Where all did their duty and each appeared anxious to excel, 
it is very difficult to discriminate. It is, however, only render- 
ing them their merited due, when it is declared of lieutenants 
Reily and Bury, 1st and 3d of this vessel, and whose names will 
be found among those of the conquerors of the Guerriere and Java ; 
and of Mr. Tillinghast, 2d lieutenant, who was greatly instru- 
mental in the capture of the Boxer ; thattheir conduct and couv- 



T77 

•n fulfilled my highest expectations and gratified 

even «h. S iterCarr is also entitled to great credit 

■I ability with which he discharged hi> various duties. 

The cool ami patient conduct <>l even officer and man, while 

exposed t.. t . fire of the shifting ir'in 01 the enemy, and without 

an opportunity ol returning it, could only be equalled bytheani* 

1 ardor exhibited when actually engaged, or by the 

iptitudc and firmness with which every attempt of the enemy 

il was met and successfully repelled. Such conduct may 

hf -••.•il. In! < annot w«-ll be described. 

I ie Reindeer mounted sixteen 84 pound carronades, two long 
9 pounders, and a shifting I ! pound carronade, with a comple- 
on l>oard of 118 men. Her crew were said to be the pride 
of Ply month. 

Our loss in men has b rere, owing in part to the proximity 

"i ' •• two vessels and the extreme smoothness of the sea, but 
chiefly in repelling bo That of the enemy, however, was 

infinitely more so, as will be seen by the list of killed and wound- 
ed on both sides. 

9 i round shot struck our hull, and many grape which did not 
penetrate far. The fore nasi received a l\ pound shot, which 
- d through tre, and our rigging and sails were a good 

deal injured. 

The Reindeer a as literally cul to pieces in a lino with her ports ; 

her upper i d spare spars, were one complete wreck. 

A breeze spring • next afternoon, hei fore-mast wont by the 

d. 

Having received all the prisoners onboard, which from the. 

number of wounded occupied much time, together with their bag- 

. the Reindeer wason the evening of the 29th set on fire, and 

in a few hours blew up. 

1 have the honour to be, &c. 

J. BLAKELEY. 

Honourable William Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 

Kn.i.i i) \m> Woundbd. — The loss on board the Reindeer, was 
25 killed and i I wounded, total 07. On board the Wasp, 5 killed 
and 21 wounded, principally in boarding; among the latter, mid- 
shipmen Langdon and Tuscan, both of whom expired some days 
after the action. 

SUN-SET, PHILADELPHIA, July 14th, 1814. 
SIR, 

In consequence of information received fiom general Fore- 
man, at a late hour on the 11th instant, that tour of the enemy's 
barges had been repulsed by a party of militia at Elkton, but that 
they w ere expected to return the succeeding night in greater force, 
I iras induced to order lieutenant Morgan of the navy, to march 
of the officers and seamen attached to the flotilla, to lus assist- 
'18 



378 

atiee, for the defence of that place and the adjacent country. 
The above officers and sailors were embarked in a few minutes, 
and you will not think them inactive, when I inform yon that in 5 
hours and AT minutes, the whole detachment, completely armed, 
reached the court-house at Elkton, carrying with them two heavy 
pieces of travelling artillerv, notwithstanding the roads were ex- 
cessively bad, p.nd the night very dark and rainy. Disappointed 
in meeting the enemy, and his not evincing any disposition to re- 
turn, lieutenant Morgan, with the detachment of sailors (master's 
mate Stockton, and 12 seamen left with afield piece to co-operate 
with captain Gale, excepted,) returned yesterday to the flotilla, by 
my orders, their place being; supplied by captain Gale, and lieute- 
nant Hall, with some marines from the navy yard, added to lieu- 
tenant Kughn and the detachment of marines of the Guerriere, all 
of whom reached Elkton early v^stf>rday afternoon. 

On lieutenant Morgan's leaving the flotilla with the detachment 
of sailors, I ordered lieutenant Gamble, attending the equipment 
of the Guerriere, to proceed to New Castle with the seamen and 
marines to supply their place. On lieutenant Morgan's return to 
the flotilla, lieutenant Gamble with the seamen he brought with 
him returned to Philadelphia; and it is with much satisfaction I 
inform vou, that the alacrity and zeal with which all these changes 
were made, doe? infinite credit to the officers, seamen and ma- 
rines concerned in the same. 

Captain Gale, with the detachment of marines, after proceed- 
ing as far as Cecil Fur-: ce, .ill return again to Philadelphia (by 
the way of Ne^ Cast should there be no immediate necessity 
for his being longer absent. 

I am now about to organize a corps, consisting of 100 seamen, 
who can be transported across in four hours at any time, with the 
assistance that is promised me by the proprietors of the New Cas- 
tle line of stages. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

JOHN ROGERS, 

The Secretary of the Navy. 



PORTSMOUTH, July 15th, 1814. 

SIR, 

I have the honour to inform you, that yesterday morning 
gun-boat No. 88, commanded by sailing-master George Clement, 
fell in with and captured, off this harbor, aChebacco boat, tender 
to the Tenedos, commanded by her 2d lieutenant, having also on 
board two midshipmen, and ten seamen and marines. 

She had taken, the morning previous to her being captured, a 
small coasting boat, which was also re-taken by Mr. Clement. 

The prisoners have been given in charge of the marshal, and 
left here this morning for Salem. 

I have the honour to be, &.c. 

ISAAC HULL. 
Honourable William Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 



379 
BEAD CHARTERS, QUFENSTON, July 29& 18U 

DEAR SIR, 

i h the arraj moved and encamped m the rear dl 

Port George. § ott, with the van, had some skirmishing 

before tf leopj but as the enemy kept close to 

their works, nothing important occurred. No lorce was left in 
our rear; the H ts were abandoned to the enemy, and we did 
li e that the movement would have induced him to re-occupy 
the n, or close in nearer to as, bo as to bring on an engagement 
>f his works, [n this we were disappointed. The army re- 
■ l to-d iv, and found a bod? of militia and a few regulars in 
and about the Heights. General Porter pursued with his command 
and i few regula -, and was so fortunate as to come up with and 
capt yen officers and ten privates. They will be sent to 

(. enbush. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

JACOB BROWN. 

Honourable John Armstrong, Secretary of War. 



HEAD QUARTERS, CHIPPEWA, July 25th, 181*. 

DEAR SHI, 

Ou the J3d instant, 1 received a letter by express from ge- 
Beral Gaines, advising me, that on the 20th the heavy guns that I 
had ordered from the harbor, to enable me to operate against forts 
George and Niagara, were blockaded in that port, together with 
the rifle regiment that 1 bad ordered up with them. 

I hail ordered these guns and troops in boats, provided the com- 

nodore should aot deem it prudent or proper to convey them in 

his Beet, not doubting but that he would have been upon the lake 

for their protection, and that the enemy would have been driven 

into port or captured. \- general Gaines informed me, that the 

commodore was confined to hi* bed with a lever, and as he did 

not know when the fleet would sail, or when the guns and forces 

that 1 had been expecting would even leave Sackett's Harbor, I 

have thought it proper to change my potion, with >a view toother 

objects. You know how greatly I am disappointed, and therefore 

I will not dwell upon that painful subject. And you can best 

perceive how much has been lost by the delay ; and the command 

of lake Ontarn. being with the enemy— reliance being placed on a 

different state of thin^. 

The Indians all left me some time since. It is said that they 
will return, but this vou will perceive depends on circumstances, 
The reinforcement ordered on from the w est have not arrived. 

1 have the honour to be, &c. 

JACOB BROWN. 

Honourable Secretary of War, Washington. 



380 

i 

BATTLE OF NIAGARA. 

BUFFALO August, 1814. 

SIR, 

Confined as I was, and have been, since the last encasement 
with the enemy, I fear that the account I am about to give may be 
less full and satisfactory, than under other circumstances it might 
have been made. I particularly fear, that the conduct of the 
gallant men it was my good fortune to lead, will not be noticed in 
a way due to their fame, and the honour of our country. 

You are already apprized that the army had, on the 25th ultimo, 
taken a position at Chippewa. About noon of that day, colonel 
Swift, who was posted at Levvistown, advised me by express, that 
the enemy appeared in considerable force in Queenstown, and on 
its heights; that four of the enemy's fleet had arrived during the 
preceding night, and were then lying near fort Niagara, and that 
a number of boats were in view moving up the streight. Within 
a few minutes after this intelligence had been received, I was fur- 
ther informed by captain Dennions of the quarter master's depart- 
ment, that the enemy was landing at Levvistown, and that our 
baggage and stores at Schlosser, and on their way thither, were in 
danger of immediate capture. It is proper here to mention, that 
having received advices as late as the 20th from general Gaines, 
that our fleet was then in port, and the commodore sick, we ceas- 
ed to look for co-operation from that quarter, and determined to 
disencumber ourselves of baggage, and inarch directly for Bur- 
lington Heights. To mask this intention, and to draw from 
Schlosser a small supply of provisions, I fell back upon Chippe- 
wa. 

As this arrangement, under the increased force of the enemy, 
left much at hazard on our side of the Niagara, and as it appeared 
by the before stated information, that the enemy was about to avail 
himself of it, 1 conceived that the most effectual method of recall- 
ing him from this object, was to put myself in motion towards 
Queenstown. General Scott, with the first brigade. Towson's 
artillery, and all the dragoons and mounted men were accordingly 
put in march on the road leading thither, with orders to report, if 
the enemy appeared, and to call for assistance, if that was neces- 
sary. On the general's arrival at the falls, he learned that the 
enemy was in force directly in his front ; a narrow piece of woods 
alone intercepting his view of them. Waiting only to give this in- 
formation, he advanced upon them. By this time assistant adju- 
tant general Jones had delivered his message, the action began, 
and before the remaining part of the division had crossed the Chip- 
pewa, it had become close and general between the advanced 
corps. Though general Ripley with the second brigade, major 
Hindman with the corps of artillery, and general Porter at the 
head of his command, had respectively pressed forward with ar- 
der, it was not le,ss than an hour before they were brought to 



331 

- - iin general Scott, during which time his command most >kil- 
lullv mu . intl} maint; le conflict. Upon my arrival, I 

found t' general had passed the won 1, and engaged the ene- 

niv mi the Queen»town road, and on the ground to the left of it, 
with i!>" 9th, llth, ami 2£d, regiments, and Towson's artillery, 
th had been thrown to i :ie right, to be governed by cir- 

- 

Apprehending that these corps were much exhausted, and know* 

• the) had suftei • ii cl\ , I determined tointerpose a new 

■ ■ sdvam ing tro >pa : and thus diseng ige general Scott, 

and hold his brigade in reserve. Ordeca were accordingly given 

meral Ripley. The enemy's artillery at this moment occupi- 
ed i hill which gave great advantage, and was the key of the whole 
position. It was supported by a line of infantry. To secure vic- 
tory, i 1 was accessary to carry this artillery and seize the height. 
i - iras assigned to colonel Miller, while, to favor its exe- 

cution, the i t regiment, under the command of colonel Nicholas, 
was directed to manouvre and amuse the infantry. To my great 
mortification, this regiment, after a discharge or two, gave way 
and retreated some distance, before it could be rallied, though it 
i ^ I » . - 1 1 . - \ i • 1 1 the officers «>i the regiment exerted themselves to 
shorten this distance. In the mean time, colonel Miller, without 

:,d to this occurrence, advanced steadily and gallantly to his 
objei t, and carried the height and the cannon. General Ripley 
brought up the 23d regiment (which had also faltered,) to his sup- 
port, and the enemy disappeared from before them. The 1st re- 

S intent was n<>u brought into line on the hit of the 21st, and the 
etachments of the L7th and 1 9th, general Porter occupying with 
big command the extreme left. About this time colonel Miller 
carried the enemy's cannon. The -2.)ih regiment, under major 
Jessup, was engaged in a more obstinate conflict with all that re- 
mained to dispute with us the field of battle. The major, as has 
been already >tated, had been ordered by general Scott, at the 
commencement of the action, to take ground to his right, lie 
had »u< ( eeded in turning the enemy's ilauk — had captured (by a 
detachment under captain ketchum,) general Riall and sundry 
other officers, and showed himself again to his own army, in a 
blaze of tire, which defeated or destroyed a very superior force of 
the enemy, lie was ordered to form "on the right of the 2d regi- 
ment. The enemy rallying his forces, and as is believed, having 
received reinforcements, now attempted to drive us from our po- 
sition and regain hi- artillery. Our line was unshaken and the 
enemy repulsed. Two other attempts having the same object, 
had the same issue. General Scott was again engaged in repell- 
ing the former of these, and the last I saw of him in the field of 
battle, he was near the head of his column, and giving to its march 
a direction that would place him on the enemy's right. It was 
with great pleasure I saw the good order and intrepidity of gene- 
ral Porter's I olunteers from the moment of their arrival ; but dttr- 



\ 



382 

ing the last charge of the enemy those qualities were conspicuous.. 
Stimulated by the examples set them by their gallant leader, by 
major Wood, of the Pennsylvania corps, by colonel Dobbin of 
New York, and by their officers generally, they precipitated them- 
selves upon the enemy's line, and made all the prisoners which 
were taken at this point of the action. 

Having been for some time wounded, and being a good deal ex- 
hausted by the loss of blood, it became my wish to devolve the 
command on general Scott, and retire from the field ; but on en- 
quiry, I had the misfortune to learn, that he was disabled by 
wounds ; I therefore kept my post, and had the satisfaction to see 
the enemy's last effort repulsed. I now consigned the command" 
to general Ripley. 

While retiring from the field, I saw and felt, that the victory 
was complete on our part, if proper measures were promptly 
adopted to secure it. The exhaustion of the men was, however, 
such as made some refreshment necessary. They particularly 
required water. I was myself extremely sensible of the want of 
this necessary article. I therefore believed it proper, that general 
Ripley and the troops should return to camp, after bringing off 
the dead, the wounded, and artillery; and in this I saw no diffi- 
culty, as the enemy had entirely ceased to act. Within an hour 
after my arrival in camp, I was informed that general Ripley had 
returned without annoyance and in good order. I now sent for 
him, and after giving him my reasons, for the measure I was 
about to adopt, ordered him to put the troops in the best possible 
condition; to give to them the necessary refreshment; to take 
with him the pickets and camp gaards, and every other descrip- 
tion of force ; to put himself on the field of battle as the day 
dawned, and there to meet and beat the enemy it he again ap- 
peared. To this order he made no objection, and I relied upon 
its execution. It was not executed. I feel most sensibly how 
inadequate are my powers in speaking of the troops, to do justice 
to their merits, or to my own sense of them. Under abler direc- 
tion, they might have done more and better. 

From the preceding details, you have new evidence of the dis- 
tinguished gallantry of generals Scott and Porter, of colonel 
Miller, and major Jessup of the 1st brigade. The chief, with his 
aid-de-camp, Worth, his major of brigade Smith, and every com- 
mander of battalion, were wounded. The 2d brigade suffered 
less : but as a brigade, their conduct entitled them to the applause 
of their country. After the enemy's strong position had been car- 
ried by the 21st and the detachments of the 17th and 19th, the 
1st and 23d assumed a new character. They could not again be 
shaken or dismayed. Major M'Farland of the latter, fell nobly 
at the head of his battalion. 

Under command of general Porter, the militia volunteers of 
Pennsylvania and New York, stood undismayed amidst the hot- 
test fire, and repulsed the veterans opposed to them. The Cana- 






363 

rolunteers, commanded by colonel Wilson, are reported by 
gi.Mi.-til Porter, bb baring merited and received his approbation. 

The com of artillery commanded bj major Hindman, behaved 
with its usual gallantry. Towson's company attached to the lit 
brigade, was the first and the last engaged, and during the whole 
conflict maintained tliat nigh character which they had previously 
won in their -kill ami their valor. Captains Biddle and Ritchie 
vi ■ both wounded early in the action, but refused to quit the 
field. The latter declared that he would never leave hi* piece; 
and, true to his engagement, fell by its side covered with wounds. 

The staff of the army had it- peculiar merit and distinction* 
Colonel Gardner, adjutant general, though ill, was on horseback, 
and did all in bis power; bis ir Jones, wa- very ac- 

tive and useful. M\ gallant aids-de-camp, Austin and Spencer, 
had mans and critical duties to perform, in the discharge of which 
the latter fell ; 1 so ill ever think of this young man with pride 
and regret : regret, th h his oareer lias been so short : pride, that 
it has been so noble and distinguished. The engineers, majors 
M'Ree and Wood, were greatlj distinguished ou this day, and 
their high militarj talents exerted with -rear effect; they were 
i h under my eys and near my person, and to their assistance, 
a great deal is fairly to be ascribed. I most earnestly recommend 
them, a- worthi of the highest trust and confidence. The staff 
of generals Ripley and Porter, discovered groat zeal and atten- 
tion to duty. Lieutenant K. II. Randolph of the 20th regiment, is 
entitled to notice ; bis courage was conspicuous, 

I inclose ■ return ofooT Loss: those noted missing, may gene- 
pally be numbered with the dead. The enemy had but little op- 
portunity of making prisoners. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

.1 U'OB BROWN. 

Honourable J<>lui Armstrong, 

;\ of War. 



FORT EftlE, August 3th, 1814. 

SIR, 

Having been Btationed with the 1st battalion of the 1st regi- 
ment of riflemen at Black Rock, on the evening of the 9d instant, 
I observed the British army moving up the river on the opposite 
ipecting they might make a feint on Fort Erie, with 
an intention of a real attack on the Buffalo side, I immediately 
moved and took a position on the upper side of Conjocta Creek, 
and that night threw up a battery ot some logs, which I found on 
the ground, and had them torn "away. About 2 o'clock the next 
morning, u.\ pickets from below gave me information of the land- 
of 9 boats full of troops, half a mile below. I immediately 
my men (240 in number) to their quarters, and patiently await- 
ed their approach. At a quarter past 4, they advanced upon us, 



•384 

and commenced the attack, sending a party before to repair the* 
bridge, under the cover of their fire. When 'they had got at good 
rifle distance, 1 opened a heavy fire on them, which laid a number 
of them on the ground and compelled them to retire. They then 
formed in the skirt of the wood, and kept up the fire at long shot, 
continually reinforcing from the Canada shore, until they had 22 
boatloads, and then attempted to flank us by sending a large 
body up the creek to ford it, when I detached lieutenants Ryan, 
Smith and Armstrong, with about 60 men, to oppose theirleft 
wing, where they were again repulsed with considerable loss, after 
which they appeared disposed to give up their object, and retreat- 
ed by throwing six boat loads of troops on Squaw Island, which 
enfiladed the creek, and prevented me from harrassing their rear. 

Their superior numbers enabled them to take their killed and 
wounded oft the field, which we plainly saw, and observed they 
suffered severely. We found some of their dead thrown into the 
river, and covered w ith logs and stones, and some on the field. 
We also collected a number of muskets and accoutrements, with 
clothing that appeared to have been torn to bind their wounds. 
We took six prisoners, who stated the British force opposed to us, 
to consist of from 12 to 1500 men, commanded by lieutenant colo- 
nel Tucker, of the 41st regiment. They also state that then- 
object was to re-capture general Riall, with the other British pri- 
soners, and destroy the public stores deposited at Buffalo. The 
action continued about two hours and a half. I am happy to state 
they were completely foiled in their attempts. 

Our loss is trifling compared with theirs. We had two killed and 
eight wounded. 1 am sorry to inform you that captain Hamilton, 
lieutenants Wadsworth and MIntosh are among the latter. 
Their gallantry in exposing themselves to encourage their men, I 
think, entitles them to the notice of their country. My whole 
command behaved in a manner that merited my warmest appro- 
bation ; and in justice to them 1 cannot avoid mentioning the 
names of the officers, which are as follows : Captain Hamilton, 
lieutenants Wadsworth, Ryan, Calhoun, M'Intosh, Arnold, Short- 
ridge, M'Farland, Tipton, Armstrong, Smith, Cobbs, Davidson, 
and Austin, with ensign Page. If, sir, you believe we have done 
our duty, we shall feel highly gratified. 

I am, sir, respect full v, &x. 

L. MORGAN, 
Major 1st rijie regiment. 
Major genera] Brown. 

HEAD QUARTERS, FORT ERIE, UPPER CANADA. 

August 7th, 1814, 
SIR, 

I arrived at this post on the 4th instant, and assumed the 
command, — the army is in good spirits, and more healthy than 1 
could have expected. 



385 

The British army under lieutenant general Drummund, is 
strongly posted opposite to Black Rock, two miles east of this 
fori ; ;i >kirt of thick wood separates us. I yesterday endeavoured 
to draw him out to see and try his strength ; for this purpose, I 
sent the rifle corps through the intervening woods, with order9 
to amuse the enemy's light troops until his strong column should 
gel in motion, and then to retire slowly to the plain this side the 
woods, where I had a strong line posted in readiness to receive 
the enemy. Our riflemen met and drove the enemy's light troops 
into their linos, where they remained, although the riflemen kept 
the woods near two hours, and until they were ordered in. They 
returned without being able to draw any part of the enemy's force 
after them. 

Major Morgan reports that his officers and men acted with their 
usual gallantry. The enemy left 11 dead, and three prisoners in 
our hands, anil I am informed by two persons just from the Bri- 
tish camp, that their loss was much more considerable; among 
their killed, were five Indians. We lost five killed, and three ox- 
four wounded. 

General Drummond's force, from the best information we are 
able to collect from deserters and others, amounts to upwards of 
4000, principally regulars. De VVatteville's regiment has joined 
since the battle" of the 25th ultimo, together with two or three 
companies of the Glengary corps; making a total joined since the 
25th, of about 1200. 

AUGUST, 11th, 1814, 

The enemy's position remains unchanged ; they have con- 
structed two batteries with two embrasures each, and have erected 
a wooden breast work 1200 to 1400 yards in our rear. In ex- 
amining their works yesterday, captain Birdsallof the 4th rifle re- 
giment with a detachment of the 1st, and his company, amounting 
?n the whole to 160 men, beat in two of their strong pickets with 
a loss on their part of 10 killed. Captain Birdsall had one killed 
and three wounded. General Drummond was much disappointed 
and chagrined at the failure of the enterprize of the 3d instant, 
against Buffalo, our riflemen having opposed and beaten them. 
Colonel Tucker, it seems, has been publicly reprimanded in ge- 
neral orders. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

EDMUND P. GAINES. 

Hon. Secretary of War. 



i SITED STATES' SHIP SUPERIOR, OFF KINGSTON, 

August 10th, 1814, 

SIR 

I have been duly honoured with your letters of the 19th and 
24th of Julv I do assure you, sir, that I have never been under 
49 



385 

anv pledge to meet general Brown at the head of the Lake ; btrt 
on'the contrary, when we parted at Sackett's Harbor, I told him 
distinctly, that I should not visit the head of the Lake, unless the 
enemy's fleet did. I can ascribe the intimation of general Brown, 
that he expected the co-operation of the fleet to no other motive, 
than a cautious attempt to provide an apology for the public, 
against any contingent disaster to which his army might be ex- 
posed. 

But, sir, if any one will take the trouble to examine the topo- 
graphy of the peninsula, (the scene of the general's operations,) 
he will discover that this fleet could be ot no more service to ge- 
neral Brown, or his army, than it could to an army in Tennessee. 

General Brown has never been able to penetrate nearer to lake 
Ontario than Queenstown, and the enemy is in possession of all 
the intermediate country ; so that I could not even communicate 
with the army, but by a circuitous route of 70 or 80 miles. 

Admitting general Brown could have invested Fort George, the 
only service he could have derived from the fleet, would be our 
preventing the supplies of the enemy from entering the Niagara 
river; for the water is so shallow, that the large vessels could not 
approach within two miles of their works. General Brown had 
therefore two abundantly sufficient reasons for not expecting the 
co-operation of this fleet; it was not promised him — and was 
chimerical in itself. 

My fixed determination has always been to seek a meeting with 
the enemy the moment the fleet was ready, and, to deprive him 
of any apology for not meeting me, I have sent four guns on shore 
from the Superior, to reduce her armament in number to an equa- 
lity with the Prince Regent's, yielding the advantage of their 68 
pounders. The Mohawk mounted two guns Jess than the Princess 
Charlotte, and the Montreal and Niagara are equal to the Gene- 
ral Pike and Madison. I have detached, on separate service, all 
the brigs; and am blockading his four ships with our four ships, in 
hopes that this may induce him to come out. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

ISAAC CHAUNCEY. 

Honourable William Jones, 

Secretary of the Navy. 



UNITED STATES' SHIP SUPERIOR, OFF KINGSTON, 

August 10th, 1814. 

SIR, 

Great anxiety of mind and severe bodily exertions have at 
length broken down the best constitution, and subjected me to a 
violent fever that confined me for eighteen days. This misfortune 
w.is no more to be foreseen than prevented, but was particularly 
severe at the moment it happened, as it induced a delay of five 
or six days in the sailing of the fleet. 



387 

In the early part of July, I expected the % fleet would be made 
ready for sailing by the 10th or 15th; but many of the mechanics 
were taken sick, and amongst them the block-makers and black- 
smiths, so that the Mohawk could notbe furnished with blocks and 
iron works for the gun and spar decks before the 24th or 25th 
ultimo, when she was reported ready by captain Jones. As con- 
siderable anxiety had been manifested by the public to have the 
fleet on the lake. I should have asked captain Jones to take charge 
of it and go out, but I was then recovering my health, and was 
confident I should be able in three or four days to go on board 
myself. There was an additional reason for submitting to this 
delay in the difficulty I found in making the changes of comman- 
ders, neither of them being willing to be separated from his offi- 
cers and men, and a change of crews through the fleet being inad- 

• -ul ° ° 

missible. 

In the afternoon of the 31st of July, I was taken on board, but 
it was calm, and I did not sail before the next morning. To sa- 
tisfy at once whatever expectations the public had been led to 
entertain of the sufficiency of this squadron to take and maintain 
the ascendancy on this bke, and at the same time to expose the 
futility of promises, the fulfilment of which had been rested on 
our appearance at the head of the lake, I got under weigh at 4 
o'clock in the morning of the 1st instant, and steered for the 
mouth of the Niagara. Owing to light winds, I did not arrive oft 
there before the 5th. There we intercepted one of the enemy's 
brigs, running over from York to Niagara with troops, and ran her 
on shore about six miles to the westward of Fort George, i or- 
dered the Sylph in, to anchor as near to the enemy as she could 
with safety, and to destroy her. Captain Elliot run in, in a very 
gallant manner, to within from 300 to 500 yards of her, and was 
about anchoring, when the enemy set fire to her and she soon after 
blew up. This vessel was a schooner the last year, and called 
the Beresford — since they altered her to a brig, they changed her 
name, and I have not been able to ascertain it. She mounted 14 
guns ; 12 twenty-four pound carronades, and two long nine poun- 
ders. 

Finding the enemy had two other brigs and a schooner in the 
Niagara river, I determined to leave a force to watch them, and 
selected the Jefferson, Sylph and Oneida lor that purpose, and 

filaced the whole under the orders of captain Ridgely. Having 
ooked into York without discovering any vessel of the enemy, I 
left Niagara with the remainder of the squadron, on the evening 
of the 7th, and arrived here on the 9th, We found one of the 
enemy's ships in the offing, and chased her into Kingston. 

My anxiety to return to this end of the lake, was increased by 
the knowledge I had of the weakness of Sackett's Harbor, and 
the apprehension that the enemy might receive large reinforce- 
ments at Kingston, and, embarking some of his troops on board 
his fleet T make a dash at the harbor and burn it with all my stores 



388 

during our absence. "When I left the harbor, there were but about 
700 regular troops fit for duty. It is true a few militia had been 
called In, but little could be expected of them should an attack be 
made. My apprehension, it seems, was groundless, the enemy 
having contented himself with annoying, in some trifling degree, 
the coasters between Oswego and the harbor in his boats. 

I cannot forbear expressing the regret I feel, that so much sen- 
sation has been excited in the public mind, because this squadron 
did not sail so soon as the wise heads that conduct our newspapers 
have presumed to think I ought. I need not suggest to one of 
your experience, that a man of war may appear to the eye of a 
landsman, perfectly ready for sea, when she is deficient in many 
of the most essential points of her armament, nor how unworthy 
I should have proved myself of the high trust reposed in me, had 
I ventured to sea in the face of an enemy of equal force, without 
being ready to meet him in one hour after my anchor was weighed. 
It ought in justice to be recollected, that the building and 
equipment of vessels on the Atlantic, are unattended by any of 
the great difficulties which we have to encounter on this lake; 
there every department abounds with facilities. A commander 
makes a requisition, and articles of every description are furnish- 
ed in 12hours; but this fleet has been built and fitted in the 
wilderness, where there are no agents and chandlers' shops and 
founderies, &c. &c. to supply our wants, but every thing is to be 
created ; and yet I shall not decline a comparison of what has 
been done here, with any thing done on the Atlantic, in the build- 
ing or equipment of vessels. The Guerriere, for instance, has 
been building and fitting upwards of twelve months in the city of 
Philadelphia, and is not yet ready. The President frigate went 
into the navy yard at New York, for some partial repairs, a few r 
days afier the keel of the Superior was laid ; since then, two 
frigates of a large class and two sloops of war of the largest class, 
have been built and fitted here, and have sailed before the Presi- 
dent is ready for sea, although every article of their armament 
and rigging has been transported from New York in despite of 
obstacles almost insurmountable. I will go further, sir, for it is 
due to the unremitted and unsurpassed exertions of those who 
have served the public under my command, ami will challenge 
the world to produce a parallel instance, in which the same num- 
ber of vessels of such dimensions have been built and fitted in 
the same time by the same number of workmen. 

I confess that I am mortified in not having succeeded in satis- 
fying the expectations of the public, but it would be infinitely 
more painful, could I find any want of zeal or exertion in my 
endeavours in Bervethem, to which I could in any degree impute 
their disappointment. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

ISAAC CIIAUNCEY. 
Ron. Wm. Jones. 



389 
HEAD QUARTERS, FORT ERIE, August 13th, 1814. 

SIR, 

It has become my painful duty to announce to you the loss 
of that brave and excellent officer major Morgan, of the 1st rifle 
regiment. He fell at the head of his corps, in an affair with the 
enemy, on the 12th instant, after a display of gallantry worthy of 
the corps, and meriting the gratitude of his country. 

I had desired him to send a detachment of from 80 to 100 men 
to cut oft' a working party, supported by a guard of the enemy's 
tight troops, engaged in opening an avenue for a battery in our 
rear, having directed to have his corps ready to support, in case 
the enemy should be reinforce*'. The detachment was command-* 
ed by captain Birdsall, who attacked and drove the enemy; but 
when about to return to camp, he discovered a large force ap- 
proaching. The firing having continued longer than the major 
expected, he moved up the moment the enemy's reinforcements 
made their appearance. A warm conflict ensued, in which they 
were forced back, but discovering additional reinforcements, and 
receiving my order to fall back, on the appearance of a large force, 
the major gave the signal with his bugle to retire ; at this moment 
he received a ball in his head. He was brought from the field, 
together with his men who were killed and wounded. Of the 
former were two riflemen and a New York volunteer, who, unso- 
licited, accompanied the riflemen with a small party of his corps, 
under the command of lieutenant Goodfellow, who, I am informed, 
has distinguished himself on similar occasions, and for whom, 
permit me to request a commission in one of the rifle regiments. 

I have the honour to be, See. 

EDMUND P. GAINES. 

Honourable Secretary of War. 



DEFEAT OF THE BRITISH AT FORT ERIE. 

HEAD QUARTERS, FORT ERIE, U. C. 

August 15th, 1814. 

SIR, 

My heart is gladdened with gratitude to Heaven and joy to 
my country, to have it in my power to inform you that the gallant 
armv under my command has this morning beaten the enemy com- 
manded by lieutenant general Drummond, after a severe conflict 
of near three hours, commencing at 2 o'clock this morning. They 
attacked us on each flank, got possession of the salient bastion of 
the old fort Erie, which was regained at point of the bayonet, with 
a dreadful slaughter. The enemy's loss in killed and prisoners, 
is about 600; near 300 killed. Our loss is considerable, but I 
think not one-tenth ?s great as that of the enemy. J will not 



390 

detain the express to give you the particulars. I am preparing 

my force to follow up the blow. 

With great respect, &c. 

EDMUND P. GAINES, 

Brig. Gen. Commanding. 
Honourable Secretary of War. 



GENERAL RIPLEY'S REPORT. 

FORT ERIE, August 17th, 1814. 

SIR, 

I take the liberty of reporting you the cause of operations on 
the left flank of the camp, during the action of the 15th instant. 

From indications satisfactory to me, I was persuaded very early 
of the enemy's design of attacking us in our position. Before 
any alarm, I caused my brigade to occupy their alarm posts. On 
the first fire of the picket, captain Towson opened his artillery 
upon them from fort Williams, in a style which does him infinite 
credit. It was continued with very great effect upon the enemy 
during the whole action. 

The enemy advanced with fixed bayonets, and attempted to 
enter our works between the fort and water. They brought ladders 
for the purpose of scaling, and in order to prevent their troops 
from resorting to any other course excepting the bayonet, had 
caused all the flints to be taken from their muskets. The column 
that approached in this direction consisted of colonel Fischer's 
command, and amounting in number to at least 1500 men; and 
according to the representations of prisoners, they were 2,000 
strong. The companies posted at the point of the works, which 
they attempted to escalade, were captain Ross's, captain Mars- 
ton's, lieutenant Bowman's, and lieutenant Larned's, of the 21st 
n giment, not exceeding 250 men, under command of major Wood, 
of the engineer corps. On the enemy's approach they opened 
their musketry upon them in a manner the most powerful. Fort 
Williams and this little band, emitted one broad uninterrupted 
sheet of light. The enemy were repulsed. They rallied, came 
on a second time to the charge, and a party waded round our line 
by the lake, and came in on the flank ; but a reserve of two com- 
panies, posted in the commencement of the action to support this 
point, marched up and fired upon the party, who were all killed or 
taken. Five times in this manner did the enemy advance to the 
charge ; five times were their columns beaten back in the utmost 
confusion by a force one-sixth of their numbers ; till at length 
finding the contest unavailing, they retired. At this point we 
made 147 prisoners. 

During the contest in this quarter, the lines of the whole of the 
left wing were perfectly lined, in addition to the reserves ; and I 
found myself able to detach three companies of the 23d regiment 



391 

horn the left, to reinforce the troops at Fort Erie, viz: captain 
\\ 'attics', lieutenant Cantine's, and lieutenant Brown's compa- 
nies, and one of the 19th under captain Chunn. Thev were in 
the fort during the time of the explosion, and their conduct is 
highly spoken of by major Brooke, their commanding officer. 
Indeed, from the high state to which that regiment has been 
brought by major Brooke, I am convinced that no troops will behave 
better. 

In submitting to your view the conduct of the troops under my 
command on this occasion, I find every thing to applaud, nothing 
to reprehend. The utmost coolness and subordination was mani- 
fested, both by the 21st and 23d regiments. To major Wood I 
feel particularly indebted. This officer's merits are so well known, 
that approbation can scarcely add to his reputation. He has the 
merit, with the Spartan band, in connexion with captain Towson's 
artillery, of defeating a vaunting foe of six times his force. Ma- 
jor Brooke did every thing in his power; and it a fiords me plea- 
sure at all times to call the attention of the general commanding 
to this amiable and accomplished officer. 

The officers commanding tympanies immediately engaged, have 
my highest commendation. Their conduct was most judicious 
and gallant. I cannot refrain from adverting to the manner in 
which captain Towson's artillery was served ; I have never seen 
it equalled. This officer has so often distinguished himself, that 
to Bay simply that he is in action, is a volume of eulogium ; the 
army, only to be informed he is there, by a spontaneous assent, 
are at once satisfied that he has performed well his part. I have 
no idea that there i> an artillery officer in any service superior to 
him in the knowledge and performance of his duty. 

The officers I have mentioned as commanding companies of the 
21st and 23d regiments, are particularly commended by their 
commanding officers. Captain Marston, a most valuable officer, 
commanded a first line of three companies opposed to the enemy's 
column. Captain Ropes commanded the companies of reserve. 
Major "Wood reports in the highest terms of the good conduct of 
the subalterns. Lieutenant Riddle, of the 15th, attached to the 
21st, and Hall, and ensigns Bean, Jones, Cumming, and Thomas, 
of the 19th, as being extremely active, and performing their duties 
with alacrity. 

The manner in which lieutenant Belknap, of the 23d, retired 
with his picket guard from before the enemy's column, excites 
my particular commendation. He gave orders to fire three times 
as he was retreating to camp, himself bringing up the rear. In 
this gallant manner, he kept the light advance of the enemy in 
check, for a distance of two or three hundred yardi. I have to 
regret, that when entering our lines after his troops, the enemy 
pushed so close upon him that he received a severe wound from a 
bavonet. 



392 

Lieutenant Bushnel and Cissney, of the 19th, while gallantly 
engaged with the enemy at Fort Erie, were both severely, if not 
mortally, wounded. Their conduct merits the warmest approba- 
tion . 

Permit me to recommend to your notice, the good conduct of 
my staff, lieutenant Kirby, of the corps of artillery, my aid-de- 
camp, and lieutenant Holding, acting brigade major ; their activity 
and zeal was entirely to my satisfaction. 

I clo-e this long report, with stating to you, in the highest terms 
ef approbation, the skilfulness exhibited by doctor Fuller, surgeon 
of the 23d, and doctor Trowbridge, surgeon of the 21st infantry, 
with their mates doctor Gale, of the 23d, and doctors Everett and 
Allen, of the 21st; their active, humane, and judicious treatment 
of the wounded, both of the enemy and of our own, together '.vith 
their steady and constant attention to the duties of their station, 
must have attracted your personal observation, and I am confident 
will receive your approbation. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

E. W. RIPLEY, 
Brig, Gen. Comd'g %d Brigade. 
Brigadier general Gaines. 

U. S. SHIP ADAMS, HAMPDEN, (MAINE.) 

August 22d, 1814. 

SIR, 

On the 16th, at noon, our latitude by D. R. and two double 
altitudes was 42 20, and the longitude determined by morning and 
evening observations of a chronometer, which had four times 
proven correct within 10 miles during our preceding and present 
cruize, was 66 54, the wind was fresh from south south-west, and 
the sea smooth. In the afternoon, two vessels were discovered in 
chase, but at such a distance that we could not ascertain their 
force. The weather became very foggy at night, and the wind 
remaining fresh from the same quarter, I determined to push for 
some port of Massachusetts bay, near Portsmouth, and steered 
the proper course for that purpose. Deeming it extremely pro- 
bable we should meet some of the enemy's vessels during the 
night, our prisoners were confined in the hold, and our crew re- 
mained at quarters. We sailed from 10 to 11 knots an hour, till 
2 A. M. when, as I expected to be, we were in 72 fathoms water* 
Our estimated distance from cape Ann, 60 miles. At 4 A. M. 
while in the act of preparing for sounding again, the look-outs 
forward, announced breakers ahead, and in a moment after, the 
ship struck upon a rock, going 10^ knots. Believing it impossible 
she could bear such a shock, the prisoners were first released from 
their confinement below, that they might have a ( chance to save 
their lives in common with ourselves upon the rocky shore, which 
was now visible about 80 yards distant. On sounding the pumps, 



393 

no unusual quantity of water was at first discovered, and all sails 
were laid a tick in hopes of forcing the ship oft". It was, how 
h ered in a few minutes, she was leaking so fast that it 
was deemed proper to remain on the rock until day-light. We 
•rdingly furled the light Bails, and clewed up courses and top- 
Bail-. h.i\ Boon enabled is to distinguish objects through the fog, 
li i yards distance, and to ascertain the hopelessness of 

saving the snip. Her cutwater was entirely destroyed below the 
Dine foot mark ; the depth of water under her forefoot, between 
five and «i\ feel ; forward of her starboard main chains, 12 feet; 
astern, Bevel) fathoms, into which the ship from the situation of 
her bows, was depressed below her stern ports. The wind fresh 
and a Dumber of rocks just to leeward, a considerable surf. From 
the small portion of land that was visible, it was generally be- 
lieved to be the nubble of cape Neddock, not far from Portsmouth. 
Hoisted oul our boats, sent the small ones to seek a place where 
a landing might be most safely effected. In the mean time, en- 
. ed in getting our sick into the larger boats, with their bedding, 
clothes and provisions, ready for landing. The boats soon re- 
turned, having fortunately discovered a small chasm in the rock 
capable of admitting a boat, and a ravine connected with it, in 
which the sick might be sheltered in some degree from the wea- 
ther. Having secured the safety of the sick, it was determined, 
from motives of humanity, to send the prisoners next, with every 
tiling belonging to them, and with sails, tarpaulins and medicines 
for the further comfort of the sick. A surgeons' mate was also 
sent, and the charge of the whole committed to the purser, Mr. 
Rodgers. Knowing it to be near low water when the ship struck, 
I determined to make every effort with the remaining portion of 
our crew, to <;et her oh*', when the tide should rise, though with 
little hope that she could be kept long above water, as we had as- 
certained the leak to be about nine feet an hour. Our only kedge 
had been early laid out on our weather quarter to keep her as 
nearly in the same position as possible; and our only heavy an- 
chor was now let go from the waist, to prevent her swinging into 
wiy deep water, should she go oft', and to keep her from the rocks 
and reefs to leeward, should she float. At 10 A. M. it became 
evident that the tide would light her off, — furled the topsails and 
lij^ht square sails ; carried the kedge out from the bow, two cables 
lengths on shore, and continued to send such articles out of the 
ship as we could most conveniently spare, in case of floating. 
After some heavy strains, at half past 10, the surf lifted her off, 
and ->he Bwung to her anchor. Manned all the pumps and found 
we could gain upon her. The flood tide being nearly done, it was 
necessary together under weigh, instantly to reap the advantages 
of its weather current, the rocks astern and to leeward not be- 
ing half the ship's length distant. Hove up, canted her offshore 
with the kedge and head sails, and fortunately passed from 10 to 
50 vards to windward of the rocks and reefs which extended 

SO 



394 

about three fourths of a mile from the land. All hands were era-' 
ployed at the pumps and sails, during the night, in the hope of 
being able to reach Portland the next day. At day light, the 
weather was clear, and you may judge our surprise at discovering 
ourselves near the island of mount Desart. This discovery ex- 
cited the greatest anxiety for the fate of our companions. Many 
of the islands in the vicinity, were uninhabited — we were igno- 
rant on which they were, and they were probably exposed to all 
the inclemencies of the weather, while suffering the pain of that 
dreadful disease the scurvy. I soon fell in with two fishing boats, 
both of which i despatched in search of them, and then used 
every possible diligence to get into Penobscot bay, which we for- 
tunately effected during the night; and I had the happiness to 
hear the next morning, that our sick companions had all been 
safelv conveyed to Camden, with the exception of one who had 
expired. My first intention was to have stopt at Castine, but 
was induced"to proceed to this place, as one much better calcu- 
lated for a vessel in our situation. The extent of the injury 
which she has received, cannot yet be known. Our pumps are 
continually in motion. 1 have procured a light ship, and shall 
take every thing out of her, and then lay her on shore, as the 
only means of ascertaining her damages at this place. I cannot 
conclude this communication, without recommending, in the 
strongest terms, the uncommon good conduct of the officers, sea- 
men and marines on this occasion. Never were my orders exe- 
cuted with more promptitude or less confusion. Their coolness 
during the time the ship was upon and among the rocks, could 
only be surpassed by their cheerful endurance of unremitted and 
the most fatiguing labour. Nothing but the former could have 
rescued her from her perilous situation, and but for the latter, 
she would have been rescued in vain. 

Very respectfully, &c. 

C. MORRIS. 

Hon. Win. Jones. 



DEFENCE OF FORT ERIE. 

HEAD QUARTERS, LEFT WING, 2d DIVISION, 

Fort Erie, U. C. August 23d, 1814. 

SIR, 

I have the honour to communicate, for the information of 
the department of war, the particulars of the battle fought at this 
place, on the loth instant, between the left v\ing of the 2d divi- 
sion of the northern army, under my command, and the British 
forces in the peninsula of Upper Canada, commanded by lieute- 
nant general Drummond, which terminated in a signal victory in 
favour of the United American arms. 



S95 

Our position on the margin of the lake, at the entrance of the 
Ni ig.tra river, being nearly a horizontal plain, twelve or fifteen 
feet above the surface of the water, possessing few natural ad- 
va;. _■•-. had been strengthened in front by temporary parapet 
bre i-t works, entrenchments and abattis, with two batteries and 
six field pieces. The Mtiall unfinished fort, Erie, with a 24, 18, 
and 12 p Hinder, forms the north-east, and the Douglass battery, 
\\. r tan is and 6 pounder near the edge of the lake, the south-east 
J! '■ of our ri-_ r 'it. The left is defended by a redoubt battery, 
wiMi six field pieces ju>r thrown up on a small ridge. Our rear 
a - jifii to the lake, bordered by a rocky shore of easy as- 

c« .. Tfte battery oo tlie left was defended by captain Tow* 
; fort Erie, by captain Williams, with major Trimble's com- 
iii d uf the 19th infantry; the batteries on the front, bv cap- 
tat is Biddle and Panning ; the whole of the artillery commanded 
l>\ major Hindman. Parts of the 11th, 9th, and 22d infantry 
(ot ihe hite veteran brigade of major general Scott) uere posted 
on the right, under the command of lieutenant colonel Aspinwall. 
Geo R pley's brigade, consisting of the 21st and 23d, defend- 
ed : ■ (yeneraJ Porter's brigade of New York and Pennsyl- 
vania volunteers, with our distinguished riflemen, occupied the 
centre. 

I have heretofore omitted stating to you, that during the 13th 
am! 14th, die enetnv had kept up a brisk cannonade, which was 
sharply returned from our batteries, without any considerable 
lose on <»ur part. At 6 P. M. one of their shells lodged in a 
small magazine in fort Brie, which was fortunately almost empty. 
It blew up with an explosion more awful in appearance, than in- 
jurious in its effects, as it did not disable a man, or derange a gun. 
It occasioned but a momentary cessation of the thunders of the 
artitlerv on both sides; it was followed by a loud and joyous 
sh tit by the British army, which was instantly returned on our 
part, and captain Williams, amidst the smoke of the explosion, 
renewed the contest bv an animated roar of his heavy cannon. 

From the supposed loss of our ammunition, and the consequent 
depression such an event was likely to produce upon the minds of 
our men, I felt persuaded that this explosion would lead the 
enemv to assault, and made my arrangements accordingly. The 
annexed paper No. l,is a copy "of lieutenant general Drummond's 
order, and plan of attack. [Not published.] 

The night was dark, and the early part of it raining, but the 
faithful sentinel slept not ; one third of the troops were up at 
their posts. At half past two o'clock, the right column of the 
enemv approached, ami though enveloped in darkness black as 
his designs and principles, was distinctly heard on our left, and 
promptly marked by our musketry under major Wood, and can- 
non under captain Tnwson. Being mounted at the moment, I re- 
paired to the point of attack, where the sheet of fire rolling from 
To wbon's battery, and the musketry of the left wing of the 21st 



iufkntrr under major Wood, enabled me to see the enemy*? co- 
lama of about 1500 men approaching on that point: hi? advance 
I ecked, until it had approached within ten feet of our 

rby. A line of loose brush representing an abattit- only in- 
tervened ; a column of the enemv attempted to pass round the 
mbattis through the water, where breast deep. Ap- 

prehending that this point would be carried, I ordered a detach- 
ment of riflemen and infantry . support, but having met with 
the j . :ommander, m Wood, was -• red by him that he 
could defend his position without reinforcements. A: this mo- 
men' e Msnr were repulsed, but instantly renewed the charge 
and were again r: *ed. Mv attention was now called to the 
ere our batl - and lines were soon lighted by a v 

ant fire of cannon and musketrv : it - ed the approach 

-of the enemy, under colonels Drum- 
mond and 5 - received by the veteran 9th, un- 

der the command of captain Foster, and c- . :on and 

g*= : ompanies of New fork, and Pennsylvania voluntr - 

lb i sis pounder judiciously po-ted by r. M hief 

: s neer, who was most active and useful at this point : they were 
repulsed. That of the centre, led bv colonel Drumniond, was not 
long kept in check : it approached at once eve m liable point 
of t I with scaling ladder- - e parapet, but 

was repulsed with dreadful c . The aasaaltwas twice re- 
peated, and - n checked, but the enemy having moved round 

. covered bv darkness, added to the heavy cloud of sr 
which had rolled from our cannon and musketry, enveloping sur- 
rounding objects, repeated the charge, re-ascended the ladders ; 
their pikes, bavonets and spears fell upon our gallant artiller:-? 
The gallant spirits of our favourite captain Williams and lieute- 
nants M'Doaoagh and Watmough. with their brave men, were 

come. The two former, and several of -their men, received 
deadlv -. Our bastion was lost; lieutenant M'Donough, 

being severelv wounded, demanded quarter : it was refused by 
colonel Drummond. The li- if then seized a hand spike 

and noblv defended himself until he was »hot down with a p:_- . 
: . - who had refused him quarter, who often reiterated 

the orc^ — ghre the damned vankees no quarter.** This officer, 
-raverv, if it had been seasoned with virtue, would have 
entitled him to the admiration of everv soldier. This hardened 
■urderer soon met his fate. Hr isf "igh the breast by 

of the regiment, while repeating the order 

"to give no quarte-.'" 

T e battle now raged with increased fury on the right, but on 
the left the enemv was repulsed and put to flight. Thence and 
from the centre. I ordered reinforcements. They were promptly 
sent by brigadier general Riplev, and brigadier general Porter. 

tain Fanning, of the corps of* artillery, kept up a spirited and 
fire with his field pieces, on the enemy attempting 






397 

approach the fort. Major Uindman's gallant efforts, aided by 
Major Trimble, having failed to drive the enemy from the bastion, 
with th> • and infantry in the fort, captain 

HinUall, of tlie 4th rihV regiment, with a detachment of riflemen, 
gallantrv rushed in through the gateway to their assistance, and 
with some infantrv, charged tne enemy, but was repulsed, and the 
captain severely wounded. A detachment from the 11th, 19th, 
and _-2d infantrv, under captain Poster, <>f the 11th, were intro- 

d <i\.-r the interior bastion, for the purpose of charging the 
v. Major Hall, ass • - tor general, very handsomely 

t rndr r f d hii n ii Ti rro < the chare , I e charge a a? gallantly 

made b^ iter and major Hall, but owing to die narrow- 

ness <>f the pass p t<> the bastion, admitting only two or three 

abreast, it failed. It' ted, and - » checked ; 

the ene ce in the h - however, much cut to pieces 

and diminished bv our artillery and small arms. .V I - moment 

v operation »a» ai by the explosion of some cartridges 

deposited in the end off - inc. building adjoining the contested 

on. The • - jsaendons — it was dei - : the 

- i.jinent, dptain Bid' - or- 

dered to tau>e a Bold piece to I- - - to enfilade the ex- 

terior plain an< ■_ i > aptain, though not recovered 

from i severe contusion in the shoulder, -d from one of 

enemy'i shells, pcomptlj - position, and served his 

with vivacity and I Pannii _'- ba 

likewise played opmi them at - great el The 

enemy were in a few mot mtirely del taken or potto 

\ leaving on the field l&i killed. 174 wounded, and 186 pri- 
\ large portion are - - irelv wounded, that they tan- 
nut survive; the slightly wounded, it is presumed, were curried 

off 

To brigadier general Ripley, much credit is due for the judi- 
- - in of the Lett wing, previous to the action, and tor 
the steady disciplined courage manifested by him and his imme- 
diate command, and for the piaa a pti - ith which he complied 
with my orders for reinforcement during the action. Brigadier 
■ral" Porter, commanding the New York and Pennsylvania 
8, manifested a degree of vigilance and judgment ii 
preparatorv arrangement - - ;• - ' courage in 

the action, which pr<»ves him to be worthy the confidence of his coun- 
try, and the brave volunteers who fought under him. Of the volun- 
teers, captains Broughton and Harding with their detach e 
ed on the right, and attached to the line commanded by captain E. 
1 --er, of the veteran 9th infantry, handsomely contributed to 
the repulse of the left column of the enemy under colonel Scott. 
lie judicious preparations and steady conduct ol lieutenant 
colonel Aspinwall, commanding the first brigade, merit approba- 
•n. 



398 

To major M'Ree, chief engineer, the greatest credit is due for 
the excellent arrangement and skilful execution of his plans for 
fortifying and defending the right, and for his correct and season- 
able suggestions to regain the bastion. Major Wood, of the en- 
gineers, also greatly contributed to the previous measures of de- 
fence. He has accepted the command ol a regiment of infantry, 
(the :21st,) for which he has often proved himself well qualified, 
but never so conspicuously as on this occasion. 

Towson's battery emitted a constant sheet of fire. Wood's 
small arms lighted up the space, and repulsed five terrible charges 
mide between the b.tttery and the lake. Brigadier general Rip- 
ley speaks in high terms of the officers and men engaged, parti- 
cularly captains Marston and Ropes, lieutenants Riddle (of the 
15th, doing duty with the 21st) and Hall; ensigns Benn, Jones, 
Cummings and Thomas of the 21st, and Really and Green of 
the 19th. 

Major Hindman, and the whole of the artillery under the com- 
mand of that excellent officer, displayed a degree of gallantry 
and good conduct not to be surpassed. The particular situation 
of captain Towson, and the much lamented captain Williams 
and lieutenant M'Donough, and that of lieutenant Watmough, as 
already described, with their respective commands, rendered them 
most conspicuous. The courage and good conduct of lieutenant 
Zantzinger and lieutenant Childs, is spoken of in high terms by 
major Hindman and captain Towson, as also that of Serjeant 
major Denhon. Captains Biddle and Fanning, on the centre and 
right of their entrenchments, threw their shot to the right, left 
and front, and annoyed the Indians and light troops of the enemy 
approaching from the woods. Lieutenant Fontaine in his zeal to 
meet the enemy, was unfortunately wounded and made prisoner. 
Lieutenant Bird was active and useful, and in fact every indivi- 
dual belonging to the corps did their duty. 

The detachment of Scott's gallant brigade, consisting of parts 
of the 9th, 11th and 22d infantry, did its duty in a manner worthy 
the high reputation the brigade had acquired at Chippewa, and at 
the falls of Niagara. The 9th, under the command of captain 
Edmund Foster, was actively engaged against the left of the 
enemy, and with the aid of lieutenant Douglass's corps of bom- 
bardeirs, commanding the water battery, and of that of the volun- 
teers, under captains Broughton and Harding, effected their re- 
pulse. The good conduct of lieutenants Childs, Cushman and 
Foot, and ensign Blake, deserves commendation. 

The officers killed, are captain Williams and lieutenant M'Do- 
nough of the artillery. Wounded, lieutenant Watmough of the 
artillery ; ensign Cissney 19th ; lieutenant Bushnel 21st; lieute- 
nants Brown and Belknap 23d; and captain Birdsall, 4th rifle 
regiment, all severely. 

Lieutenant Fontaine of the artillery, who was taken prisoner, 
vrites from the British camp, that he fortunately fell into the 



399 

hands of the Indians, who, after taking his money, treated him 
kindly. It would mtiii, then, that these savages fiad not joined 
in the resolution to give no quarter. 

To Major Jones, assistant adjutant general, and major Hall, 
assistant inspector general ; captain Harris of the dragoons, vo- 
lunteer aid-de-camp; lieutenant Belton, aid-de-camp, much 
credit is due for their constant vigilance and strict attention to 
every duty previous to the action, and the stead v courage, zeal 
and activity, which they manifested daring the action. 

The surgeons, doctors duller £3d, Trowbridge "21st, with their 
mates; doctors Gale of the 23d, and Everitt and Allen of the 
21st, deserve the wannest approbation, for their indefatigable ex- 
ertions and humane attention to the wounded of our army, as 
well as to the prisoners who fell into their hands. 

1 have the honour to be, &c. 
E. P. GAINES, Brig. Gen. Comdg. 
Hon. John Armstrong-, Secretary of War. 

Htpori of the killed, wounded and prisoners, taken at the buttle 
of Erie, I . C. August \5th, 181-4. 



Killed, left on the field, 222 — wounded, left on the field, 174 
prisoners, 186. Grand total, 582. 

Two hundred suppo>ed to be killed on the left flank, near 
Snake Hill (in the water) and permitted to float down the Nia- 
gara. The number on the right flank, near the woods, could not 
be ascertained. 

Given at the inspector general's office, Fort Erie, Upper Ca- 
nada. 

NATHL. N. HALL, 

jissist. Inspt. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. E. P. Gaines, Sie. 



HEAD QUARTERS, FORT ERIE, UPPER CANADA, 

August 26th, 1814. 

SIR, 

In my report of the battle of the 15th instant, I inadvertent- 
ly omitted the names of captain Chunn of the 19th, lieutenants 
Bowman and Larned, of the 21st, and Jewittofthe 11th infantry, 
as also my brigade major, lieutenant Gleason; each of whom 
bore a conspicuous part in the action,, and whom I beg leave to 
recommend to your notice. Lieutenants Bowman and Larned 
commanded companies in the 21st, which so gallantly beat the 
enemy's right column. Captain Chunn with his company was 
doing duty with the same regiment. I also omitted mentioning 
that a part of this regiment pursued the enemy's right upwards 
of a mile, and took 100 prisoners ; his left was also pursued, and 



400 

more than an hundred prisoners were taken beyond our works. 
These facts prove, that the affair was not merely a defence of our 
position, or a mere repulse of the enemy, as I find it called by 
some. As regards myself, 1 am satisfied with the result, and am 
not disposed to make any difficulty about the name by which the 
affair may be called ; but it is due to the brave men I have the 
honour to command, that I should say, that the affair was to the 
enemy a sore beating and a defeat, and it was to us a handsome 
victory. 

Our position is growing stronger every day by the exertions of 
majors M'Ree and Wt.od, and the officers and men generally. 
We keep up a smart cannonade. One of the enemy's pickets 
yesterday approached nearer to ours than usual. Major Brooks, 
officer of the day, added 1 00 men to our picket, attacked and drove 
them in with considerable loss; the major brought in about 30 
muskets. In this affair, however, we have to lament the loss ot 
another gallant officer, captain Wattles, of the 23d ; our loss was 
otherwise inconsiderable. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 
E. P. GAINES, 
Brigadier General Commanding, 
Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War. 



BATTLE OF BLADENSBURG. 

BALTIMORE, August 2~th, 1814. 

SIR, 

When the enemy arrived at the mouth of Potomac, of all the 
militia which I had been authorized to assemble there were but 
about 1,700 in the field, from 13 to 1400 under general Stansbury 
near this place, and about 250 at Bladensburg, under lieutenant 
colonel Kramer ; the slow progress of draft, and the imperfect 
organization, with the ineffectiveness of the laws to compel them 
to turn out, rendered it impossible to have procured more. 

The militia of this s'ate, and the contiguous parts of Virginia 
and Pennsylvania, were called on en masse, but the former militia 
law of Pennsylvania had expired on the 1st of June or July, and 
the one adopted in its place is not to take effect in organizing the 
militia before October. No aid, therefore, has been received from 
that state. 

After all the force that could be put at my disposal in that short 
time, and making such dispositions as I deemed best calculated 
to present the most respectable force at whatever point the enemy 
might strike, 1 was enabled by the most active and harrassing 
movements of the troops, to interpose before the enemy at Ela- 
densburg, about 5000 men, including 330 regulars, and commo- 
dore Barney's command. Much the largest portion of this force 
arrived on the ground when the enemy were in sight, and were 



401 

di«po*ed to support in the best manner the position which general 
Btansbury had taken. They had barely reached the ground be- 
i the action commenced, which was about one oxlock, P. M. 
of the •■ZAlh instant, and continued about an hour. 

The contest was not as obstinately maintained as could have 
desired, but was bv parts of the troops sustained with great 
spirit and with prodigious effect, and had the whole of our force 
been equally firm, I am induced to believe the enemy would have 
been repulsed notwithstanding all the disadvantages under which 
we fought. The artillery from Baltimore, supported bv major 
Pinkney's rifle battalion and a part of captain Doughty's from the 
Navy Yard, were in advance to command the pass of the bridge 
at Bladeosburg, and plaved upon the enemy, as 1 have since learn- 
ed, with very destructive effect; but the rifle troops were obliged 
after some time to retire, and of cour.-e artillery. Superior numbers, 
however, rushed upon them and made their retreat necessary, not 
however without great loss on the part of the enemy. Major 
Pinkney received a severe wound in his right arm, after he had 
retired to the left flank of Stansbury's brigade. The right and 
centre of Stansburv's brigade, consisting of lieutenant colonel 
Ragan's and Shute/.'s regiments, generally gave way very soon 
afterwards, with the exception of about forty rallied by colonel 
Ragan, after having lost his horse and a whole or apart of captain 
Trower's company, both of whom general Stansbury represents 
to have made, even thus deserted, a gallant stand. The fall which 
lieutenant colonel Ragan received from his horse, together with 
bifl great efl'orts to Bustain hie position, rendered him unable to 
follow the retreat ; we have, therefore, to lament that this gallant 
and excellent officer has been taken prisoner. He has, however, 
been paroled, and 1 met him here recovering from the bruises 
occasioned bv hi> fall. The loss of his services at this moment 
is serious. The 5th Baltimore regiment, under lieutenant colonel 
Sterret, being the left of brigadier general Stansbury's brigade, 
still, however, stood their ground, and except for a moment, 
when part of them recoiled a few steps, remained firm and stood 
until ordered to retreat with a view to prevent them from being 
out flanked. 

The reserve under brigadier general Smith, of the district of 
Columbia, with the militia of the city and Georgetown, with the 
regulars and some detachments of the Maryland militia, flanked 
on their right by commodore Barney and his brave fellows, and 
lieutenant Colonel Beall, still were* to the right on the hill and 
maintained the contest for some time with great eflect. 

It is not with me to report the conduct of commodore Barney 
and his command, nor can I speak from observation, being too re- 
mote ; but the concurrent testimony of all who did observe them, 
does them the highest justice for their brave resistance, and the 
destructive eflect they produced on tiie enemy. Commodore 
51 



402 

Barney, after having lost his horse, took post near one of his guns, 
and there unfortunately received a severe wound in the thi»-h, 
and he also fell into the hands of the enemy. 

Captain Miller, of marines, was wounded in the arm fighting; 
bravely. From the best intelligence there remains but little doubt 
that the enemy lost at least four hundred killed and wounded, and 
of these a very unusual portion killed. Our loss cannot, I think, 
be estimated at more than from thirty to forty killed, and fifty or 
sixty wounded. 

You will readily understand that it is impossible for me to 
speak minutely of the merit or demerit of particular troops so 
little known to me from their recent and hasty assemblage. My 
subsequent movements, for the purpose of preserving as much of 
my force as possible, gaining reinforcements and protecting this 
place, you already know. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

\VM. H. WINDER, 
Brig. Gen. Comclg. 10th M. D. 

P. S. We have to lament that captain Sterret, of the 5th Bal- 
timore regiment, has also been wounded, but is doing well ; other 
officers, no doubt, deserve notice, but I am as yet unable to par- 
ticularize. 
Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War. 

NAVY YARD, WASHINGTON, August 27th, 1814. 
SIR, 

After receiving your orders of the 24th, directing the public 
shipping, stores, &c. at this»establishment, to be destroyed, in case 
of the success of the enemy over our army, no time was lost in 
making the necessary arrangements for firing the whole, and pre- 
paring boats for departing from the yard, as vou had suggested. 
About 4 P. M. I received a message by an officer, from the Secre- 
tary of ^ War, with information that he could " protect me no 
longer." Soon after this, I was informed that the conflagration 
of the Eastern Branch bridge had commenced ; and, in a few 
minutes, the explosion announced the blowing up of that part near 
the " draw," as had been arranged in the morning. 

It had been promulgated, as much as in mv power, amoHg the 
inhabitants of the vicinity, the intended fate of the vard, in order 
that they might take every possible precaution for the safety of 
themselves, families, and property. Immediately several indivi- 
duals came, in succession, endeavoring to prevail on ine to deviate 
from my instructions, which they were invariably informed was 
unavailing, unless they could bring me your instructions in writ- 
ing, countermanding those previously given. A deputation also of 
the most respectable women came on the same errand, when I 



403 



mind myself painfully necessitated to inform then that any far- 
ther importunities would cause the matches to be instantly ap- 
Fi t ■ the trains, with assurance, however, that if left at peace, 
lid delay the execution of the orders as \on<z as I could feel 
i - i. low of justification. Captain Creighton's arrival at 

, with the men who had been with him at the bridge, (pro- 
: o'clock,) would hare justified me in instant opera- 

tion ; l>ut he also was strenuous in the desireto obviate the intend- 
ed destruction, and volunteered to ride out and gain me positive 
inform ition, is to the position of the enemy, under the hope that 
our;nm\ mighl have rallied and repulsed them. I was myself, 
indeed, desirous of delay, lor the reason that the wind was then 
blowing fi esh from the south south west, v hich would most probably 
t tused the destruction of all the private property north and 

jrard, in its neighbourhood. I was of opinion, also, 
t the close ol the evening would bring with it a calm, in which 
happili wewerenot disappointed. Other gentlemen, well mount- 
ed, volunteered, a> captain Creighton had done, to go out and 
bring me positive intelligence of the enemy's situation, if pos- 
eible to obtain it. 

'I'lu- evening came, and 1 waited with much anxiety the return 
of captain Creighton, having almost continual information that 
the enemy were in the neighbourhood of the marine barracks, — 
at the capitol hill— and that their " advance" was near George- 
tow 11. I therefore determined to wait only until half past 8 
«»\ lock, to commence the execution of my orders, becoming ap- 
prehensive thai captain Creighton had, from his long stay, fallen 
into the hands of the enemy. During this delay, I ordered a lew 
marine-., and other persons who were then near me, to go off in 
i of the small galfies. which was done, and the boat is ; saved. 
< lone! Wharton had been furnished with a light boat, with which 
he let; the yard, probably between 7 and 8 o'clock. At twenty 
minutes past s captain Creighton returned ; he was still extreme- 
ly averse to the destruction of the property, but having informed 
him thai vonr order., tome were imperative, the proper disposition 
ol the boat, being made, the matches were applied, and in a lew 
moments the whole was in a state of irretrievable conflagration. 
When about leaving the wharf I observed the fire had also com- 
menced at Greenlelfs point, and in the way out of the branch, 
we observed the Capitol on fire. Ithad been my intention no to 
I, ave the vicinity o( the yard with my boat during the night ; but 
having captain Creighton and other gentlemen with me, she was 
too much encumbered and overladen to render that de termination 
proper. We therefore proceeded to Alexandria, in lie vicinity 
if which I rested till the morning of the 25th when, having also 
refreshed the rig's crew, we left Alexandria at hall past 7 a ctocK, 
and proceedelagain up to the yard, where 1 landed, unmolested, 
about a quarter before nine. 



404 

The schooner Lynx had laid alongside the burning wharf, still ur» 
hurt; hoping, therefore, to save her, we hauled her to the quarter 
of the hulk of the New York, which had also escaped the ravage* 
of the flames. The detail issuing store of the navy store keeper 
had remained safe from the fire during the night, which the enemy, 
(being in force in the yard) about 8 o'clock set fire to, and it was 
speedily consumed. It appeared that they had left the yard about 
half an hour when we arrived. I found my duelling house, and 
that of lieutenant Haraden, untouched by fire ; but some of the 
people of the neighbourhood had commenced plundering them; 
therefore, hastily collecting a few persons known to me, 1 got 
some of mvmost valuable materials moved to neighbours' houses 
out of the yard, who tendered me their ofl'ers to receive them, the 
enemv's officers having declared private property sacred. Could 
I have staid another hour, I had probably saved all my furniture 
and stores ; but being advised by some friends, that I was not 
safe, they believing that the admiral was by that time, or would 
speedily be informed of mybeing in the yard, he having expressed 
an anxious desire to make me captive, but had said that the offi- 
cers' dwellings in the yard should not be destroyed. I therefore 
again embarked in the gig, taking along out of the branch one of 
the new launches, which lay safe, although along side of a floating 
sta^e enveloped in flames. I had no sooner gone than such a 
scene of devastation and plunder took place in the houses (by the 
people of the neighbourhood,) as is disgraceful to relate ; not a 
moveable article, from the cellars to the garrets, has been left us, 
and even some of the fixtures, and the locks of the doors, have 
been shamefully pillaged. Some of the perpetrators, however, 
have been made known to me. 

From the number and movements of the enemy, it would have 
appeared rash temerity to have attempted returning again that 
day, though my inclination strongly urged it; therefore, reconnoi- 
term* their motions, as well as could be effected at a convenient 
distance in the gig, until evening, I again proceeded to Alexandria 
for the night. Yesterday morning, the 26th, it was impossible to form 
{from the various and contradictory reports at Alexandria) any sort 
of probable conjecture, either of the proceedings and situation of 
our army, or that of the enemy. Determining, therefore, to have a 
positive knowledge of some part thereof, from occular demonstra- 
tion, I again embarked in the gig, proceeding with due caution to 
the yard, where I learned with chagrin the devastation and pillage 
before mentioned, and found also, to my surprise, that the old<»un 
boat, which had been loaded with provisions, and had grounded, 
in endeavouring to get out of the branch, on the evening of the 
24th, was nearly discharged of her cargo, by a number of our 
people, without connexion with each other. Having landed in 
the yard, 1 stxmi ascertained that the enemy had left the city, ex- 
cepting only a Serjeant's guard, for the security of the sick and 



465 

x ndc I. Finding it impracticable to stop the scene of plundar 
ed, 1 determined instantly on re-possessin" the 
J all the force at my command. Repairing, therefore, im- 

mediately to Alexandria, lieutenant Haraden, the ordinary men, 
ami the lew marines there, were ordered directly up ; following 
myself, I got fall p •- u again at evening. 

I un no* collecting the scattered purloined provisions, 
read\ for your orders, presuming they will now become very 
> indeed ; the quantity saved, you shall be informed when 

known u> me. I lie Lj ax i- -air, except her foremast being carried 

y in the storm of the 25th, abuut -4 P. M. We have alsoano- 
thei <•! the gun boats, with about 100 barrels of powder, and one 
of the I.. _• yard cutters nearly full, with the filled cvlinder>, for 
our different guns previously mounted ; the powder of those, how- 
ever, is probably much wetted by the storm. 1 would most wil- 
lingly have an interview with you, but deem it improper to leave 
m\ station without some justifiable cause, or in pursuance of 
your instructions, under which I am ready to proceed, wherever 
mj services may bethought useful. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

THOMAS TINGEY. 

Hon. W. Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 

N'TE. In the naw yard at Y\ ashington, there is an elegant Italian mar- 
til, n, nrament, erected b\ the officers of the American navy, at their own 
. sacmito the mcmon of their gallant brethren who fell before Tri- 
I I is monument was mutilated hi/ the British on the 25th of August 1814. 

El>lT. 



FARM AT ELK RIDGE, August 29th, 1814. 
b IR, 

This is U»e first moment I have had it in my power to make a 
report of tiie proceedings of the forces under my command, since 
1 had the honour of seeing you at the camp at the " Old Fields." 
On the afternoon of that day, we were informed that the enemy 
was advancing upon us. The army was put under arms, and our 
positions taken : my lorces on the'right, flanked by the two bat- 
talion- of the 36th and 38th, where we remained" some hours ; 
the enemy did not make hi- appearance. A little before sun-set 
£• ru ral it inder came to me, and recommended that the heavy ar- 
tillery should be withdrawn, with the exception of one 12 pounder 
to cover the retreat. We took up our line of march, and in the 
night entered W ashington by the hastern Branch bridge. 1 march- 
ed my men, &c to the marine barracks, and took up quarters for 
the night, myself sleeping at commodore Tin^ev's, in the navy 
yard. About 2 o'clock general Winder came to my quarters, 
and we made some arrangements for the morning. In the morning 
I received a note from general "Winder, and waited upon him; he 



406 

requested me to take command, and place my artillery to defend 
the passage of the bridge on the Eastern Branch, as the enemy 
was approaching ihe city in that direction. I immediately put 
my guns in position, leaving the marines and the rest of my men 
at the barracks, to wait further orders. I was in this situation 
when I had the honour to meet you, with the President and 
heads of departments, when it was determined that I should draw 
ofi" my guns and men, and proceed towards liladensburg, which 
was immediately put into execution. On our way, I was informed 
the enemy was within a mile of Bladensburgh ; — we hurried on. 
The day was hot, and my men very much crippled from the severe 
marches we had experienced the days before, many of them being 
without shoes, which I had replaced that morning. I preceded the 
men, and when 1 arrived at the line which separates the district 
from Maryland, the battle began. I sent an officer back to hurry 
on my men; they came up in a trot ; we took our position on the 
rising ground, put the pieces in battery, posted the marines under 
captain Miller, and the flotilla men, who were to act as infantry, 
under their own officers, on my right, to support the pieces, and 
waited the approach of the enemy. During this period the en- 
gagement continued, and the enemy advancing, our own army re- 
treating before them, apparently in much disorder. At length 
the enemy made his appearance on the main road, in force, and 
in front of my battery, ard on seeing us made a halt. I reserved 
our fire. In a few minutes the enemy again advanced, when I 
ordered an 18 pounder to be fired, which completely cleared the 
road ; shortly after, a second and a third attempt mas made by the 
enemy to come forward, but all were destroyed. They then cross- 
ed over into an open field, and attempted to flank our right ; he 
was there met by three 1:2 pounders, the marines under captain 
Jliller, and my men, acting as infantry, and again was totally cut 
up. By this time not a vestige of the American army remained, 
except a body of five or six hundred, posted on a height on my 
right, from whom I expected much support, from their fine situ- 
ation. 

The enemy from this period never appeared in force in front 
of us ; they pushed forward their sharp shooters ; one of which 
shot my horse under me, who fell dead between two of my guns. 
The enemy, who had been kept in check by our fire for nearly 
half an hour, now began to out-flank us on the right}; our guns 
were turned that way ; he pushed up the hill, about two or three 
hundred, towards the corps of Americans stationed as above de- 
scribed, who, to my great mortification, made no resistance, giving 
a fire or two and retired. In this situation we had the whole army 
of the enemy to contend with. Our ammunition was expended ; 
and, unfortunately, the drivers of my ammunition wagons had 
gone off in the general panic. At this time I received a severe 
wound in my thigh ; captain Miller was wounded ; sailing master 



407 

i r killed ; acting sailing master Martin killed; and sailing 
master Martin wounded; but to the honour of iny officers and 
men, .1- fast as their companions and messmates fell at the wins 
they were instantly replaced from the infantry. 

Finding the enemy now completely in our rear, and no means 
of defence, I gave orders to my officers and men to retire. Three 

01 mj offii era assisted me to i;c"t oft* a short distance, but the great 
loss of blood occasioned such a weakness, that I was compelled 
to lie down. I requested mv officers to leave me, which they ob- 
stinately refused; hut upon being ordered they obeyed, one only 
remained. In a Bhort time I observed a British soldier, and had 
him called, and directed him to seek an officer; in a few minutes 
an officer came, and on learning who I was, brought general Ross 
ami admiral Cockbnrn to me. Those officers behaved to me with 
the most marked attention, respect and politeness, had a surgeon 
brought, and my wound dressed immediately. After a few min- 
Dtes conversation, the general informed me (after pavin°- me a 
handsome compliment] that I was paroled, and at liberty to pro- 
ceed to \\ ashingtoa or Bladensburg; as also Mr. Huffington, who 
had remained with me, offering me every as.«astance in his power, 
giving orders lor a litter to be brought, in which 1 was carried to 
Bladensburg ; captain Woinwright, first captain to admiral Coch- 
ran.-, remained with me, and behaved to me as if I was a brother. 
During the stay of the enemy at Bladensburg, I received every 
marked attention possible from the officers of the army and navy. 

My wound i> deep, but I flatter myself not dangerous ; the ball 
i- nut \et extracted. 1 fondly hope a few weeks will restore me 
to health, and that an exchange will take place, that I may resume 
mv command, or any other that you and the President may think 
proper to honour me with. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 
JOSHUA BARNEY. 
Hon, W. Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 



PROCLAMATION 

Of colonel Nichols of the British army, to the southern and west- 
ern inhabitants of the United States. 

Natives of Louisiana! On you the first call is made, to as- 
sist in liberating from a faithless, imbecile government, your pa- 
ternal .-.oil ; Spaniards, Frenchmen, Italians and British, whether 
settled, or residing for a time in Louisiana, on you, also, I call, to 
aid me in this just cause : the American usurpation in this coun- 
tiy must be abolished, and the lawful owners of the soil put in 
possession. I am at the head of a large body of Indians, well arm- 
ed, disciplined, and commanded by British officers — a good train 



40^ 

of artillery, with every requisite, seconded by the powerful aid or 
a numerous British and Spanish squadron of ships and vessels of 
war. Be not alarmed, inhabitants of the country, at our approach ; 
the same good faith and disinterestedness, which has distinguished 
the conduct of Britons in Europe, accompanies them here ; you 
will have no fear of litigious taxes imposed on you, for the purpose 
of carrying on an unnatural and unjust war; your property, your 
laws, the peace and tranquillity of your country, will be guaranteed 
to you by men, who will suffer no infringement of theirs ; rest 
assured, that these brave RED men only burn with an ardent de- 
sire of satisfaction, for the wrongs they have suffered from the Amer- 
icans : to join you in liberating these southern provinces from their 
yoke, and drive them into those limits formerly prescribed by 
my sovereign. The Indians have pledged themselves, in the most 
solemn manner, not to injure, in the slightest degree, the persons 
or properties of any but enemies. A flag over any door, whether 
Spanish, French or British, will be a certain protection ; nor dare 
any Indian put his foot on the threshhold thereof, under penalty 
of death from his own countrymen ; not even an enemy will an 
Indian put to death, except resisting in arms: and as for injuring 
helpless women and children, the red men, by their good conduct, 
and treatment to them, will (if it be possible) make the Americans 
blush for their more inhuman conduct, lately on the Escambia, and 
within a neutral territory. 

Inhabitants of Kentucky, you have too long borne with griev- 
ous impositions ; the whole brunt of the war has fallen on your 
brave sons : be imposed on no longer, but either range yourselves 
under the -hndard of your forefathers, or observe a strict neutra- 
lity. If you comply with either of these offers, whatever provisions 
you send down will be paid for in dollars, and the safety of the 
persons bringing it, as well as the free navigation of the Mississippi, 
guaranteed to you. 

Men of Kentucky, let me call to your view (and I trust to your 
abhorrence) the conduct of those factions, which hurried vou into 
this civil, unjust, and unnatural war, at a time when Great Britain 
was straining every nerve, in defence of her own, and the libe; lies 
of the world ; when the bravest of her sons were fighting and 
bleeding in so sacred a cause ; when she was spending millions of 
her treasure, in endeavouring to pull down one of the most formi- 
dable and dangerous tyrants, that ever disgraced the form of man; 
when groaning Europe was almost at her last gasp ; when Britons 
alone showed an undaunted front — basely did those assassins en- 
deavour to stab her from the rear ; she has turned on them, reno- 
vated from the bloody but successful struggle, Europe is happy and 
free, and now hastens, justly to avenge the unprovoked insult. 
Show them that you are not collectively unjust; leave that con- 
temptible few to shift for themselves; let those slaves of the trrant 
send an embassy to Elba, and implore his aid ; but let every honest, 



409 

upright American ipurn them with united contempt. After the 
experience «>i twenty-one years, can you longer support those 

I r» for liberty, who call it freedom, when themselves are free? 
B* no longei I eir dupes ; accept of my offers; every thing 1 have 

lised in tin- paper, I guarantee to you, on the sacred honour 
tit i Mm i i-.ii on tcER. 

G vii under my hand, at my head quarters, Pensacola, this 
d..\ ol Vugust, 1814. 

EDWARD NICHOLS. 



Ill \1> (ji \RTERS, CAMP AT THE WHITE HOUSE, VA. 

September 6th, 1814. 

MR, 

^i ester day morning about 2 o'clock, the enemy's squadron 
discontinued the bombardment which had been kept up with little 
intermission, for three days, weighed anchor, and stood down the 
river, i omtnencing a heavj lire on the battery, and across the neck 
ol land through which tin- militia were compelled to march to its 
assistance. The title companies under captains Humphries, febbs 
and Fields, were immediately ordered down to the battery, which 
orders were promptly obeyed. 1 followed with colonel Parker's 

iment,and two detachments under colonels Green and Renno, 
leaving instructions with general Young to take a position between 
n^ and t creek, which made up some distance behind so as to pre- 
wiii the enemy falling on our rear, and to co-operate with us, if 
necessary, at the battery. When I had proceeded with the advance 
to a point within three or four hundred yards of the river, the 
troops were halted until I could obtain accurate information of 
the precise situation of the enemy; about this time, commodore 
Porter, a>« I understood, finding our little battery inefficient to 
impede the progress of the vessels, after having long gallantly 
defended it, ami considering a longer contention with such a su- 
periority of metal a wanton sacrifice of blood, ordered the battery 
to be evacuated and his men to retire, which they did. The two 
targes! "• the enemy's vessels, then anchored; one just above, 
and the other just below the battery, and commenced a most gall- 
ing cross tire of round shot, grape, canister, &c. The troops which 
had been previously ordered to shelter themselves from the fire of 
the enemy, it having become extremely severe, were immediately 
formed and marched back to a place of comparative security. We 
had scarcely retired, when information was brought that the ene- 
tn\ discovered a disposition to land, and aid was necessary to 
prevent their spiking our cannon. I again moved down with the 
troops under our command, colonel Dangerfield with his regiment 
being ien1 on before, and had proceeded to a valley within about 
fifty vards of the battery, when general Young and myself, who 

e following with the residue of the troops, were met by com- 
52 



410 

modore Porter, within three or four hundred yards of the rivet - . 
He thought that it was unnecessary to expose the whole army, 
and advised that 200 men, which he thought sufficient for the 
purpose, should be sent down to protect the battery. All the 
troops were then ordered back, the detail made and sent down 
under the command of colonel Green ; major Banks followed with 
200 men, to aid, if necessary. 

Permit ine to say, that it was impossible for men to have con- 
ducted themselves with more intrepidity, than the militia on this 
occasion. Notwithstanding the dreadful cross fire of every spe- 
cies of missive, by the enemy, to which they were exposed, with- 
out a possibility of returning the fire (the most trying of all situa- 
tions) not a man under my command offered to move, until orders 
to that effect was given ; and then it was done slowly and in order. 
I beg leave also, to mention the promptitude and alacrity with 
which the second order to march through a tremendous discharge 
of large shot and grape, for the distance of about a mile, was im- 
mediately obeyed. Captain Humphries, with his rifle company, 
was stationed just above the battery, and is entitled to the highest 
commendation for the courage and activity with which he fought. 
Captain Griffith, of Alexandria, was under the immediate direc- 
tion of commodore Porter, who spoke of him in the highest terms 
of approbation. Captain Janney, of Essex, was near the battery 
at the time of the action, with a fatigue party of fifty or sixty 
men, and deserves to be particularly mentioned. Our whole 
loss was eleven killed, and seventeen or eighteen wounded 

I have the honour to be, &c. 
JOHN P. HUNGERFORD, 
Brig. Gen. Virginia militia. 

Hon. James Monroe. 



BATTLE ON LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 

U. S. SHIP SARATOGA, OFF PLATTSBURGH, 

September 11th, 1814. 
SIR, 

The Almighty has been pleased to grant us a signal victory 
on lake Champlain, in the capture of one frigate, one brig, and 
two sloops of war of the enemv. 

1 have the honour to be, &c. 

T. MACDONOUGH. 
Honourable William Jones, 

Secretary of the Navy. 

THE AVON SUNK BY THE WASP. 

UNITED STATE ' SLOOP W*SP, AT SEA, 

September 11th, 1814— latitude 40 N. lontritude 16 W. 

SIR, 

After a protracted and tedious stay at L'Orient, I had at 
fast the pleasure of leaving that place "on Saturday the 27th of 



411 



u\ August. On the 50th, captured the British brig Lettice, 
Henrv Cockburn, master; and 31st August, the British brig 
Bon Accord, Adam Durno, master. On the morning of the 1st 
September, discovered a convoy of ten sail at leeward, in charge 
of the Armada 74, and a bomb ship ; stood for them and succeeded 
in cutting out the British brig Mary, John D. Allen, master, laden 
with brass cannon taken from the Spaniards, iron cannon and 
military stores from Gibraltar to England, removed the prisioners 
set her on fire and endeavoured to capture another ot the con- 
voy, but was chased oft" by the Armada. On the evening of the 
same day at £ past 6, while going free, discovered four vessels 
nearlv at the same time, two on the starboard, and two on the 
larboard bow, being the farthest to windward. At 7 the chase 
(a brig) commenced making signals with flags, which could not 
be distinguished for want of light, and soon after made various 
ones with lantherns, rockets and guns. At 26 minutes after 9, 
having the chase under our lee bow, the 12 pound carronade was 
directed to be fired into him, which he returned ; ran under his 
lee to prevent his escaping, and at 20 minutes after 9 commenced 
the action. At 10 o'clock believing the enemy to be silenced, 
orders were given to cease firing, when I hailed and asked if he 
had surrendered. No answer being given to this, and his fii e having 
re-commenced, it was again returned. At 12 minutes after 10, 
the enemy having suffered greatly and having made no return to 
our two last broadsides, I hailed him the second time to know if 
he had surrendered, when he answered in the affirmative. The 
guns were then ordered to be secured and the boat lowered to take 
possession. In the act of lowering the boat, a second brig was 
discovered, a little distance astern and standing for us. Sent the 
crew to their quarters, prepared every thing for another action, 
and waited his coming up— at 36 minutes after 10, discovered two 
more sail astern standing towards us. I now felt myself com- 
pelled to forego the satisfaction of destroying the prize. Our 
braces having been cut away, we kept oft the wind until others 
could be rove, and with the expectation of drawing the second bng 
from his companions, but in this last we were disappointed, lhe 
second brig continued to approach us until she came close to our 
stern, when she hauled by the wind, fired her broadside which cut 
our rigging and sails considerably, and shot away a lower main 
cross t?ee, and retraced her steps to join her consorts ; when we 
were necessitated to abandon the prize, he appeared in every re- 
spect a total wreck. He continued for some time firing guns ot 
distress until probably delivered by the two last vessels who made 
their appearance. The second brig could have engaged us it he 
had thought proper, as he neared us fast, but contented himsell 
with firing a broadside, and immediately returned to his compa- 



nions 



It is with real satisfaction I have again the pleasure of bearing 
testimony to the merits of lieutenants Reily, Tillingnast, Berry 



412 

and sailing master Carr ; and to the good conduct of every officer 
and man on board the Wasp. Their divisions and departments 
were attended and supplied with the utmost regularity and abund- 
ance, whi' h, with the good order maintained, together with the vi- 
vacity and precision of their fire, reflects on them the greatest cre- 
dit. Our loss is two killed, and one slightly wounded with a wad. 
The hull received tour round shot, and the fore-mast many grape 
shot. Our rigging and sails suffered a great deal. Every damage 
has been repaired the day after, with the exception of our sails. 

Of the vessel with whom we were engaged, nothing positive can 
be said with regard to her name or force. While hailing him, 
previous to his being fired into, it was blowing fresh (then going 
ten knots) and the name was not distinctly understood. Of her 
force, the four shot which struck us, are all thirty-two pounds in 
weight, being a pound and three quarters heavier than any belong- 
ing to this vessel. From this circumstance, the number of men 
in her tops, her general appearance and great length, she is believ- 
ed to be one of the largest brigs in the British navy. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

J. BLAKELY. 
Hon. "YVm. Jones, Secretary of the Navy. 

P. S. I am told the enemy, after his surrender, asked for assist- 
ance, and said he was sinking. The probability of this is confirm- 
ed by Iris firing single guns for some time after his capture. 

The action took place in latitude 47 30 north, longitude 11 

west. 

List of killed and wounded on board the United States' sloop of 
war, Wasp, Johnston Blakely, esquire, commander, in the action 

with his Britannic majesty's sloop of war — , on the 1st 

September, 1814. 

Killed— Joseph Martin, boatswain ; Henry Staples, quarter 
gunner. Wounded — James Spellings, seaman, collar bone frac- 
tured by a wad. 

Recapitulation — Killed, 2; wounded, 1. Total, 3. 

WM. M. CLARKE, Surgeon. 

It was afterwards ascertained that the prize, the name and force 
of which, captain Blakely could not obtain, was the British brig 
ot war Avon, captain Arbuthnot, of the same number of guns as 
the Reindeer, She sunk immediately after the Castilion which 
chased the Wasp, had taken out her last man. 

From the enemy's account it appeared that her captain was 
wounded in both legs, her first lieutenant and eight men killed, 
and the second lieutenant, one midshipman, and 31 men wounded. 

After repairing damages, the Wasp continued her cruize, and 
on the 21st of September, she captured, off the Madeiras, her 
thirteenth prize, the British brig Atalanta, of eight guns. This 



411? 

vrssel arrived at Havannah in the beginning of November follow- 
ing, with despatches from captain Rlakely, and under the com- 
mand of Mr. Geisinger of the Wasp. 



U. S. SHIP SARATOGA, PLATTSBURGH BAY, 

September 13th, 1814. 

SIR, 

I have the honour to give you the particulars of the action 
which took place on the 11th instant, on this lake. 

For several days, the enemy were on their way to Plattsbiirgh by 
land and water, and it being well understood that an attack would 
be made at the same time, by their land and naval forces, I de- 
termined to await, at anchor, the approach of the latter. 

At eight A. M. the look-out boat announced the approach of 
the enemy. At nine, he anchored in a line ahead, at about 300 
yards distance from my line; his ship opposed the Saratoga, hb 
brig to the Eagle, captain Robert Henley ; his gallies, thirteen 
in number, to the schooner, sloop, and a division of our gallies ; 
out" of his sloops assisting their ship and brig, the other assisting 
their gallies. Our remaining gallies with the Saratoga and Eagle. 

In tins situation, the whole force on both sides, became engaged, 
the Saratoga suffering much, from the heavy fire of the Confi- 
ance. I could perceive at the same time, however, that our fire 
was verj destructive to her. The Ticonderoga, lieutenant com^ 
mandant Cassin, gallantly sustained her full share of the action. 
At half past 10 o'clock, the Eagle not being able to bring her guns 
to bear, cut her cable, and anchored in a more eligible position, be- 
t\\ een my ship and the Ticonderoga, where she very much annoyed 
the enemy, but unfortunately, leaving me exposed to a galling fire 
from the enemy's brig. Our guns on the starboard side being 
nearly all dismounted, or not manageable, a stern anchor was let 
go, the bower cut, and the ship winded with a fresh broadside on 
the enemy's ship, which soon after surrendered. Our broadside 
was then sprung to bear on the brig, which surrendered in about 
15 minutes after. 

The sloop that was opposed to the Eagle, had struck some time 
before, and drifted down the line ; the sloop which was with their 
gallies having struck also. Three of their gallies are said to be 
sunk, the others pulled off. Our gallies were about obeying with 
alacrity, the signal to follow them, when all the vessels were re- 
ported to me to be in a sinking state ; it then became necessary 
to annul the signal to the gallies, and order their men to the 
pumps. I could only look at the enemy's gallies going oft in a 
shattered condition, for there was not a mast in either squadron 
that could stand to make sail on ; the lower rigging being nearly 
shot away, hung down as though it had been just placed over mast 
Vends. 




414 

The Saratoga had 55 round shot in her hull, the Confiance 105. 
The enemy's shot passed principally just over our heads, as there 
were not 20 whole hammocks in the nettings at the close of the 
action, which lasted, without intermission, two hours and twenty 
minutes. 

The absence and sickness of lieutenant Raymond Perry, left 
me without the services of that excellent officer ; much ought 
fairly to be attributed to him for his great care and attention in 
disciplining the ship's crew, as her first lieutenant. His place was 
filled by a gallant young officer, lieutenent Peter Gamble, who I 
regret to inform, you, was killed early in the action. Acting- 
lieutenant Vallette worked the 1st and 2d division of guns with 
able effect. Sailing master Brum's attention to the springs, and in 
the execution of the order to wind the ship, and occasionally at the 
guns, met my entire approbation : also captain Youngs, comman- 
ding the acting marines, who took his men to the guns. Mr Beale, 
purser, was of great service at the suns, and in carrying my or- 
ders throughout the ship, with midshipmen Montgomery. Mas- 
ter's mate, Joshua Justin, had command of the 3d division ; his 
conduct during the action, was that of a brave officer. Midship- 
men Monteath, Graham, Williamson, Piatt, Thwing, and act- 
ing midshipman Baldwin, all behaved well, and gave evidence of 
their making valuable officers. The Saratoga was twice set on 
fire, by hot shot from the enemy's ship. 

I close, sir, this communication, with feeling9 of gratitude, for 
the able support I received from every officer and man attached 
to the squadron which I have the honour to command. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

T. MACDONOUGH. 

Honourable William Jones, 

Secretary of the Navy. 



UNITED STATES' SHIP SARATOGA, 

September 13th, 1814. 

SIR, 

I have the honour to inclose to you a list of the killed and 
wounded on board the different vessels of the squadron under 
your command in the action of the 11th instant. It is impossible 
to ascertain correctly that of the enemy. From the best infor- 
mation received from the British officers, from my own observa- 
tions and from various lists found on board the Confiance, I calcu- 
late the number of men on board that ship, at the commencement 
of the action, at 270, of whom at least 180 were killed and woun- 
ded, and on board the other captured vessels, at leat 80 more, 
making in the whole, killed and wounded 260. This is, doubtless, 
short of the real number, as many were thrown overboard from 
the Confiance, during the engagement. The muster books must 



415 

have been thrown overboard, or otherwise disposed of, a9 the j are 
not to be found. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

GEORGE BEALE, Jr. Purser. 
Thomas Macdonough, Esqr. 

Ji comparative view of the forces and loss, 

British— No. of guns 95 ; men 1050 — killed 84; wounded 110, 
Ahkiutak — No. of guns 86; men 820 — killed 52 ;"Vounded 58. 



U. S. SHIP SARATOGA, OFF PL 4TTSBURGH, 

September 13th, 1814. 

DEAR SIR, 

Unclosed is a copy of a letter from captain White Youngs, 
and a list of killed aufl wounded attached to his command. I 
beg leave to recommend captain Youngs to your particular no-, 
tice ; during the action, his conduct was such as to meet with my 
warmest approbation. I feel much indebted to him for his personal 
valor and example of coolness and intrepidity to his own men, as 
well as to the sailors. He volunteered in a sinking boat, to carry 
my order to the gallies for close action, in the hottest part of it ; 
and supplied the guns with his men as fast as the sailors were 
disabled. 

I am, with much respect, &c. 

T. MACDONOUGH. 
Brigadier general Macomb. 



HEAD QUARTERS, PLATTSBURGH, September 15th, 1814. 

SIR, 

I have the honour to communicate for the information of the 
war department, the particulars of the advance of the enemy into 
the territory ofjthe United States, the circumstances attending the 
siege of Plattsburgh, and the defence of the posts entrusted to 
my charge. 

The governor general of the Canadas, sir George Prevost, 
having collected all the disposable force of Lower Canada, with 
a view of conquering the country as far as Crown Point and Ti- 
oonderoga, entered the territories of the United States on the 
first of the month, and occupied the village of Champlain, there 
avowefl his intentions, and issued orders and proclamations tend- 
ing to dissuade the people from their allegiance, and inviting 
them to furnish his army with provisions. He immediately began 
to press the wagons and teams in the vicinity, and loaded them 
with his heavy baggage and stores. From this I was persuaded 
he intended to attack this place. I had but just returned from 
the lines, where I had commanded a fine brigade, which was |gr, 
broken to form the division under major general Izard, ordered 



416 

to the westward. Being senior officer he left me in command, 
and except the four companies of the sixth regiment, 1 had not, 
an organized battalion among those remaining. The garrison 
Avas composed of convalescents and recruits of the new regi- 
ments, — all in the greatest confusion, as well as the ordnance and 
stores, and the works in no state of defence. 

To create an emulation and zeal among the officers and men in 
completing the works, I divided them into detachments, and 
placed them near the several forts: declaring in orders, that each 
detachment was the garrison of its own work, and bound to de- 
fend it to the last extremity. The enemy advanced cautiously and 
by short marches, and our soldiers worked day and night ; so 
that by the time he made his appearance before this place we were 
prepared to receive him. 

General Izard named the principal work Fort Morean, and to 
remind the troops of the actions of their brave countrymen, I 
called the redoubt on the right Fort Brown, and that on the left 
Fort Scott'. Besides these three works, we have two block- 
houses strongly fortified. 

Finding on examining the returns of the garrison, that our force 
did not exceed fifteen hundred effective men for duty, and well in- 
formed that the enemy had as many thousands, I called on gene- 
ral Mooers, of the New York militia, and arranged with him plans 
for bringing forth the militia en masse. The inhabitants of the 
village fled with their families and effects, except a few worthy 
citizens and some boys, who formed themselves into a party, re- 
ceived rifles, and were exceedingly useful. By the 4th of the 
month, general Mooers collected about 700 militia, and advanced 
seven miles on the Beekman town road, to watch the motions of 
the enemy, and to skirmish with him as he advanced ; also to ob- 
struct the roads with fallen trees, and to break up the bridges. 

On the Lake road, at Deer Creek bridge, I posted 200 men 
under captain Sproul, of the 13th regiment, with orders to abattis 
the woods, to place obstructions in the road, and to fortify himself; 
to this party, I added two field pieces. In advance of that posi- 
tion, was lieutenant colonel Appling, with 110 riflemen, watching 
the movements of the enemy, and procuring intelligence. It was 
ascertained, that before day-light on the 6th, the enemy would 
advance in two columns, on the two roads before mentioned, di- 
viding at Sampson's, a little below Chazy village. The column 
on the Beekman town road, proceeded most rapidly; the militia 
skirmished with his advanced parties, and, except a few brave 
men, fell back most precipitately in the greatest disorder, not- 
withstanding the British troops did not deign to fire on them, ex- 
cept by their flankers and advanced patroles. The night previous, 
I ordered major Wool to advance with a detachment of 250 men, 
to support the militia, and set them an example of firmness. Also 
captain Leonard, of the light artillery, was directed to proceed 
wit!) two pieces, to be on the ground before day; yet he did 



417 



not make his appearance before 8 o'clock, when the enemy had 
approached within two miles of the village. With his conduct, 
therefore, I am not well pleased. Major Wool, with his party, 
disputed the road with great obstinacy, but the militia could not 
be prevailed on to stand, notwithstanding the exertions of their 
general and staff officers ; although the fields were divided by 
strong stone walls, and they were told that the enemy could not 
possibly cut them oft*. The state dragoons of New York wear 
red coats, and they being on the heights to watch the enemy, gave 
constant alarm to the militia, who mistook them for the enemy, 
and feared his getting in their rear. Finding the enemy's columns 
had penetrated within a mile of Plattsburgh, I despatched my 
aid-de-camp, lieutenant Root, to bring off the detachment at Dead 
Creek, and to inform lieutenant colonel Appling that I wished 
him to fall on the enemy's right flank The colonel fortunately 
arrived just in time to save his retreat, and to fall in with the 
head of a column debouching from the woods. Here he poured in 
a destructive fire from his riflemen at rest, and continued to annoy 
the column until he formed a junction with major Wool. The 
field pieces did considerable execution among the enemy's co- 
lumn-. So undaunted, however, was the enemy, that he never 
deployed in his whole march, always pressing on in column. Find- 
ing that every road was full of troops crowding on us on all sides, 
I ordered the field pieces to retire across the bridge and form a 
battery for its protection, and to cover the retreat of the infantry, 
which wai accordingly done, and the parties of Jipplin^ nm\ Wool, 
as well as that of Sprout, retired alternately, keeping up a brisk 
fire until they got under cover of the works". The enemy's light 
troops occupied the houses near the bridge, and kept up a constant 
firino- from the windows and balconies, and uincyed us much. I 
ordered them to be driven out with hot shot, which soon put the 
houses in flames, and obliged these sharp shooters to reti-e. The 
whole day, until it was too late to see, the enemy's light troops 
endeavoured to drive our guards from the bridge, but they suffered 
dearly for their perseverance. An attempt '..as ako made to cross 
the upper bridge, where the militia 1 andsoWly drove th n back. 
The column which marched by the Lake road, was much impeded 
by the obstructions and the removal of the bridge at Bead creek, 
and, as it passed the creek and beach, the gallies kept up a lively 
and -ailing fire. Our troops being now all on the south side ot 
the Saranac, I directed the planks to be taken off the bridges and 
piled up in the form of breastworks to cover our parties intended 
for disputing the passage, which afterwards enabled us to hold the 
bridges against very superior numbers. 

From the 7th to the 1 1th, the enemy was employed in getting 
on his battering train, and erecting his battel ries and i approa c hes, 
and constantly skirmishing at the bridges and fords. By this time 
the militia of New York, and the volunteers of ^rmont wee 
roaring in from all quarters. I advised general Moocrs to keep 

53 



418 

his force along the Saranac, to prevent the enemy's crossing the 
river, and to send a strong body in his rear to harass him day and 
night, and keep him in continual alarm. The militia behaved 
with great spirit after the first day, and the volunteers of Vermont 
were exceedingly serviceable. Our regular troops, notwith stand-' 
ing the constant skirmishing and repeated endeavours of the ene- 
my to cross the river, kept at their work day and night strength- 
ening the defences, and evinced a determination to hold out to the 
last extremity. 

It was reported that the enemy had only waited the arrival of 
his flotilla, to make a general attack. About eight in the morning 
of the 11th, as was expected, the flotilla appeared in sight round 
Cumberland Head, and at nine, bore down and engaged our flo- 
tilla at anchor in the bay off the town. At the same instant, the 
batteries were opened on us, and continued throwing bomb shells, 
shrapnels, balls, and congreve rockets until sun-set, when the 
bombardment ceased, every battery of the enemy being silenced 
by the superiority of our fire. The naval engagement lasted but 
two hours, in full view of both armies. Three efforts were made 
by the enemy to pass the river at the commencement of the 
cannonade and bombardment, with a view of assaulting the works, 
and had prepared for that purpose an immense number of scaling 
ladders. One attempt to cross was made at the village bridge, 
another at the upper bridge, and a tliird at a ford about three 
miles from the works. At the two first, he was repulsed by the 
regulars; at the ford, by the brave volunteers and militia, where 
he suffered severely in killed, wounded and prisoners ; a consi- 
derable body having crossed the stream, but were either killed, 
taken, or driven back. The woods at this place were very favour- 
able to the operations of the militia. A whole company of the 
76th regiment was here destroyed, the three lieutenants and 27 
men prisoners, the captain and the rest killed. 

I cannot forego she pleasure of here stating the gallant 
conduct of captain M'Glassin of the 15th regiment, who was 
ordered to ford the river, and attack a party constructing a battery 
on the right of the enemy's line, within five hundred yards of fort 
Brown, which he handsomely executed at midnight with fifty 
men; drove off the working party consisting of one hundred and 
fifty,, and defeated a covering party of the same number, killing 
one officer and six men in the charge and wounding many. At 
dusk the enemy withdrew his artillery from the batteries, and 
raised the siege ; at nine, under cover of the night, sent off in a 
great hurry all the baggage he could find transport for, and also 
his artillery. At two next morning the whole army precipi- 
tately retreated, leaving the sick and wounded to our generosity, 
and the governor left a note with a surgeon requesting the humane 
attention of the commanding general. -^ 

Vast quantities of provisions were left behind and destroyed, 
also an immense quantity of bombshells, cannon balls, grape shot, 



419 

ammunition, flints, &e.&c. intrenching tools of all sorts, also tents 
and marquees. A great deal has been found concealed in the 
ponds and creeks, and buried in the ground, and a vast quantity 
carried oft" by the inhabitants. Such was the precipitancy of his 
retreat, that he arrived at Chazy, a distance of eight miles, before 
*e discovered he had gone. *The light troops, volunteers and 
militia pursued immediately on learning of his flight; and some 
of the mounted men made prisoners five dragoons of the 19th 
regiment, and several others of the rear guard. A continual fall 
ofrain and a violent storm prevented further pursuit. Upwards 
of 300 deserters have come in, and many are hourly arriving. We 
have buried the British officers of the army and navy with the 
honours of war, and shown every attention and kindness to those 
who have fallen into our hands. 

The conduct of the officers, non-commissioned officers, and 
soldiers of my command, during this trying occasion, cannot be 
represented in too high terms, and I feel it my duty to recommend 
to the particular notice of government, lieutenant colonel Appling 
of the 1st rifle corps, major Wool of the 29th, major Totten of 
the corps of engineers, captain Brooks of the artillery, captain 
M'Glassin of the 15th, lieutenants De Russy and Trescott of the 
corps of engineers, lieutenants Smyth, Mountford, and Cromwell 
of the artillery, also my aid-de-camp lieutenant Root, who have 
all distinguished themselves by their uncommon zeal and activity, 
and have been greatly instrumental in producing the happy and 
glorious result of the siege. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

ALEXANDER MACOMB. 
The Secretary of War. 

The loss of the enemy in killed, wounded, prisoners and'desert- 
ers, since his first appearance, cannot fall short of 2500, in elud- 
ing many officers, among whom, is colonel Wellington of the 
buffs. 

Report of the killed, wounded and missing at Pittsburgh, from 
the 6th to the Uth of September, 1814. 

Non-commissioned officers and privates, killed— 37 

wounded — o2 



missing — 20 



-119 



Commissioned Officers. 

1st lieutenant George W. Rank, wounded on the 7th, and died on 

the 8th of September. 
3d lieutenant R. M. Harrison, wounde*. 
do. Henry Taylor, 4ov 



420 

'List of the principal British officers, and an exhibit of the several 
corps under the command of lieutenant general Sir George 
Prevost, at the siege of Plattsburgh. 

Lieutenant general Sir George Prevost, commander in chief, 
major general De Rottenburg, major general Robertson, major 
general Powers, major general Brisbane, major general Banes, sir 
Sidney Beckwith, colonel Hughes, major Sinclair, lieutenant co- 
lonel 'Try all, captain Murray, colonel Burke, major Montgomery, 
captain Davis, &x. 

Regiments and corps of the British army. 

1st Brigade, 3700 

2d do. ... 3600 

3d do. - - 3100 

Light do. 2800 

do. Dragoons, .......... 300 

Royal Artillery, 400 

Rocketeers, Sappers and Miners, - 100 

14,000 



HEAD QUARTERS 3d BRIGADE, BALTIMORE, 

September 15th, 1814. 

I have the honour to report to you, that, in obedience to your 
orders, I marched from Baltimore, on Sunday the 11th instant., 
with part of my brigade, as the advance corps of the army under 
your command. My force consisted of 550 of the 5th regiment, 
under lieutenant colonel Sterret ; 620 of the 6th, under lieuten- 
ant colonel M'Donald ; 500 of the 27th, under lieutenant colonel 
Long ; 450 of the 39th, under lieutenant colonel Fowler : 700 of 
the 51st, under lieutenant colonel Amey ; 150 riflemen, under cap- 
tain Dyer ; 140 cavalry, under lieutenant colonel Blays, and the 
Union artillery of 75 men, with six four pounders, under captain 
Montgomery, making an aggregate of 3,185 effective men. I 
moved towards North Point, by the main road, and at 8 o'clock 
P. M. reached the meeting-house, near the head of Bear creek, 
seven miles from this city. Here the brigade halted, with the 
exception of the cavalry, who were pushed forward to Gorsuch's 
farm three miles in advance, and the riflemen, who took post near 
the blacksmith's shop, two miles in advance of our encampment. 
At 7 o'clock in the morning of the 12th, I received information 
from the advanced videttes, that the enemy were debarking troops 
from and under cover of their gun vessels which lay off the bluff" 
of North Point, within the mouth of Patapsco river. I immediate- 
ly ordered back my baggage under a strong guard, moved for- 
ward the 5th and 27th regiments and my artillery to the head of 
Long-log-lane (so called) resting the 5th with its right on the 



421 

htadof a branch of Bear creek, and its left on the main North 
Point road, while the 27th was posted on the opposite side of the 
road in line with the 5th, its left extending towards a branch of 
Back river. The artillery I posted directly at the head of the 
lane in the interval between the 5th and 27th." The 39th occupied 
aground 300 yards in the rear of the 27th, and the 51st the same 
distance in rear of the 5th, extending each parallel to the front 
line. The 6th regiment was thrown back to a position a short 
distance this side of Cook's tavern, and half a mile in the rear of 
the second line. My orders were, that the 5th and 27th should 
receive the enemy, and if necessary, fall back through the 51st 
and 39th, and form on the right of the 6th or reserve regiments. 
The riflemen were ordered to the skirts of a thick low pine wood, 
beyond the blacksmith's shop, with a large sedge-field in front, that 
as the cavalry were still in advance, who would inform him of the 
enemy's approach, they might take advantage of the covering of 
the wood, and annoy his advance. I soon learned that the ene- 
my's advance party was moving rapidly up the main road, and as 
the cavalry continually announced their progress, 1 flattered my- 
self with the hope that the riflemen would soon proclaim, by a 
galling fire, their still nearer approach. Imagine my chagrin when 
I perceived the whole rifle corps falling back upon my main posi- 
tion, having too credulously listened to groundless information, 
that the enemy were landing on Back river to cut them oft". My 
hopes of early annoyance to the enemy, being thus frustrated, I 
threw the riflemen on the right flank of my front line, thereby, 
with the addition of a few cavalry, very well securing that flank. 
My videttes soon brought information, that the enemy in small 
force, was enjoying himself at Gorsuch s farm. Insulted at the 
idea of a small marauding party thus daringly provoking chas- 
tisement, several of my officers volunteered their corps to dislodge 
it. Captains Levering's and Howard's companies, from the 5th, 
about 150 in number, under major Heath, of that regiment; cap- 
tain Aisquith's, and a few other riflemen, in all about 70; one 
four pounder, with 10 men, under lieutenant Stiles, and the ca- 
valry, were immediately pushed forward to punish the insolence 
of the enemy's advance, or, if his main body appeared, to give 
evidence of my wish for a general engagement. The latter pur- 
pose was soon answered : this small volunteer corps had proceeded 
scarcely half a mile before the main body of the enemy showed 
itself, which was immediately attacked. The infantry and rifle- 
men maintained a fire of some loss in killed and wounded ; the 
cavalry and artillery, owing to the disadvantageous ground, not 
being able to support them. In this skirmish, major Heath's horse 
was killed under him. At half past 2 o'clock, the enemy com- 
menced throwing rockets across my left flank, which seemed 
harmless, and had no other effect than to prepare my line for the 
sound of the artillery, which soon commenced by us on the ene- 
my's right column, then pushing across towards my loft, and r.e? 



422 

turned by their six pounders and a howitzer upon my left and 
centre. The cannonading was brisk for some minutes, when I 
ordered my fire to cease, until the .enemy should get within close 
range of cannister. Seeing that my left Hank was the object of the 
enemy, I brought up the 39th into line, on the left of the 27th, 
and detached two pieces of artillery to the left of the 39th. Still 
more securely to protect my left flank, colonel Amey of the 51st 
was ordered to form his regiment at right angles with my line, 
resting his right near the left of the 39th. This order being badly 
executed, created for a moment some confusion in that quarter, 
but was soon rectified by the efforts of my aid-de-camp and brigade 
majors ; who corrected the error of colonel Amey, and posted the 
51st in its ordered position. The enemy's right column displayed 
and advanced upon the 39th and 27th." The 51st, unmindful of 
my object to use its fire in protection of my left flank, in case an 
attempt should be made to turn it, totally forgetful of the honour 
of the brigade, and regardless of its own reputation, delivered 
one random fire, and retreated precipitately, and in such confu- 
sion, as to render every effort of mine to rally them, ineffective. 
Some disorder was occasioned in the second battalion of the 39th, 
by the flight of the 51st, and a few gave way. The fire now be- 
came general from left to right ; my artillery in the centre, poured 
forth an incessant volley of cannisteV upon the enemy's left column, 
who were endeavouring to gain the cover of a small log-house, 
about fifty yards in front of the 5th ; which, however, caution had 
been taken to fire, so soon as captain Saddler's Yagers, of the 5th, 
(who were originally posted therein) should be compelled to leave 
it. The enemy's line advanced about 10 minutes before 3 o'clock, 
with a severe 'fire, which was well returned by the artillery, the 
whole 27th, the 5th, except the three companies of captains Le- 
vering, Howard and Saddler, which were too much exhausted by 
the advanced skirmish of the two former, and the ordered retreat 
of the latter to resume their positions in line; and from the first 
battalion of the 39th, who maintained its ground in despite of the 
disgraceful example set by the intended support on the left. The 
fire was incessant till about 15 minutes before 4 o'clock, when 
finding that my line, now 1400 strong, was insufficient to with- 
stand the superior numbers of the enemy, and my left flank being 
exposed by the desertion of the 51st, I was constrained to order 
a movement back to the reserve regiment, under colonel M'Don- 
ald, which was well posted to receive the retired line which most- 
ly rallied well. On forming with the 6th, the fatigued state of 
the regiments and corps which had retired, and the probability 
that my right flank might be turned by a quick movement of the 
enemym that direction, induced me, after proper deliberation, to 
fall back to Worthington's mill ; which I was the more persuaded 
to, by my desire to have the 6th regiment (whose officers and men 
were eager to share the dangers of their brother soldiers) perfect 
and in good order to receive the enemy on his nearer approach to 






423 

the city. All retired as I could wish, and were ready to act as 
pircumstances might require. In this situation you found the bri- 
gade on the morning of the 13th, somewhat fatigued, but with in- 
i-ed confidence in ourselves, and renewing our preparation for 
the annoyance of the enemy alone if deemed proper, or in con- 
junction with any other force. 

I have thought it due to the merits of my brigade, to detail thus 
fully their whole movement, and I feel a pride in the belief that 
jth< itand made on Monday in no small degree tended to check 
tl temerity of a foe, daring to invade a country like ours, and 
designing the destruction of our city, in whose defence some 
of the best blood in the country has already been spilt, and for 
whose safety and protection the citizen soldiers of the 3d brigade 
are ready to suffer every privation, and meet every danger. 
Should report be true, (and I doubt not the fact) that the enemy's 
commanding officer, major general Ross, was killed in this action, 
and that the enemy suffered in proportion to his superior numbers, 
I thai] feel still more the valuable consequences of our fight. 

The conduct of many of my company, officers and privates, was 
such as I calculated on ; that of most of my field officers also me- 
rits my particular notice. Major Richard K. Heath of the 5th, who 
led on the advam - party to bring on the action, behaved as be- 
came an officer ; the facts of his horse being killed under him in the 
first skirmish, his second being badly wounded, and himself receiv- 
ing a contusion on the head by a musket ball, in the general action, 
are ample piooJJs of Ids bravery and exposure in discharge of his 
duty. Lieutenant colonel Sterret, and major Barry of the 5th, 
gained my highest approbation, and they unite with all in praise 
of captain Spangler and his company of volunteers from Penn- 
sylvania, then attached to their command ; also of adjutant 
Cheston, who is slightly wounded. Lieutenant colonel Long 
of the 27th, and his field and company officers, did well ; this whole 
regiment were unsurpassed in bravery, resolution and enthusiasm. 
My brigade has to bewail the loss of adjutant James L. Donald- 
son, who fell in the hottest of the fight, bravely discharging the 
duties of his commission. Lieutenant colonel Fowler, and ma- 
jor Steiger, of the 39th, did their duty in every respect ; they 
speak highly of the volunteer companies of captain Quantril 
from Hagerstown, and captain Metzgar from Hanover, Pa. Cap- 
tain Quantril is wounded. Captain John Montgomery, command- 
ing my artillery, gained for himself and his company lasting 
honour. Captain Aisquith and his company of riflemen, merit 
my thanks. Ensign Wilmot, commanding the company of Uni- 
ted Volunteers of the 5th, and many of his men, distinguished 
themselves. 

To brigade majors Calhoun and Frail ey, Lam under great obli- 
gations for the prompt nd zealous performance of their duty. 
To my aid-de-camp, major George P. Stevenson, too much praise 
cannot be given : his industry in every arrangement before the 



424 

f>ght, and in animating the whole line, was conspicuous ; the 
sprightliness of his manners in the most trying scenes had the 
happiest effect upon all to whom he had to communicate my or- 
ders ; and the precision with which he delivered my commands, 
could be exceeded only by the coolness with which he always saw 
them executed. He was animated, brave, and useful. Major 
W. Barney, and adjutant L. Taylor, of the cavalry, who, having 
no opportunity of distinction in regiment owing to the grounds, 
did me great service, the former in aiding captain Montgomery, 
the latter in conveying my orders through the whole. Mr. Robert 
Goodloe Harper deserves my thanks. He visited me just before 
the action ; accompanied the advanced party, and aided me much 
throughout. The brave soldiers under my command have suffered 
many privations, and I recognize among our killed and wounded 
many valuable men ; of which I will make a report in a few 
days. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 
JOHN STRICKER, 
Brig. Gen. Commanding 3d Brigade M. M. 
Major General Smith. 



FORT BOWYER, September 15th, 1814, 12 o'clock at night. 
SIR, 

After writing the enclosed, I was prevented by the approach 
of the enemy from sending it by express. At meridian they 
were under full sail, with an easy aud favourable breeze, standing 
directly for the fort, and at 4 P. M. we opened our battery, which 
was returned from two ships and two brigs, as they approached. 
The action became general at about 20 minutes past 4, and was 
continued, without intermission on either side, until 7, when one 
ship and two brigs were compelled to retire. The leading ship, 
supposed to be the commodore, mounting twenty-two 32 pound 
carronades, having anchored nearest our battery, was so much 
disabled, her cable being cut by our shot, that she drifted on shore, 
within GOO yards of the battery, and the other vessels having got 
out of our reach, we kept such a tremendous fire upon her that 
she was set on fire and abandoned by the few of the crew who 
survived. At 10 P. M. we had the pleasure of witnessing the 
explosion of her magazine. The loss of lives on board must 
have been immense, as we are certain no boats left her except 
three, which had previously gone to her assistance, and one of 
these I believe was sunk ; in fact one of her boats was burned 
alongside of her. 

The brig that followed her, I am certain, was much damaged 
both in hull and rigging. The other two did not approach near 
enough to be so much injured, but I am confident they did not 
escape, as a well directed fire was kept on them during the 
whole time. 



425 

boring the action a battery of a 12 pounder and a howitzer was 
opened on our rear, but without doing any execution, and was 
silenced by a few shot. Our loss is four privates killed and fiv£ 
privates wounded. 

Towards the close of the action the flag-staff was shot away; 
but the flag was immediately hoisted on a sponge staff over the 
parapet. While the flag was down the enemy kept up their most 
incessant and tremendous fire ; the men were withdrawn from the 
curtins and north-east bastion, as the enemy's own shot complete- 
ly protected our rear, except the position they had chosen for 
their batterv. Where all behaved well it is unnecessary to discrim- 
inate. Suffice it to say, every officer and man did his duty ; the 
whole behaved with that coolness and intrepidity which is char- 
acteristic of the true American, and which could scarcely have 
been expected from men most of whom had never seen an ene- 
my, and were now for the first time exposed for nearly three 
hours to a force of nearly or quite four guns to one. 

We fired during the action between 4 and 500 guns, most of 
them double shotted, and after the first half hour but few missed 
an effect. 

September 16th, 11 o'clock, A. M„ 

Upon an examination of our battery this morning, we find up^ 
wards of 300 shot holes in the inside of the north and east cur- 
tins, and north-east bastion, of all calibres, from musket ball to 32 
pound shot. In the north-east bastion, there were three guns dis- 
mounted ; one of which, a four pounder, was broken off near the 
trunnions by a 32 pound shot, and another much battered. I regret 
to say that both the 24 pounders are cracked in such a manner 
as to render them unfit for service. 

I am informed by two deserters from the land force, who have 
just arrived here, and whom I send for your disposal, that a rein- 
forcement is expected, when they will doubtless endeavour to 
wipe of the stain of yesterday. 

If you will send the Amelia down, we may probably save most 
or all" of the ship's guns, as her wreck is lying in six or seven 
feet water, and some of them are just covered. They will not, 
however, answer for the fort, as they are two short. 

By the deserters, we learn that the ship we have destroyed 
was the Hermes, but her commander's name they did not recol- 
lect. It was the commodore, and he doubtless fell on his quarter 
deck, as we had a raking fire upon it at about two hundred yards 
distance for some time. 

To captain Sands, who will have the honour of handing you 
this despatch, I refer you for a more particular account of the 
movements of the enemy than may be contained in my letters i 
his services, both before and during the action, were of great p 
portance, and I consider fully justify me in having detained him- 
< 'aptain Walsh and several men were inocb. htfrned by me. a<^.< 
94 



426 

dental explosion of two or three cartridges. They arc not in- 
cluded in the list of wounded heretofore given. 

The enemy's fleet, this morning at day break, were at anchor ia 
the channel, about four miles from the fort ; shortly after it got 
under way and stood to sea; after passing the bar they hove to, 
and boats have been constantly passing between the disabled brig 
and the others. I presume the former is so much injured as to 
render it necessary to lighten her. 

Fifteen Minutes after 1 P. M. 

The whole fleet have this moment made sail and are standing 
to sea. 

I have the honour to be. &c. 

WILLIAM LAWRENCE. 

Major general Andrew Jackson, &c. 



HEAD QUARTERS, 7th MILITARY DISTRICT, 

Mobile, September 17th, 1814. 

SIR, 

With lively emotions of satisfaction, I communicate that 
success has crowned the gallant efforts of our brave soldiers, in 
resisting and repulsing a combined British naval and land force, 
which, on the 15th instant, attacked fort Bowyer, on the point of 
Mobile. 

I enclose a copy of the official report of major William Law- 
rence, of the Sd infantry, who commanded. In addition to the 
particulars communicated in his letter, I have learnt that the ship 
which was destroyed, was the Hermes, of from 24 to 28 guns, 
captain the honourable William H. Percy, senior officer in the 
gulf of Mexico ; and the brig so considerably damaged, is the 
Sophia, 18 guns, captain William Lockyer. The other ship was 
the Carron, of from 24 to 28 guns, captain Spencer, son of Earl 
Spencer ; the other brig's name unknown. On board of the 
Carron, 85 men were killed and wounded; among whom, was 
colonel Nicoll, of the royal marines, who lost an eye by a splinter. 
T! e land force consisted of 110 marines and 200 Creek Indians, 
under the command of captain Woodbine, of marines, and about 
20 artillerists, with one four and an hulf inch howitzer, from 
which they discharged shells and nine pound shot. They re-em- 
barked the piece, and retreated by land towards Pensacola, 
whence they came. 

By the morning report of the 16th, there were present in the 
fort, fit for duty, officers and men, 158. 

The result of this engagement has stamped a character on the 
war in this quarter, highly favourable to the American arms; it is 
an event from which may be drawn the most, favourable augury. 

An achievement so glorious in itself, and important in its con- 
sequences, should be appreciated by the government ; and those 



/ 



4S7 

concerned are entitled to, and will doubtless receive, the raos.t 
gratifying evidence of the approbation of their countrymen. 

In the words of major Lawrence, " where all behaved well it 
is unnecessary to discriminate." But all being meritorious, I 
be<i leave to annex the names of the officers who were engaged 
ami present, and hope they will, individually, be deemed worthy of 
distinction. 

Major William Lawrence, 2d infantry, commanding; captain 
Walsh, of the artillery, captains Chamberlain, Brownlow and 
Bradley of the 2d infantry, captain Sands, deputy-comn issary 
of ordnance, lieutenants Villard, Sturges, Conway, H. Sanders, 
T. R. Sanders, Brooks, Davis, and C. Sanders, all of the 2d 
infantry. 

I am confident that your own feelings will lead you to partici- 
pate in my wishes on this subject. Permit me to suggest the 
propriety and justice of allowing to this gallant band the value of 
Ifee vessel destroyed bv them. 

I remain, &c. 
ANDREW JACKSON, Brig. Gen. Com- 
The Hon. Secretary of War. 



ATTACK ON BALTIMORE. 

On the approach of the fleet destined against Baltimore to the 
mouth of the Patapsco, consisting of nearly forty sail, and among 
them several ships ot the line, the alarm spread quie.kly through 
the adjacent country. The largest vessels anchored across the 
channel; the troops intended tor the land attack were debarked 
upon North Point, fourteen miles distant from the city, by land, 
and twelve by water, and on the morning of September 12th, 
between 7 and 8000 soldiers, sailors, and marines, had effected a 
landing, while 16 bomb-vessels and frigates proceeded up the 
river, and anchored within two miles and an half of Fort M'Henry. 
The further result of the enterprize will be found in the letter 
following, from major general Smith, to the Secretary of War. 

HEAD QUARTERS, BALTIMORE, September 19th, 1814,. 

SIR, 

In compliance with the promise contained m my letter of the 
1 5th instant, I have now the honour of stating, that the enemy landed 
between 7 and 8000 men, on Monday the 12th instant, at North 
Point, fourteen miles distant from this town. Anticipating thie 
debarkation, general Strieker had been detached on Sunday even- 
ing with a portion of his brigade on the North Point road. Ma- 
jor Randal, of the Baltimore county militia, having under his 
command a light corps of riflemen and musketry, taken from ge- 
neral Stansbury's brigade and the Pennsylvania volunteers, was 
detached to the mouth of Bear creek, with orders to co-operate 



428 

with general Strieker, and to check any landing which the enemy 
might attempt to make in that quarter. On Monday, brigadier 
general Strieker took a good position at the two roads leading 
from this place to North Point, having his right flanked by Bear 
creek, and his left by a marsh. He here awaited the approach of 
the enemy, having sent an advanced corps under the command of 
major Heath, of the 5th regiment. This advance was met by that 
of the enemy, and after some skirmishing it returned to the line, 
the main body of the enemy being at a short distance in the rear 
of their advance. Between two and three o'clock the enemy's 
whole force came up and commenced the battle by some, dis- 
chares of rockets, which were succeeded by the cannon from both 
sides, and soon after the action became general along the line, 
General Strieker gallantly maintained his ground against a great 
superiority of numbers during the space of an hour and twenty 
minutes, when the regiment on his left (the 51st) giving way, he 
was under the necessity of retiring to the ground in his rear, 
where he had stationed one regiment as a reserve. He here formed 
his brigade ; but the enemy not thinking it advisable to pursue, 
he, in compliance with previous arrangements, fell back and took 
post on the left of my entrenchments, and a half mile in advance 
of them. In this affair the citizen soldiers of Baltimore, with 
the exception of the 51st regiment, have maintained the reputa- 
tion they so deservedly acquired at Bladensburg, and their brave 
and skilful leader has confirmed the confidence which we had all 
so justly placed in him. I take the liberty of referring you to his 
letter for the more particular mention of the individuals who, 
new to warfare, have shown the coolness and valor of veterans; 
and who, by their conduct on this occasion, have given their coun- 
try and their city an assurance of what may be expected from 
them when their services are again required. I cannot dis- 
miss the subject without expressing the heartfelt satisfaction I 
experienced in thus bearing testimony to the courage and good 
conduct of my fellow townsmen. About the time general 
Strieker had taken the ground just mentioned, he was joined by 
brigadier general Winder, who had been stationed on the west 
side of the city, but was now ordered to march with general 
Douglas's brigade of Virginia militia and the United States' dra- 
goons under captain Bird, and take post on the left of general 
Strieker. During these movements the brigades of general Stans- 
bury and Foreman, the seamen and marines under commodore 
Rodgers, the Pennsylvania volunteers under colonels Cobean and 
Findley, the Baltimore artillerv under captain Stiles, manned the 
trenches and the batteries — all prepared to receive the enemy, 
VVe remained in this situation during the night. 

On Tuesday, the enemy appeared in front of my entrenchments 
at the distance ol two miles, on the Philadelphia road, from 
whence he had a full view of our position. He manouvred during 
\k(j morning, towards our left, as if with the intention of making 



43* 

a eircuitou9 march and coming down on the Harford or York 
roads. Generals Winder and Strieker were ordered to adapt 
their movements to those of the enemy, so as to baffle this sup-? 
posed intention. They executed this order with great skill and 
judgment, by taking an advantageous position, stretching from 
my left across the country, when the enemy was likely to approach 
the quarter he seemed to threate'n. This movement induced the 
enemy to concentrate his forces (between one and two o'clock) 
in my front, pushing his advance to within a mile of us, driving 
in our videttes, and showing an intention of attacking us that 
evening. I immediately drew generals Winder and Strieker 
nearer to the left of my entrenchments and to the right of the 
enemy, with the intention of their falling on his right or rear, 
should he attack me; or, if he declined it, of attacking him in 
die morning. To this movement, and to the strength of my de- 
fences, which the enemy had the fairest opportunity of observing, 
I am induced to attribute his retreat, which was commenced at 
half past one o'clock on Wednesday morning. In this he was so 
favoured by the extreme darkness and a continued rain, that we 
did not discover it until day-light. I consented to general Win- 
der's pursuing with the Virginia brigade and the United 
States' dragoons ; at the same time, major Randal was despatched 
with his light corps, in pursuit of the enemy's right, whilst the 
whole of the militia cavalry was put in motion for the same object. 
All the troops were, however, so worn out with continued watch- 
ing, and with being under arms three days and nights, exposed 
the greater part of the time to very inclement weather, that it 
was found impracticable to do any thing more than pick up a few 
stragglers. The enemy commenced his embarkation that even- 
ing, and completed it the next day at one o'clock. It would have 
been impossible, even had our troops been in a condition to act 
offensively, to have cut off any part of the enemy's rear guard 
during the embarkation, as the point where it was effected was 
defended from our approach, by a line of defences extending from 
Back river to Humphrey's creek, on the Patapsco, thrown up by 
purselves previous to their arrival. 

I have now the pleasure of calling your attention to the braye 
commander of Fort M'Henry, major Armistead, and to the ope- 
rations confined to that quarter. The enemy made his approach 
by water, at the same time that his army was advancing on the 
land, and commenced a discharge of bombs and rockets at the fort 
as soon as he got within range of it. The situation of major 
Armistead was peculiarly trying. The enemy having taken a 
position at such a distance as to render offensive operations on 
the part of the fort entirely fruitless, whilst their bombs and rock- 
ets were every moment falling in and about it ; the officers and 
men being at the same time entirely exposed. The vessels, 
however, had the temerity to approach somewhat nearer ; they 
wpre as soon compelled to withdraw, During the night, whilst. 



4 SO 

the enemy on land was retreating, and whilst the bombardment 
was most severe, two or three rocket vessels and barges succeeded 
in getting up the ferry branch ; but they were soon compelled to 
retire by the forts in that quarter, commanded by lieutenant 
Newcomb, of the navy, and lieutenant, Webster, of the flotilla. 
These forts also destroyed one^of the barges with all on board. 
The barges and battery at the lazaretto, under the command of 
lieutenant Rutter, of the flotilla, kept up a brisk, and is believed, 
a successful fire during the hottest period of the bombardment. 
Major Armistead being seriously ill, in consequence of his con- 
tinued exposure to the weather, has rendered it impossible for 
Jhim to send in his report. It is not, therefore, in my power to 
do justice to those gallant individuals who partook with the danger 
of a tremendous bombardment, without the ability of retorting, 
and without that security, which, in more regular fortifications, ia 
provided for such occasions. Our loss in the fort is, I understand, 
about 27 killed and wounded ; amongst the former, I have to la- 
ment the fall of lieutenants Clagget and Clemm, who were both 
estimable citizens and useful .officers. 

From general Strieker's brigade, the return of the killed and 
wounded has not yet come in. It is supposed, however, to amount 
to about 150 ; among the former, this city has to regret the loss 
of its representative in the state legislature, James L. Donaldson, 
esq. adjutant of the 27th regiment. This gentleman will ever 
be remembered by his constituents for his zeal and talents, and 
by his corps for his bravery and military knowledge. 

. I cannot conclude this report, without informing you of the 
great aid I have derived from commodore Rodgers. He was ever 
present and ready to afford his useful counsel, and to render his 
important services. His presence, with that of his gallant officers 
and seamen, gave confidence to every one. 

The enemy's loss in his attempt on Baltimore, amounts, as near 
as we can ascertain it, to between 6 and 700 killed, wounded and 
missing. General Ross was certainly killed. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

S. SMITH, Maj. Gen. Comdg. 
Col. J:\mcs Monroe, 

acting Secretary of War. 



HEAD QUARTERS, FORT ERIE, September 20th, 1814. 

SIR, 

Among the officers lost to this army at the battle of Niagara 
falls, was my aid-de-camp, captain Ambrose Spencer, who, being 
mortally wounded, was left in the hands of the enemy. By flags 
from the British army, I was shortly afterwards assured of his 
convalescence, and an otter was made me by lieutenant general 
Drutnmond to exchange him for his own aid, captain Loring, then 
a prisoner of war with us. However singular this proposition 



481 

Appeared, a9 captain Loring was not wounded, nor had received 
the slightest injury, I was willing to comply with it on captain 
Spencer's account; but as I knew his wounds were severe, I 
first sent to ascertain the fact of his being then living. My mes- 
senger, with a flag, was detained, nor even once permitted to see 
captain Spencer, though in his immediate vicinity. The evidence 
I wished to acquire failed, but my regard for captain Spencer 
would not permit me longer to delay, and I informed general 
Drummond that his aid should be exchanged even for the body of 
mine. This offer was no doubt gladly accepted, and the corpse of 
captain Spencer sent to the American shore. 

Indignant as 1 am at this ungenerous procedure, I yet hold 
myself bound in honour to lieutenant general Drummond to re- 
turn captain Loring ; and must therefore earnestly solicit of you 
his immediate release. He can return to lieutenant general 
Drummond by the way of Montreal. 

Very respectfully, &c. 

JACOB BROWN. 
Qon. Jame6 Monro*. 



PRESIDENTS MESSAGE TO CONGRESS. 

Fellow citizens of the Senate 

and of the Ilouse of Representatives i 

Notwithstanding the early day which had been fixed foi 
your session of the present year, I was induced to call you to- 
gether sooner, as well that any inadequacy in the existing provi- 
sions for the wants of the Treasury might be supplied, as that no 
delay might happen in providing for the result of the negotiations 
on foot with Great Britain, whether it should require arrangements 
adapted to a return of peace, or further and more effective provi- 
sions for prosecuting the war. ' 

The result is not yet known. If, on one hand, the repeal ot the 
orders in council, and the general pacification in Europe, which 
withdrew the occasion on which impressments from American 
vessels were practised, suggest expectations that peace ami amity 
may be re-established, we are compelled, on the other hand, by 
the refusal of the British government to accept the offered medi- 
ation of the Emperor of Russia; by the delays ,n giving effect to 
its own proposal of a direct negotiation ; and, above all, by the 
principles and manner in which the war is now avowedly carried 
on to infer that a spirit of hostility is indulged more violent than 
ever against the rights and prosperity of this country. 

Thii increased Violence is best explained by the two important 
circumstances, that the great contest iu Europe for an ^™J 
guaranteeing all its estates against the ambition ot anv has bear 
dosed without any check on the overbearing power of Great Bn 



432 

taift on the ocean; and it has left in her hands disposable tfraga 
merits with which, forgetting the difficulties of a remote war with 
& free people, and yielding to the intoxication of success, with 
the example of a great victim to it before her eyes, she cherishes 
hopes ol still further aggrandizing a power already formidable in 
its abuses to the tranquillity of the civilized and commercial world. 

Bat, whatever mr.y have inspired the enemy with these more 
violent purposes, the public councils of a nation, more able to 
maintain than it was to acquire its independence, and with a de- 
votion to it rendered more ardent by the experience of its bles- 
sings, can never deliberate but on the means most effectual for 
defeating the extravagant views or unwarrantable passions with 
which alone the Mar can now be pursued against us. 

In the events of the present campaign, the enemy, with all his 
augmented means, and wanton use of them, has little ground for 
exultation, unless he can feel it in the success of his recent en- 
terprizes against this metropolis and the neighbouring town of 
Alexandria, from both of which his retreats were as precipitate 
as his attempts were bold and fortunate. In his other incursions 
on our Atlantic frontier, his progress often checked and chastised 
by the martial spirit of the neighboring citizens, has had more 
effect in distressing individuals, and in dishonoring his arms, than 
in promoting any object of legitimate warfare. And, in the two 
instances mentioned, however deeply to be regretted on our part, 
he will find in his transient success, which interrupted for a 
moment only the ordinary public business at the seat of govern- 
ment, no compensation for the loss of character with the world, 
by his violations of private property, and by his destruction of pub- 
lic edifices, protected, as monuments of the arts, by the laws of 
civilized warfare. 

On our side, we can appeal to a series of achievements which 
have given new lustre to the American arms. Besides the bril- 
liant incidents in the minor operations of the campaign, the 
splendid victories gained on the Canadian side of the Niagara, by 
the American forces under major general Brown, and brigadiers 
Scott and Gaines, have gained for those heroes, and their emula- 
ting companions, the most unfading laurels; and, having trium- 
phantly tested the progressive discipline of the American soldiery, 
nave taught the enemy that the longer he protracts his hostile ef- 
forts, the more certain and decisive will be his final discomfiture. 

On our southern border, victory has continued also to follow the 
American standard. The bold and skilful operations of major 
general Jackson, conducting troops drawn from the militia of the 
states least distant, particularly of Tennessee, have subdued 
the principal tribes of hostile savages, and, by establishing a 
peace with them, preceded bv recent and exemplary chastisement, 
has best guarded against the mischief of their co-operation with 
the British enterprf/.es which may be planned against that quarter 
of our country. Important tribes of Indians on our northwestern 



433 

frontier have also acceded to stipulations which bind tnem to 
the interests of the United States, and to consider our enemv 
as theirs also. 

In the recent attempt of the enemy on the city of Baltimore, 
defended by militia and volunteers, aided by a small body of re- 
gulars and seamen, he was received with a spirit which produced 
a rapid retreat to his ships; whilst a concurrent attack by a targe 
fleet was successfully resisted by the steady and well directed 
fire of the fort and batteries opposed to it. 

In another recent attack by a powerful force on our troops at 
Plattsburgh, of which regulars made a part only, the enemy, after 
a perseverance for many hours, was finally compelled to seek 
safety in a hasty retreat, with our gallant bands pressing upon 
him. 

On the lakes, so much contested throughout the War, the great 
exertions for the command made on our part, have been well re- 
paid. On lake Ontario our squadron is now, and has been for 
some time, in a condition to confine that of the enemy to his own 
port ; and to favour the operations of our land forces on that 
frontier. 

A part of the squadron on lake Erie has been extended into 
lake Huron, and has produced the advantage of displaying our 
command on that lake also. One object of the expedition was 
the reduction of Mackinaw, which failed, with the loss of a few 
brave men, among whom was an officer justly distinguished for 
his gallant exploits. The expedition, ably conducted by both the 
land and naval commanders, was otherwise highly valuable in its 
effects. 

On lake Champlain, where our superiority had for some time 
been undisputed, the British squadron lately came into action with 
the American, commanded by captain Macdonough. It issued in 
the capture of the whole of the enemy's ships. The best praise 
for this officer, and his intrepid comrades, is in the likeness of hi? 
triumph to the illustrious victory which immortalized another 
officer, and established, at a critical moment, our command of an 
other lake. 

On the ocean, the pride of our naval arms has been amply sup- 
ported. A second frigate, indeed, has fallen into the hands of 
the enemy, but the loss is hidden in the blaze of heroism with 
which she was defended. Captain Porter, who commanded her, 
and whose previous career had been distinguished by daring en- 
terprize and by fertility of genius, maintained a sanguinary 
contest against two ships, one of them superior to his own, and 
under other severe disadvantages, till humanity tore down the co- 
lours which valor had nailed to the must. This officer and his 
brave comrades, have added much to the rising glory of the Ameri- 
can flag, and have merited all the effusions of gratitude which tiieif 
country is ever ready to bestow on the champions of its figbti; 
ftftd of its safetv. 

5B 



434 

Two smaller vessels of war have also become prizes to the 
enemy ; but by a superiority of force which sufficiently vindicates- 
the reputation of their commanders ; whilst two others, one com- 
manded by captain Warrington, the other by captain Blakely, 
have captured British ships of the same class, with a gallantry 
and good conduct which entitle them and their^-companions to a. 
just share in the praise of their country. 

In spite of the naval force of the enemy accumulated on our 
coasts, our private cruizers have also not ceased to annoy hit 
commerce, and to bring their rich prizes into our ports ; contri- 
buting thus, with other proofs, to demonstrate the incompetency 
and illegality of a blockade, the proclamation of which is made 
the pretext for vexing and discouraging the commerce of neutral 
powers with the United States. 

To meet the extended and diversified warfare adopted by the 
enemy, great bodies of militia have been taken into service for the 
public defence, and great expenses incurred. That the defence 
every where may be both more convenient and more economical, 
Congress will see the necessity of immediate measures for filling 
the ranks of the regular army, and of enlarging the provision for 
special corps, mounted and unmounted, to be engaged for longer 
periods of service than are due from the militia. I earnestly re- 
new, at the same time, a recommendation of such changes in the 
system of the militia, as, by classing and disciplining, for the 
most prompt and active service, the portions most capable of it, 
will give to that great resource for the public safety, all the re- 
quisite energy and efficiency. 

The monies received into the Treasury during the nine months 
ending on the SOth day of June last, amounted to thirty-two mil- 
lions of dollars, of which, near eleven millions were the proceeds 
of the public revenue, and the remainder derived from loans. 
The disbursements for public expenditures during the same pe- 
riod, exceeded thirty-four millions of dollars. The demands dur- 
ing the remainder of the present year, already authorized by Con- 
gress, and the expenses incident to an extension of the operations 
of the war, will render it necessary that large sums should be 
provided to meet them. 

From this view of the national affairs, Congress will be urged 
to take up, without delay, as well the subject of pecuniary sup- 
plies, as that of military force, and on a scale commensurate with 
the extent and the character which the war has assumed. It is not 
to be disguised that the situation of our country calls for its 
greatest efforts. Our enemy is powerful in men and in money, on 
the land and on the water. Availing himself of fortuitous ad- 
vantages, he is aiming, with his undivided force, a deadly blow 
at our growing prosperity, perhaps at our national existence. He 
has avowed his purpose of trampling on the usages of civilized 
warfare, and given earnests of it in the plunder and wanton des- 
truction of private property. In his pride of maritime dominion. 



435 

% 

and, in his thirst of commercial monopoly, he strikes with pecvw- 
liar animosity at the progress of our navigation and of our man- 
ufactures. His barbarous policy has not even spared those monu- 
ments of the arts and models of taste with which our country had 
enriched and embellished its infant metropolis. From such an 
adversary, hostility, in its greatest force and in its worst forms, 
may be looked for. The American people will face it with the 
undaunted spirit which, in their revolutionary struggle, defeated 
his unrighteous projects. His threats and his barbarities, instead 
of dismay, will kindle in every bosom an indignation not to be 
extinguished but in the disaster and expulsion of such cruel inva- 
ders. In providing the means necessary, the national legislature- 
will not distrust the heroic and enlightened patriotism of its con- 
stituents. They will cheerfully and proudly bear every burden 
of .very kind which the safetv and honour of the nation demand. 
We have teen them every where paying their taxes, direct and 
indirect, with the greatest promptness and alacrity. We see them 
rushing with enthusiasm to the scenes where danger and duty 
call. In offering their blood, they give the surest pledge that no 
other tribute will be withheld. 

Having forborne to declare war until to other aggressions had 
been added the capture of nearly a thousand American vessels, 
and the imprisonment of thousands of American seafaring citi- 
zens, and until a final declaration had been made by the govern- 
ment of Great Britain, that her hostile orders against our com- 
merce would not be revoked, but on conditions as impossible^ 
unjust ; whilst it was known that these orders would not otherwise 
cease, but with a war which had lasted nearly twenty years, and 
which, according to appearances at that time, might last as many 
more ; having manifested, on every occasion, and in every pro- 
per mode, a sincere desire to arrest the effusion of blood, and 
met our enemy on the ground of justice and reconciliation, our 
beloved country, in still opposing to his persevering hostility all 
its energies, with an undiminished disposition towards peace and 
friendship on honourable terms, must carry with it the good 
wishes of the impartial world, and the best hopes of support from 
an omnipotent and kind Providence. 

JAMES MADISON, 

Washington, September 30th, 1814. 

FORT ERIE, September 22d, 1814. 

SIR, 

In executing the duty you have imposed on me, of reporting 
the conduct of the officers and men composing the left column, 
which you was pleased to place under my command, in the sortie 
of the irth instant, the pleasure I derive in representing to you the 
admirable conduct of the whole, is deeply chastened by sorrow, 
for the loss of many brave and distinguished men. 



436 

• 

Being obliged, from the nature of the ground, to act on foot, it 
was impossible that my own personal observation should reach to 
every officer. Some part of this report must therefore rest upon 
the information of others. 

It is the business of this communication to speak of the con- 
duct of individuals ; yet you will permit me to premise, although 
well known to yourself already, that the object of the left column 
was to penetrate, by a circuitous route, between the enemy's bat- 
teries, where one-third of his force was always kept on duty, and 
his main camp, and that it was subdivided into three divisions — 
the advance of 200 riflemen, and a few Indians, commanded by 
colonel Gibson, and two columns moving parallel to, and 30 yards 
distant from, each other. The right column was commanded by 
lieutenant colonel Wood, headed by 400 infantry, under major 
Brook, of the 23d, and followed by 500 volunteers and militia, 
being parts of lieutenant colonels Dobbin's, M'Burney's and 
Fleming's regiments, and was intended to attack the batteries. 

The left column of 500 militia, was commanded by brigadier 
general Davis, and comprised the commands of lieutenant colo- 
nels Hopkins, Churchhill and Crosby, and was intended to hold 
in check any reinforcements from the enemy's camp ; or both 
columns (circumstances requiring it, which frequently happened) 
to co-operate in the same object. 

After carrying by storm, in the handsomest style, a strong 
block house, in rear of the third battery, making its garrison pri- 
soners, destroying the three 24 pounders and their carriages in 
the third battery, and blowing up the enemy's magazine, and 
after co-operating with general Miller in taking the second bat- 
tery, the gallant leaders of the three divisions all fell nearly at 
the same time ; colonel Gibson, at the second battery, and general 
Davis and lieutenant colonel Wood in an assualt upon the 
first. 

Brigadier general Davis, although a militia officer of little ex- 
perience, conducted on this occasion with all the coolness and 
bravery of a veteran, .and fell while advancing upon the enemy's 
entrenchments. His loss as a citizen as well as a soldier, will be 
severely felt. in the patriotic county of Genessee. Colonel Gibson 
fully sustained the high military reputation, which he had before 
so justly acquired. You know how exalted an opinion I have 
always entertained of lieutenant colonel Wood of the engineers. 
His conduct on this day was what it uniformly has been, on 
every similar occasion, on an exhibition of military skill, acute, 
udgment, and heroic valor. Of the other regular officers, 
ieutenant colonel M'Donald and major Brook, senior in com- 
mand, will report to you in relation to their respective divisions. 
Fermit me, however, to say of these two officers, that, much as 
•was left to them by the fall of their distinguished leaders, they 
were able to sustain their parts in the most admirable manner, 
"nl they richly deserve the notice of the government; 



I 



437 



Of the militia, I regret that the limits of a report will not per- 
mit me even to name all of those, who on this occasion established 
claims to the gratitude of their fellow citizens; much less to par- 
ticularize individual merit. Lieutenant colonels Hopkins, M'Bur- 
ney, Churchhill and Crosby, and majors Lee, Marcle, Wilson, 
Lawrence, Burr, Dunham, Kellogg, and Ganson, are entitled to 
the highest praise for their gallant conduct, their steady and per- 
severing exertions. Lieutenant colonel Dobbin being prevented 
bv severe indisposition from taking the field, major Hall, assistant 
inspector general, volunteered his services to join major Lee in 
the command of the volunteer regiment ; and major Lee and 
every other officer speaks in the highest terms of the gallant and 
good conduct of this young officer. 

Captain Fleming, who commanded the Indians, was, ashe always 
is, in the front of the battle. There is not a more intrepid soldier 
in the army. I should be ungrateful were I to omit the names of 
captains Knapp and Hull of the volunteers, and captain Parker 
and lieutenant Chatfield of the militia, by whose intrepidity I 
was, during the action, extricated from the most unpleasant situa- 
tion. Captains Richardson, Buel and Kennedy, lieutenants Park- 
hurst and Brown, and adjutants Dobbin, Bates and Robinson, 
particularly distinguished themselves. The patriotic conduct of 
captain Elliot, with twenty young gentlemen, who volunteered 
from Batavia, and of major Hubbard with fourteen men, exempt- 
ed by age from military duty, should not be omitted. They were 
conspicuous during the action, 

You will excuse me if I shall seem partial in speaking of my 
own family, consisting of my brigade major Frazer, my volunteer 
aid -de-camp Riddle, (both first lieutenants in the 15th infantry) 
captain Bigger of the Canadian volunteers, Messrs. Williams and 
Delapierre, volunteer aids for the day, all of whom, except Mr. 
Williams, were wounded. 

Lieutenants Frazer and Riddle were engaged for most of the 
preceding day with fatigue parties, cutting roads for the advance 
of the column through the swamp, and falling timber to the rear, 
and within 150 yards of the enemy's right : which service they 
executed with so much address as to avoid discovery ; and on the 
succeeding day they conducted the two columns to the attack. 
Frazer was severely wounded by a musket ball while spiking a 
gun on the second "battery. Riddle, after the first battery was 
carried, descended into the enemy's magazine, and after securing 
(with the assistance of quarter master Greene of the volunteers, 
whose good conduct deserves much praise) a quantity of fixed am- 
munition, blew up the magazine and suffered severely by the explo- 
sion. I must solicit, through you, sir, the attention of the general 
government to these meritorious young men. Captain Bigger is 
an excellent officer, and rendered me much assistance, but was 
dangerously wounded. The other young gentlemen are citizens, 
and deserve much credit for their activity, and for having vohinta 



43S 

lily encountered danger. My aid-de-camp, major Dox, wag con- 
fined at Buffalo by sickness. 

On the whole, sir, I can say of the regular troops attached to the 
left column, of the veteran volunteers of lieutenant colonel Dob- 
bin's regiment, that every man did his duty, and their conduct on 
this occasion reflects a new lustre on their former brilliant 
achievements. To the militia, the compliment is justly due, and 
I could pay them no greater one, than to say, that they were not 
surpassed by the heroes of Chippewa and Niagara in steadiness 
anil bravery. 

The studied intricacy of the enemy's defences, consisting not 
only of the breast-work connecting their batteries, but of suc- 
cessive lines of entrenchments for a hundred yards in the rear, 
covering the batteries and enfilading each other, and the whole 
obstructed by abattis, brush and felled timber, was calculated to 
produce confusion among the assailants, and led to several con- 
tests at the point of the bayonet. But by our double columns and 
temporary irregularity in the one, was always corrected by the 
other. Our success would probably have been more complete, but 
for the rain which unfortunately set in soon after we commenced 
our march, which rendered the fire of many of our muskets use- 
less, and by obscuring the sun. led to several unlucky mistakes. 
As an instance of this, a body of 50 prisoners who had surren- 
dered, were ordered to the fort in charge of a subaltern and 14 
volunteers ; the officer mistaking the direction, conducted them to- 
wards the British camp in the route by which we had advanced, 
and they were re-taken with the whole of the guard, excepting 
the officer and one man, who fought their way back. Several of our 
stragglers were made prisoners by the same mistake. But, sir, 
notwithstanding these accidents, we have reason to rejoice at our 
signal success, in inflicting a vastly disproportionate injury on the 
enemy, and in wholly defeating all his plans of operation against 
this army. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 
P. B. PORTER, 
Brig. Gen. comdg. volunteers and militia. 
Miijor General Brown, Commanding, See. 

Names and rank of the officers killed, wounded, and missing. 

Killed — lieutenant colonel E.D.Wood, captain and brevet lieu- 
tenant colonel of engineers; captain L. Bradford, 21st infantry; 
captain II. Hale, 11th infantry ; captain L. G. A. Armstead, 1st 
rinemen. 

Wounded — Staff, brigadier general Ripley, 2d brigade, dange- 
rously, shot through the neck ; 1st lieutenant Crawford, I lth in- 
fantry ; brigade major 1st brigade, slightly, shot in the arm ; 9th 
infantry, lieutenat colonel Aspinwall, severly, left arm ampu- 
tated ; captain Ingersol, slightly, in the head; 1st lieutenant E 
Clulds, severely, bayonet wound through the thigh 1 lth infantry 



43-9 

1st lieutenant W. F. Hale, dangerously, shot in the body; &d 
lieutenant I. Clarke, severely in the body ; 3d lieutenant Steven- 
son, severely, through the thigh; 3d lieutenant Davis, dangerous - 
)y, through the body; 19th infantry, major Trimble, dangerously, 
shot through the body; ensign Neely, slightly, shot in the thigh ; 21sfc 
infantry, ensign Cummings, severely, in the arm ; 23d infantry, 1st 
lieutenant Brown, slightly, in the arm; ensign O'Fling, mortally, 
9incedead; 1st riflemen, captain Ramsey, severely, in the groin ; 
3d lieutenant Cobb, severely, in the body; 4th riflemen, colonel 
James Gibson, mortally, since dead ; 1st lieutenant Grant, severe 
wounds in the arm and side 

Missing — 1st lieutenant Ballard, adjutant 4th riflemen, pri- 
soner. 

Of the Militia — killed — brigadier general Davis, of volunteer 
brigade; captain Buel, of lieutenant colonel Crosby's regiment; 
lieutenant Brown, of lieutenant colonel M'Burney's regiment; 
lieutenant W. Belknap, of lieutenant colouel Flemming's regi- 
ment; ensign Blakely, of lieutenant colonel M'Burney's regi- 
ment. 

Wounded — Staff, major general P. B. Porter, sword wound in 
the hand; 1st lieutenant Frazer, 13th infantry, brigade major. 
Severely, in the leg; 1st lieutenant Riddle, 1 5th infantry, acting 
as aid-de-camp, slight contusion ; captain Bigger, New York vo- 
lunteers, acting aid, severely through the breast and shoulder* 
lieutenant colonel Dobbin's regiment — captain Knapp, in the hip;, 
lieutenant Bailey, in the side ; lieutenant colonel M'Burney's 
regiment — captain Hale, wounded and prisoner; lieutenant co- 
lonel Hopkins' regiment — lieutenant Gillet, through the thigh. 

Missing — lieutenant colonel W. L. Churchhill ; major F„. Wil» 
son ; quarter master O. Wilcox ; captain Crouch ; captain Case j 
lieutenant Case ; ensign Chambers ; ensign Clark ; ensign Church-, 
prisoners. 

FORT M'HENRY, September 24th, 1814. 

SIR, - . . 

A severe indisposition, the effect of great fatigue and expD* 
sure, has prevented me heretofore from presenting you with ah 
account of the attack on this post. On the night of Saturday the 
10th instant, the British fleet, consisting of ships of the line, heavy 
frigates and bomb vessels, amounting in the whole to 30 sail, ap- 
peared at the mouth of the river Patapsco, with every indication 
of an attempt upon the city of Baltimore. My own force con- 
sisted of one company of United States' artillery, under captain 
Evans, and two companies of sea-f'encibles, under captains Bun- 
bury and Addison. Of these three companies, 35 men were un- 
fortunately on the sick list, and unfit for duty. I had been fur- 
nished with two companies of volunteer artillery from the city «it 
Baltimore under captain Bcrrv and lieutenant commandant i ^' 



440 

'hington. To these I must add another very tine company ol 
volunteer artillerists, under judge Nicholson, who had proffered 
their services to aid in the defence of this post whenever an attack 
might be apprehended ; and also a detachment from commodore 
Barney's flotilla, under lieutenant Redman. Brigadier general 
Winder had also furnished me with about 600 infantry, under the 
command of lieutenant colonel Stewart and major Lane, consist- 
ing of detachments from the 12th, 14th, 36th, and 38th regiments 
of United States' troops — the total amounting to about 1000 
effective men. 

On Monday morning, very early, it was perceived that the ene- 
my was landing troops on the east side of the Patapsco, distance 
about ten miles. During that day and the ensuing night, he had 
brought sixteen ships (including five bomb ships) within about 
two miles and a half of this fort. I had arranged my force as 
follows: — the regular artillerists under captain Evans, and the 
volunteers under captain Nicholson, manned the bastions in the 
Star Fort. Captains Bunbury's, Addison's, Rodman's, Berry's, 
and lieutenant commandant Pennington's commands were sta- 
tioned on the lower works, and the infantry > under lieutenant colo- 
nel Stewart and major Lane, were in the outer ditch, to meet the 
enemy at his landing, should he attempt one. 

On Tuesday morning, about sun-rise, the enemy commenced 
the attack from his five bomb vessels, at the distance of about 
two miles, and kept up an incessant and well directed bombard- 
ment. We immediately opened our batteries, and kept up a brisk 
fire from our guns and mortars, but unfortunately our shot and 
shells all fell considerably short of him. This was to me a most 
distressing circumstance; as it left us exposed to a constant and 
tremendous shower of shells, without the most remote possibility 
of our doing him the slightest injury. It affords me the highest 
gratification to state, that though we were left thus exposed, and 
thus inactive, not a man shrunk from the conflict. 

About two o'clock P. M. one of the 24 pounders of the south- 
west bastion, under the immediate command of captain Nichol- 
son, was dismounted by a shell, the explosion from which killed 
his second lieutenant, and wounded several of his men; the bus- 
tle necessarily produced in removing the wounded and replacing 
the gun, probably induced the enemy to suspect we were in a 
state of confusion, as he brought in three of his bomb ships, to 
what I believed to be good striking distance. I immediately or- 
dered a fire to be opened, which was obeved with alacrity through 
the whole garrison, and in half an hour those intruders again shel- 
tered themselves by withdrawing beyond our reach. We gave 
three cheers, and again ceased tiring — The enemy continued 
throwing shells, with one or two slight intermissions, till one 
o'clock in the morning of Wednesday, when it was discovered 
that he had availed himself of the darkness of the night, and had 
thrown a considerable force above to our right; they had approach- 



441 

ctl very near to Fort Covington, when they began to throw 
rockets ; intended, I presume, to give them an opportunity ot 
examining the shores — as I have since understood, they had de= 
tached 1250 picked men, with scaling ladders, for the purpose of 
storming this fort. We once more had an opportunity of opening 
our batteries, and kept up a continued blaze for nearly two hours, 
which had the effect again to drive them off. 

Injustice to lieutenant Newcomb, of the United States' navy, 
who commanded at fort Covington, with a detachment of sailors, 
and lieutenant "Webster, of the flotilla, who commanded the six 
gun battery near that fort, I ought to state, that during this time 
they kept up an animated, and I believe, a very destructive fire, to 
which I am persuaded, we are much indebted in repulsing the en- 
emy. One of his sunken barges has since been found with two dead- 
men in it ; others have been seen floating in the river. The only 
means we had of directing our guns, was by the blaze of their rock- 
ets, and the flashes of their guns. Had they ventured to the same 
situation in the day time, not a man would have escaped. 

The bombardment continued on the part of the enemy until 7 
o'clock on Wednesday morning, when it ceased ; and about 9, 
their ships got under weigh, and stood down the river. During 
the bombardment, which lasted 25 hours (witlvtwo slight intermis- 
sions) from the best calculation lean make, from 15 to 1800 
shells were thrown by the enemy. A few of these fell short. A 
large proportion burst over us, throwing their fragments among us, 
and threatening destruction. Many passed over, and about 400 
fell within the works. Two of the public buildings are materially 
injured, the others but slightly. I am happy to inform you (won- 
derful as it may appear) that our loss amounts only to four men 
killed, and 24 wounded. The latter will all recover. Among 
the killed, I have to lament the loss of lieutenant Clagget, and 
sergeant Clemm, both of captain Nicholson's volunteers; two 
men whose fate is to be deplored, not only for their personal bra- 
very, but for their high standing, amiable demeanor, and spotless 
integrity in private life. Lieutenant Russel, of the company un- 
der lieutenant Pennington, received, early in the attack, a severe 
contusion in the heal ; notwithstanding which he remained at his 
post during the whole bombardment. 

Were I to name any individuals who signalized themselves, it 
would be doing injustice to others. Suffice it to say, that every 
officer and soldier under my command did their duty to my entire 
satisfaction. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

G. ARMISTEAD, Lt. Col. U. S. A. 
f he Secretary of War. 

HEAD QUARTERS, CAMP FORT ERIE, September 29th, 1314. 

SIR, 

In my letter of the 18th instant I briefly informed you of the 
fortunate issue of the sortie which took place the day preceding,. 

56 



442 

But it rs due to the gallant officers and men, to whose bravery we 
are indebted for our success on this occasion, that I should give 
you a more circumstantial and detailed account of this aftair. 

The enemy's camp I had ascertained to be situated in a field, 
surrounded by woods, nearly two miles distant from their batteries 
and entrenchments, the object of which was to keep the parts of 
their force which was not upon duty, out of the range of our ftre 
from Fort Erie and Black Rock. Their infantry was formed into 
three brigades, estimated at 12 or 1500 men each. One of thesa 
brigades, with a detail from their artillery, was stationed at their 
works, (these being but 500 yards distant from old Fort Erie, and 
the right of our line.) We had already suffered much from the 
fire of two of their batteries, and were aware that a third was 
about to open upon us. Under these circumstances, I resolved to 
storm the batteries, destroy the cannon, and roughly handle the 
brigade upon duty, before those in reserve could be brought into 
action. 

On the morning of the 17th, the infantry and riflemen, regu- 
lars and militia, were ordered to be paraded and put in readiness 
to march precisely at 12 o'clock. General Porter with the volun* 
teers, colonel Gibson with the riflemen, and major Brooks with 
the 23d and 21st infantry, and a few dragoons acting as infantry, 
were ordered to move from the extreme left of our position, upon 
the enemy's right, by a passage opened through the woods for the 
occasion. General Miller was directed to station his command 
in the ravine, which lies between fort Erie and the enemy's bat- 
teries, by passing them by detachments through the skirts of the 
wood, and the 21st infantry, under general Ripley, was posted 
as a corps of reserve between the new bastions of fort Erie : all 
under cover and out of the view of the enemy. 

About 20 minutes before 3 P. M. I found the left columns, un- 
der the command of general Porter, which were destined to turn 
the enemy's right, within a few rods of the British entrenchments. 
They were ordered to advance and commence the action. Pass- 
ing down the ravine, I judged from the report of musketry, that 
the action had commenced on our left ; I now hastened to general 
Miller and directed him to seize the moment and pierce the ene- 
my's entrenchments between batteries No. 2 and 3. My orders 
were promptly and ably executed. Within 30 minutes after the 
first gun was fired, batteries No. 3 and 2, the enemy's line of en- 
trenchments, and his two block houses, were in our possession. 
Soon after, battery No. I was abandoned by the British. The 
guns in each were spiked by us, or otherwise destroyed, and the 
magazine of No. 3 was blown up. 

A few minutes before the explosion, I had ordered up the re- 
serve under general Ripley. As he passed me at the head of his 
Column, I desired him, as he would be the senior in advance, to 
ascertain, as near as possible, the situation of the troops jn ge 



443 



neral, and to have a care that not more wa9 hazarded than the 
Occasion required; that, the object of the sortie effected, the 
troops would retire in good order, &c. General Ripley passed 
rapidly on ; soon after, I became alarmed for general Miller, and 
sent an order for the 21st to hasten to his support towards battery 
No 1. Colonel Upham received the order, and advanced to the 
aid of general Miller. General Ripley had inclined to the left, 
where major Brooks' command was engaged, with a view of mak- 
ing some necessary enquiries of that officer, and in the act of do- 
ing so, was unfortunately wounded. By this time, the object of 
the sortie was accomplished beyond my most sanguine expecta- 
tions. General Miller had consequently ordered the troops on 
the right to fall back ; observing this movement, I sent my staff 
along the line to call in the other corps. Within a few minutes 
they retired from the ravine, and from thence to camp. 

Thus, one thousand regulars and an equal portion of militia, in 
one hour of close action, blasted the hopes of the enemy, des- 
troyed the fruits of fifty days labour, and diminised his effective 
force 1000 men at least. I am at a loss how to express my 
satisfaction at the gallant conduct of the officers and men of this 
division, whose valor has shone superior to every trial. General 
Porter, in his official report herein inclosed, has very properly no- 
ticed those patriotic citizens who have done so much honour to 
themselves, by freely and voluntarily tendering their services at 
a dangerous and critical period. 

As the scene of action was in a wood, in advance of the posi- 
tion I had chosen for directing the movements of the whole, the 
several reports of commandants of corps, must guide me in no- 
ticing individuals. . 

General Miller mentions lieutenant colonel Aspmwall, lieute- 
nant colonel Beedle, major Trimble, captain Hull, captain Inger- 
soll, lieutenant Crawford, lieutenant Lee, and particularly ensign 
O' Fling, as entitled to distinction. 

Lieutenant colonel M'Donald, upon whom the command of the 
rifle corps devolved, upon the fall of the brave and ^eiierous 
Gibson, names adjutants Shortridge of the 1st, and Ballard ot 
the 4th regiments, as deserving the highest applause for their 
promptness and gallantry in communicating orders. Of the other 
officers of the corps, he reports generally, that the bravery and 
good conduct of all was so conspicuous, as to render it impossible 

to discriminate. . , ' . ... . , • 

Major Brooks, to whom much credit is due for the distinguished 
manner in which he executed the orders he remved, speaks in 
high terms of lieutenants Goodell, Ingersoll, L)^g sto »> an . d / . e "; 
signs Brant and O'Fling, of the 23d, particularly of the late*. 
ATso of captain Simms, lieutenants Bissel, Shore, and Bimot, «t 
the 1st infantry, and lieutenant Watts, of theylragoons, 



444 

Lieutenant colonel Upham, who took command of the reserve 
after general Ripley was disabled, bestows great praise upon major 
Chambers, of the 4th regiment of riflemen, attached to the 21st 
infantry, as also upon captain Bradford and lieutenant Holding 
of that regiment. 

My staff, colonel Snelling, colonel Gardner, major Jones, and 
my aids-de-camp, major Austin and lieutenant Armstrong, were, 
as usual, zealous, intelligent and active ; they performed every 
duty required of them to my entire satisfaction. 

Major Hall, assistant inspector general, led a battalion of mi- 
litia, and conducted with skill and gallantry. Lieutenant Kirby, 
aid-de-camp to general Ripley, was extremely active and useful 
during the time he was in action. 

Lieutenants Frazer and Riddle were in general Porter's Staff j 
their bravery was conspicuous, and no officers of their grade were 
more useful. 

The corps of artillery, commanded by major Hindman, which 
has been so eminently distinguished throughout this campaign, 
had no opportunity of taking a part in the sortie. The 25th in- 
fantry, under colonel Jessup, was stationed in fort Erie to hold 
the key of our position. 

Colonel Brady, on whose firmness and good conduct every re- 
liance could be placed, was on command at Buffalo with the re- 
mains of the 22d infantry. Lieutenant colonel M'Ree and lieu- 
tenant colonel Wood, of the corps of engineers, having rendered 
to this army services the most important, I must seize the oppor- 
tunity of again mentioning them particularly. On everv trying 
occasion, I have reaped much benefit from their sound and excel- 
lent advice. No two officers of their grade could have contributed 
more to the safety and honour of this army. Wood, brave, gene- 
rous and enterprising, died as he had lived, without a feeling but 
for the honour of his country and glory of her arms. His name 
and example will live to guide the soldier in the path of duty so 
long as true heroism is held in estimation. M'Ree lives to enjoy 
the approbation of every virtuous and generous mind, and to re- 
ceive the reward due to his services and high military talents. 

It is proper here to notice, that although but one-third of the 
enemy's force was on duty when his works wex*e carried, the 
whole were brought into action while we were employed in des- 
troying Ins cannon. We secured prisoners from seven of his regi- 
ments, and know that the 6th and 82d suffered severely in killed 
■and wounded, yet these regiments were not upon duty. 

Lieutenant general Druinmond broke up his^camp during the 
night of the 21st, and retired to his entrenchments behind the 
Chippewa. A part of our men came up with the rear of his 
army at Frenchman's creek ; the enemy destroyed part of their 
stores, by setting fire to the buildings from which they were em- 
ployed in conveying them. We found in and about the camp, a 



445 

considerable quantity of cannon ball, and upwards of one hundred 
itand of arms. 

I send you enclosed herein, a return of our loss. The return 
of prisoners enclosed, does not include the stragglers that came. 
in after the action. 

I hav^ the honour to be, &c. 

JACOB BROWN. 

Hon. Secretary of War, 



H. Q. CAMP FORT ERIE, October 1st, 1814. 
SIR, 

Looking over my official account of the action of the lrth 
ultimo, I find that the names of the regiments which composed 
general Miller's command have not been given. As I believe it 
even more important to distinguish corps than individuals, I 
am anxious to correct this mistake. General Miller on that day 
commanded the remains of the 9th and 11th infantry and a de- 
tachment of the 19th. Of three field officers who were attached 
to them, two were severely wounded ; lieutenant colonel Aspin- 
wall of the 9th, gallantly leading his men to the attack upon the 
enemy's entrenchments ; and major Trimble, of the 1 9th, who 
was shot within their works, conducting with great skill and bra- 
very. A detachment of the 17th regiment was attached to the 
21st. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 
JACOB BROWN. 
Hon. Secretary of War. 



PRIVATEER GENERAL ARMSTRONG. 

FAYAL, October 4th, 1814-. 

SIR, 

With infinite regret I am constrained to say, it has eventualfy 
fallen to my lot to state to you the loss and destruction of the 
private armed brig General Armstrong, late under my command. 
We sailed from Sandy Hook on the evening of the 9th ultimo, 
and about midnight fell in chase, aboard of a razee and ship ol 
the line. They pursued till next day noon, when they thought 
proper to give over the chase. On the 11th, after a nine hours' chace_, 
boarded the private armed schooner Perry, John Colman, six days 
from Philadelphia, had thrown over all his guns. On the following 
day fell in with an enemy's gun brig; exchanged a few shots with 
and left him. On the 24th, boarded a Spanish brig and schooner. 
and a Portuguese ship, all from the Havanna. On the 26th fol - 
lowing, came to in Fayal Roads, for the purpose of filling water: 
called on the American consul who very politely ordered our wa 
ter immediately sent ©ft*, it beinj our intention ir, proceed to Bea 



446 

early the next day. At 5 P. M. I went on board, the consul ant! 
some other gentlemen in company. I asked some questions con- 
cerning enemy's cruizers, and was told there had been none at 
these islands for several weeks; when about dusk, while we were 
examining, the British brig, Carnation, suddenly hove in sight close 
under the north-east head of the harbor, within gun-shot when 
first discovered. The idea of getting under weigh was instantly 
suggested ; but finding the enemy's brig had the advantage of a 
breeze, and but little wind with us, it was thought doubtful if we 
should be able to get to sea without hazarding an action. I ques- 
tioned the consul to know if in his opinion the enemy would re- 
gard the neutrality of the port ? He gave me to understand I 
might make myself perfectly easy, assuring me at the same time, 
they would never molest us while at anchor. But no sooner did 
the enemy's brig understand from the pilot boat who we were, than 
she immediately hauled close in and let go her anchor within 
pistol shot of us : at the same moment the Plantagenet, and frigate 
Rota, hove in sight, to whom the Carnation instantly made signal;, 
and a constant interchange took place for some time. 

The result was, the Carnation proceeded to throw out all her 
boats ; despatched on board the commodore, and appeared other- 
wise to be making unusual exertions. The moon was near its 
full, which enabled us to observe them very minutely ; and I now 
determined to haul in nearer the shore. Accordingly, after clear- 
ing for action, we got under weigh, aud began to sweep in. The 
moment this was observed by the enemy's brig, she instantly cut 
her cable, made sail, and despatched four boats in pursuit of us* 
Being now about 8 P. M. as soon as we saw the boats approaching, 
we let go our anchor, got springs on our cable, and prepared to 
receive them. I hailed them repeatedly as they drew near, but 
they felt no inclination to reply. Sure of their game, they only 
pulled up with the greater speed. I observed the boats were all 
manned, and apparently as well armed ; and as soon as they had 
cleverly got along side, we opened our fire, which was soon re- 
turned ; but meeting with rather a warmer reception than they 
had probably been aware of, they very soon cried out for quar- 
ters and hauled otf. In this skirmish, 1 had one inan killed, and 
my first lieutenant wounded. The enemy's loss must have been 
upwards of twenty killed and wounded. 

They had now repaired to their ships to prepare for a more 
formidable attack. We, in the interim, having taken the hint, 
prepared to haul close into the beach, where we moored head and 
stern, within half pistol shot of the castle. This done, we again 
prepared in the best possible manner for their second reception.. 
At 9 P. M. we observed the enemy's brig towing in a fleet of 
boats. They soon after left the brigand took their station in 
three divisions, under cover of a small reef of rocks, within about 
musket -*hot of u& Here they continued inanouvring for some 



447 

time, the brig still keeping under weigh to act with the boats, 
should we at any time attempt our escape. 

The shores were lined with the inhabitants, waiting the expect- 
ed attack ; from the brightness of the moon, they had a most 
favourable view of the scene. The governor, with most of the 
first people of the place, stood by and saw the whole affair. 

At length, about midnight,- we saw the boats in motion, (our crew 
having laid at their quarters during the whole of this interval.) 
They came on in one direct line, keeping in close order ; and we 
plainly counted twelve boats. As soon as they came within 
proper distance we opened our fire, which was warmly returned 
from the enemy's carronades and small arms. The discharge 
from our Long Tom rather staggered them ; but soon reconnoit- 
ering, they gave three cheers, and came on most spiritedly ; in 
a moment they succeeded in gaining our bow and starboard quar- 
ter, and the word was board. Our great guns now becoming use- 
less, we attacked them sword in hand, together with our pikes, 
pistols, and musketry, from which our lads poured on them a 
most destructive fire. The enemy made frequent and repeated 
attempts to gain our decks, but were repulsed at all times, and 
at all points, with the greatest slaughter. About the middle 
of the action I received the intelligence of the death of my 
second lieutenant ; and soon after of the third lieutenant being 
badly wounded. From this, and other causes, I found our fire had 
much slackened on the forecastle ; and, fearful of the event, I 
instantly rallied the whole of our after division, who had been 
bravely defending, and now had succeeded in beating the boats off 
the quarters. They gave a shout, rushed forward, opened a fresh 
fire, and soon after decided the conflict, which terminated in the 
total defeat of the enemy, and the loss of many of their boats ; 
two of which, belonging to the Rota, we took possession of, 
literally loaded with their own dead. Seventeen only escaped 
from them both, who swam to the shore. In another boat under 
our quarter, commanded by one of the lieutenants of the Plan- 
tagenet, all were killed saving four. This I have from the lieu- 
tenant himself, who further told me that he jumped overboard to 
save his own life. 

The duration of this action was about 40 minutes. Our decks 
were now found in much confusion, our Long Tom dismounted, 
and several of our carriages broken ; many of our crew having 
left the vessel, and others disabled. Under these circumstances, 
however, we succeeded in getting Long Tom in his birth, and the 
decks cleared in sort for a fresh action, should the enemy attack 
us again before day-light. About 3 A. M. I received a message 
from" the American consul, requesting to see me on shore, where 
he informed me the governor had sept a note to captain Lloyd, 
begging him to desist from further hostilities. To which captain 
Lloyd sent for answer, that he was determined to have the priva 



446 

teer at the risk of knocking down the whole town j and that if 
the o-overnor suffered the Americans to injure the privateer in any 
manner, he should consider the place an enemy's port, and treat 
it accordingly. Finding this to be the case, I considered all hopes 
of saving our vessel to be at an end. I therefore went on board, 
and ordered all our wounded and dead to be taken on shore, and 
the crew to save their effects as fast as possible. Soon after this 
it became day-light, when the enemy's brig stood close in, and 
commenced a heavy fire on us with all her force. After several 
broadsides she hauled off, having received a shot in her hull, her 
rigging much cut, and her fore-top mast wounded ; (of this I was 
informed by the British consul.) She soon after came in again, 
and anchored close to the privateer. I then ordered the Arm- 
strong to be scuttled, to prevent the enemy from getting her off. 
She was soon after boarded by the enemy's boats, and set on fire, 
which soon completed her destruction. 

They have destroyed a number of houses in the town, and 
bounded some of the inhabitants. 

By what I have been able to learn from the British consul and 
officers of the fleet, it appears there were about 400 officers and 
men in the last attack by the boats, of which 120 were killed and 
about 130 wounded. Captain Lloyd, I am toldby the British con- 
sul, is badly wounded in the leg ; a jury of surgeons had 
been held, who gave it as their opinion, that amputation would be 
necessary to insure his life. 'Tis said, however, that the wound 
was occasioned by an o.v treading; on him. The fleet has remain- 
ed here about a week, during which they have been principally 
employed in burying their dead and taking care of their wound- 
ed. 

Three days after the action they were joined by the ship Thais 

and brig Calypso (two sloops of war ; ) they were immediately 

taken into requisition by captain Lloyd, to take home the wounded 

men. The Calypso sailed for England with part of the wounded 

on the 2d instant, among whom was f, the first lieutenant of the 

Plantagenet. The Thais sails this evening with the remainder. 

Captain Lloyd's fleet sailed to-day, supposed for the West Indies. 

The loss on our part, I am happy to say, is comparatively 

trifling ; two killed and seven wounded. With regard to my 

officers in general, I feel the greatest satisfaction in saying they one 

and all fought with the most determined bravery, and to whom I 

feel highly indebted for their officer-like conduct during the short 

period we were together ; their exertions and bravery deserved a 

belter fate. 

I here insert, for your inspection, a list of the killed and 
wounded. 

Kii.i.v.n — M. Alexander 0. Williams, 2d lieutenant, by a mus- 
ket ball in the forehead, died instantly; Burton Lloyd* seaman. 
do. through the heart do. 



44ft 

Wounded — Frederick A. Worth, 1st lieutenant, in the right 
side ; Robert Johnson, Sd do. left knee ; Razilla Hammond, 
quarter master, left arm ; John Piner, seaman, knee ; William 
Castle, do. arm ; Nicholas Scalson, do. arm and leg; John Har- 
rison, do. hand and face by the explosion of a gun. 

Itgives me much pleasure to announce to you that our wounded 
are all in a fair way of recovery, through the unremitted care and 
attention of our worthy surgeon. 

Mr. Dabney, our consul, is a gentleman possessing every feel- 
ing of humanity, and to whom the utmost gratitude is due from 
us, for his great care of the sick and wounded, and his polite 
attention to my officers and myself. 

Mr. Williams was a most deserving and promising officer. His 
country in him has lost one of its brightest ornaments; and his 
death must be sadly lamented by all who knew his worth. 

Accompanied with this you will find a copy of my protest, to- 
gether with copies of letters written by Mr. Dabney to the gover- 
nor of Fayal, our minister at Rio Janeiro, and our Secretary of 
State. These letters will develope more fully the circumstances 
of this unfortunate affair. 

We expect to sail to-morrow in a Portugeuse brig for America 
Island, who takes the whole of our crew. 

I remain gentlemen, &c. 

SAMUEL C. REID. 

To the editor of the 

Mercantile Advertiser, New Yerk. 



BRUTALITY OF THE ENEMY. 

Messrs Gales Sr Seaton, . , t , . , 

Having: seen the following publication in the Alexandria 
Herald, of the 19th October, with horror, as capping the climax 
of atrocity — 

« TO THE EDITORS OF THE HERALD. 

' G ™ iTave no recollection of having seen any account of the 
rnnduct of the enemy at Chaptico published in any ol the public 
I It fyt are" liberty t£ pubLi ****** «**«* 
tetter to a friend, written shortly after that affair. It is a very 

mpertect account written in a hurry amidst the bustle of a camp 
but contains most of the facts. My name is enclosed, which you 
are at liberty to make public, if any respectable person should 
deny the truth of the following ^atemenL^ ^ ^ rf , 

« I passed through Chaptico shortly after the enemy left it and 
I am sorry to say that their conduct would hare disgraced canm 
57 



4&0 

bals ; the houses were torn to pieces, the well which afforded 
water for the inhabitants \va9 filled up, and, what was still worse, 
the church and the ashes of the dead shared an equally bad or 
worse fate. Will you believe me when I tell you that the sunken 
graves were converted into barbacue holes ? The remaining glass 
of the church windows broken, the communion table used as a 
dinner table, and then broken to pieces. Bad as the above may 
appear, it dwindles into insignificance, when compared with what 
follows : the vault was entered and the remains of the dead dis- 
turbed. Yes, my friend, the winding sheet was torn from the 
body of a lady of the first respectability, and the whole contents 
of the vault entirely deranged ! The above facts were witnessed 
by hundreds as well as myself, and I am happy to say, that but 
one sentiment pervaded our army." 

I immediately showed it to g«neral Philip Stuart, lately com- 
manding the American troops at that place, who read and de- 
clared it strictly true ; that Cockburn was at the head of it; 
that they also destroyed the organs ; that judge Key's lady, who 
had been last put into the vault, was the person alluded to ; that 
her Minding sheet was torn in pieces, and her person wantonly 
exposed ; and that his men were exasperated to desperation by 
this conduct. You will publish this. 

Yours, &c. 

ROBERT WRIGHT. 
October 19th, 1814. 



AFFAIR AT LYON'S CREEK, 

General Order. 

HEAD QUARTERS OF THE NORTHERN ARMY, 

Camp near Fort Erie, October 23d, 1814. 

The indisposition of brigadier general Bissell has prevented, 
all this morning, his report of the handsome affair which took place 
on the 19th, between a detachment of his brigade and a superior 
force of the enemy. 

The object of the expedition, entrusted to the brigadier, was the 
seizure of some provisions, intended for the British troops. He 
marched from Black Creek, on the morning of the 18th, with 
parts of the 5th, 14th, 15th and 16th infantry, a small party of 
dragoons, and a company of riflemen, the whole 900 men. After 
driving before them a picket, of which they made the commanding 
officer prisoner, they encamped for the night, throwing beyond 
Lyon's Creek two light infantry companies, under captain Dor- 
man, 5th, and lieutenant Horrell, 16th infantry, and the riflemen 
under captain Irvine ; a picket on the Chippewa road, command- 
ad by major Gassaway was attacked by two companies of Glen- 



451 

gary light infantry, which were beaten back with loss. On the 
morning of the 19th, the detachment was attacked by a select 
corps of the enemy, not less than 1200 strong. The light infan- 
try under captain Dorman, and Irvine's riflemen, sustained the 
whole Ore ot the enemy, for fifteen minutes, during which time 
the 5th and 14th were formed — the 5th was ordered to turn the 
enemy's right flank, while the 14th charged them in front. This 
was executed in the most gallant manner, by colonel Pinkney of 
the 5th, and major Barnard of the 14th, who greatly distinguish- 
ed himself by the officer like style, in which he conducted his 
battalion. The enemy were compelled to a precipitate retreat* 
and hid themselves, once more, behind their fortifications. 

General Bissell particularly mentions the skill and intrepidity 
of colonel Snelling, inspector general, colonel Pinkney, commancf- 
ing the 5th regiment, major Barnard, 14th infantry, major Barker, 
45th infantry, acting with the 5th, captain Dorman, captain Alli- 
son, whose horse was shot under him, and brigade major, lieuten- 
ant Prestman, of the 5th. Lieutenant Anspaugh, of dragoons, 
was conspicuous by his alertness in communicating the brigadier 
general's orders, during the action. It is with the highest satis- 
faction the commanding general tenders, to the brave officers and 
troops of the 2d brigade of the right division, his thanks for their 
good conduct on this occasion. The firmness of the 15th and 16th 
regiments, commanded by colonel Pearce, and who were posted 
as a reserve, proved, that had the resistance of the enemy afford- 
ed them an opportunity of going into action, they would have 
emulated the valor of the 5th and 14th. A number of prisoners 
were taken, among whom a picket of dragoons with their horses ; 
a large quantity of grain also fell into our hands. The brigadier, 
after completing the orders he received, and burying the few of 
our brave soldiers who fell in the action, and the dead of the ene- 
my, which were left on the ground by the latter, returned to Black 
Creek. To the cool and intrepid conduct of brigadier general 
Bissell, the general offers the praise he has so justly entitled him- 
self to. 

By order of major general Izard, 

C, K. GARDNER, Mj. Gen. JV, army- 



HEAD QUARTERS, SEVENTH MILITARY DISTRICT, 

TENSAW, November 14th, 1814. 

On last evening I returned from Pensacola to this place. I 
reached that post on the evening of the 6th. On my approach I 
gent major Pierre with a flag to communicate the object of my 
visit to the governor of Pensacola* He approached fort St. George, 
with his flag displayed, and was t . 1 on by the cannon from the 
foil; ho returned and made soft© me* limmediatri: 



452 

went with the adjutant general and the major with a 9mall escort, 
and viewed the fort, and found it defended by both British and 
Spanish troops. I immediately determined to storm the town ; 
retired and encamped my troops for the night, and made the ne- 
cessary arrangements to carry my determination into effect the 
next day. 

On the morning of the 7th 1 marched with the effective regulars 
of the 3d, 39th, and 44th infantry, part of general Coffee's brigade, 
the Mississippi dragoons, and part of the West Tennessee regi- 
ment, commanded by lieutenant colonel Hammonds (colonel 
Lowry having desired and gone home,) and part of the Choctaws 
led by major Blue, of the 39th, and major Kennedy of Mississippi 
territory. Being encamped on the west of the town, I calculated 
they would expect the assault from that quarter, and be prepared 
to rake me from the fort, and the British armed vessels, seven in 
number, that lay in the bay. To cherish this idea I sent out part 
of the mounted men to show themselves on the west whilst I passed 
in rear of the fort undiscovered to the east of the town. When 
I appeared within a mile, I was in full view. My pride was ne- 
ver more heightened than in viewing the uniform firmness of my 
troops, and with what undaunted courage they advanced, with a. 
gtrons: fort ready to assail them on the right, seven British armed 
vessels on the left, strong block-houses and batteries of cannon 
in their front; but they still advanced with unshaken firmness, 
entered the town, when a battery of two cannon was opened upon 
the centre column, composed of regulars, with ball and grape, 
and a shower of musketry from the houses and gardens. The 
battery was immediately stormed by captain Lavall and company, 
and carried, and the musketry was soon silenced by the steady 
and well-directed fire of the regulars. 

The governor met colonels Williamson and Smith, who led thr 
dismounted volunteers, with a flag, begged for mercy, and surren- 
dered the town and fort unconditionally. Mercy was granted 
and protection given to the citizens and their property, and still 
Spanish treachery kept us out of possession of the fort until nearly 
12 o'clock at night. 

Never was more cool determined bravery displayed by any 
troops; and the Choctaws advanced to the charge with equal 
bravery. , 

On the morning of the 8th, I prepared to march and storm the 
Barancas, but before I could move, tremendous explosions told 
me that the Barancas, with all its appendages, was blown up. 1 
despatched a detachment of two hundred men to explore it, who 
returned in the night with the information that it was blown up, 
all the combustible parts burnt, the cannon spiked and dismount- 
ed, except two. This being (lie case, I determined to withdraw 
my troops, but before I did, I had the pleasure to see the British 
depart. Colonel Nicholls ftl led the fort on the night of the 



433 

6th, and betook himself to his shipping, with his friend captain 
Woodbine, and their red friends. 

The steady firmness of my troops has drawn a just respect 
from our enemies. It has convinced the Red Sticks that they have 
no strong hold or protection, only in the friendship of the United 
States. The good order and conduct of my troops, whilst in 
Pensacola, has convinced the Spaniards of our friendship and our 
prowess, and has drawn from the citizens an expression, that our 
Choctaws are more civilized, than the British. 

In great haste, I am, &c. 

ANDREW JACKSON. 
To the Gov. of Tennessee. 



CAMP, BELOW NEW ORLEANS, December 27th, 181 1 

SIR, 

The loss of our gun-boats near the pass of the Rigolets, hav- 
ing given the enemy command of lake Borgne, he was enabled to 
choose his point of attack. It became, therefore, an object of 
importance to obstruct the numerous bayous and canals leading 
from that lake to the highland on the Mississippi. This import- 
ant service was committed, in the first instance, to a detachment 
of the 7th regiment, afterwards to oolonel De Laronde, of the 
Louisiana militia, and lastly, to make 'all sure, to major general 
"Villere, commanding the district between the river and the lakes, 
and who, being a native of the country, was presumed to be best 
acquainted with all those passes. Unfortunately, however, a picket 
which the general had established at the mouth of the bayou 
Bienvenu, and which, notwithstanding my orders, had been left 
unobstructed, was completely surprised, and the enemy penetrated 
through a canal leading to his farm, about two leagues below the 
city, and succeeded in cutting off a company ,>f militia stationed 
there. This intelligence was communicated to me about 12 
o'clock of the 23d. My force at this time consisted of parts of 
the 7th and 44th regiments, not exceeding six hundred together, 
the city militia, a part of general Coffee's brigade of mounted gun 
men, and the detached militia from the western division of Ten- 
nessee, under the command of major general Carroll. These two 
last corps were stationed four miles above the city. Apprehending 
a double attack by the way of Chief-Menteur, 1 left general Car 
roll's force and the militia of the city posted on the G.mtilly road ; 
and at 5 o'clock P. M. marched to meet the enemy, whom I was 
resolved to attack in his first position, with major Hind's dragoons, 
general Coffee's brigade, parts oi the 7th and 44th regiments, the 
uniformed companies of militia, under the comma id of major 
Planche, 200 men of colour, chiefly from St. Domingo, raised by 
colouel Savary and acting und lie command of major Dagwing, 
and a detachmentof arti!" ■ the direction of colonel M'Rea, 

with two six pounders, immaud of lieutenant Sp^' 



454 

Bqt exceeding in all 1500. I arrived near the enemy's encamp- 
ment about 7, and immediately made my dispositions for the 
attack. His forces amounting, at that time, on land to about 
3000, extended half a mile on that river, and in the rear nearly 
to the wood. General Coffee was ordered to turn their right, 
while with the residue of the force I attacked his strongest posi- 
tion on the left near the river. Commodore Patterson having 
dropped down the river in the schooner Caroline, was directed to 
open a fire upon their camp, which he executed at about half past 
seven. This being a signal of attack, general Coffee's men, with 
their usual impetuosity, rushed on the enemy's right and entered 
their camp, while our right advanced with equal ardour. There 
ran be but little doubt, that we should have succeeded on that 
occasion with our inferior force, in destroying or capturing the 
enemy, had not a thick fog which arose about 8 o'clock, occasion- 
ed some confusion among the different corps. Fearing the conse- 
quence, under this circumstance, of the further prosecution of a 
night attack with troops, then acting together for the first time, 
I contented myself with lying on the field that night ; and at four 
in the morning, assumed a stronger position, about two miles 
nearer the city. At this position I remained encamped, waiting 
the arrival of "the Kentucky militia, and other reinforcements. As 
the safety of the city will depend on the fate of this army, it must 
not be incautiously expos*ed. 

In this affair the whole corps under my command, deserve the 
greatest credit. The best compliment I can pay to general Coffee 
and his brigade, is to say, they have behaved as they have always 
done while under my command. The 7th, led by major Pierre, 
and 44th, commanded by colonel Ross, distinguished themselves. 
The battalion of city militia, commanded by major Planche, real- 
ized my anticipations, and behaved like veterans. Savary's vo- 
lunteers manifested great bravery : and the company of city rifle- 
men having penetrated into the midst of the enemy's camp, were 
surrounded, and fought their way out with the greatest heroism, 
bringing with them a number of prisoners. The two field pieces 
were well served by the officers commanding them. 

All my officers in the line did their duty, and I have every rea- 
son to be satisfied with the whole of my field and staff". Colonels 
Butler and Piatt and major Chotard, by their intrepidity, saved 
the artillery. Colonel Haynes was every where that duty or 
danger called. I was deprived of the services of one of my aids, 
captain Butler, whom I was obliged to station, to his great regret, 
in town. Captain Reid, my other aid., and Messrs. Livingston, 
Duplis and Davizac, who had volunteered their services, faced 
danger wherever it was to be met, and carried my orders with the 
utmost promptitude. 

We made one major, two subalterns and sixty-three privates 
prisoners ; and the enemy's loss in killed and wounded must have 
been at least • My c I have not as yet been able 






4BS 

to ascertain with exactness, but suppose it to amount to 100 in 
killed, wounded, and missing. Among the former, I hare to la- 
ment the loss of colonel Lauderdale, of general Coffee's brigade, 
who fell while bravely fighting. Colonels Dyer and Gibson, of 
the same corps, were wounded, and major Kavenaugh taken pri- 
soner. 

Colonel De Laronde, major Villere, of the Louisiana militia, 
major Latour, of engineers, having no command, volunteered 
their services, as did doctors Kerr and Hood, and were of great 
assistance to me. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

ANDREW JACKSON. 

Hon. James Monroe, 

acting' Secretary of War, 



HEAD QUARTERS, 7th MILITARY DISTRICT, 

Camp below New Orleans, December 29th, 1814. 

SIR, 

The enemy succeeded on the 27th, in blowing up the Caro- 
line, (she being becalmed) by means of hot shot from a land bat- 
tery which he had erected in the night. Emboldened by this 
event, he marched his whole force the next day, up the level, in 
the hope of driving us from our position, and with this view open- 
ed upon us, at the distance of about half a mile, his bombs and 
rockets. He was rapulsed, however, with considerable loss — not 
less, it is believed, than 120 in killed, Ours was inconsiderable, 
not e :ceeding half a dozen in killed, and a dozen wounded. 

Since tnen, he has not ventured to repeat his attempt, though 
lying close together. There has been frequent skirmishing be- 
tween our pickets. 

I lament that I have not the means of carrying on more offen- 
sive operations. The Kentucky troops have not arrived, and my 
effective force at this point, does not exceed 3000. T/teirsmust 
be at least double — both prisoners and deserters agreeing in the 
statement that 7000 landed from their boats. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

ANDREW JACKSON, 
The Hon. Secretary of War. 



CAMP, FOUR MILES BELOW NEW ORLEANS. 

January 9th, 1815. 

SIR, 

During the days of the 6th and 7th, the enemy had been 
actively employed in making preparations for an attack on my 
lines. With infinite labour they had succeeded on the night of 
the 7th, in getting their boats across from the lake to the river, 
by widening and deepening the canal on which they had effected 



456 

their disembarkation. It had not been in my power to impede 
these operations by a general attack : added to other reasons, the 
nature of the troops under my command, mostly militia, rendered 
it too hazardous to attempt extensive offensive movements in an 
open country, against a numerous and well disciplined army. Al- 
though my forces, as to number, had been increased by the arrival 
of the Kentucky division, my strength had received very littlo 
addition ; a small portion only of that detachment being provided 
with arms. Compelled thus to wait the attack of the enemy, I 
took every measure to repel it when it should be made, and to 
defeat the object he had in view. General Morgan, with the New 
Orleans contingent, the Louisiana militia, and a strong detach- 
ment of the Kentucky troops, occupied an entrenched camp on 
the opposite side of the river, protected by strong batteries on the 
bank, erected and superintended by commodore Patterson. 

In my encampment every' thing was ready for action, when, 
early in the morning of the 8th, the enemy after throwing a heavy 
shower of bombs and congreve rockets, advanced their columns 
on my right and left, to storm my entrenchments. I cannot 
speak sufficiently in praise of the firmness and deliberation with 
which my whole line received their approach — mure could not 
have been expected from veterans inured to war. For an hour 
the fire of the small arms was as incessant and severe as can be 
imagined. The artillery, too, directed by officers who displayed 
equal skill and courage, did great execution. Yet the columns 
of the enemy continued to advance with a firmness which reflects 
upon them the greatest credit. Twice the column which approach- 
ed me on my left, was repulsed by the troops of general Car- 
roll, those of general Coffee, and a division of the Kentucky 
militia, and twice they formed again and renewed the assault. At 
length, however, cut to pieces, they fled in confusion from the field, 
leaving it covered with their dead and wounded. The loss which 
the enemy sustained on this occasion, cannot be estimated at less 
than 1500 in killed, wounded and prisoners. Upwards of three 
hundred have already been delivered over for burial j and my 
men are still engaged in picking them up within my lines and 
carrying them to the point where the enemy are to receive them. 
This is in addition to the dead and wounded whom the enemy 
have been enabled to carry from the field, during and since the 
action, and to those who have since died of the wounds they 
received. We have taken about 500 prisoners, upwards of 300 
of whom are wounded, and a great part of them mortally. My 
loss has not exceeded, and I believe has not amounted to, 10 kil- 
led and as many wounded. The entire destruction of the ene- 
my's army was now inevitable, had it not been for an unfortunate 
occurrence which at this moment took place on the other side of 
the river. Simultaneously with his advance upon my lines, he 
had thrown over in his boats a considerable force to the other side 
of the river. These having landed, were hardy enough to advance 



457 

against the works of general Morgan; and what is strange and 
difficult to account for, at the very moment when their entire dis- 
comfiture was looked for with a confidence approaching to cer- 
tainty, the Kentucky reinforcements ingloriously fled, drawing 
after them, by their example, the remainder of the forces ; and 
thus yielding to the enemy that most fortunate position. The 
batteries which had rendered me for many days, the most import- 
ant service, though bravely defended, were of course now aban- 
doned ; not, however, until the guns had been spiked. 

This unfortunate route had totally changed the aspect of af- 
fairs. Tiie enemy now occupied a position from which they 
might annoy us without hazard, and by means of which, they 
might have been enabled to defeat, in a great measure, the effect 
of our success on this side the river. It became, therefore, an 
object of the first consequence to dislodge him as soon as possi- 
ble. For this object, all the means in my power, which I could 
with any safety use, were immediately put in preparation* 
Perhaps, however, it was somewhat owing to another cause that I 
succeeded beyond my expectations. In negotiating the terms of 
a temporary suspension of hostilities to enable the enemy to bury 
their dead and provide for their wounded, I had required certain 
propositions to be acceded to as a basis ; among which, this was 
one : that although hostilities should cease on this side the river 
until 12 o'clock of this day, yet it was not to be understood that 
they should cease on the other side; but that no reinforcements 
should be sent across by either army until the expiration of that 
day. His excellency major general Lambert begged time to con- 
sider of those propositions until 10 o'clock of to-day, and in the 
mean time re-crossed his troops. I need not tell you with how 
much eagerness I immediately regained possession of the position 
he had thus hastily quitted. 

The enemy having concentrated his forces, may again attempt 
to drive me from my position by storm. Whenever he does, I 
have no doubt my men will act with their usual firmness, and 
sustain a character now become dear to them. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

ANDREW JACKSON, 
Hon. Secretary of War. 



CAMP BELOW NEW ORLEANS, January 10th, 1815. 

SIR 

I have the honour to make the following report of the killed, 
Mounded, and prisoners, taken at the battle at Larond's planta- 
tion, on the left bank of the Mississippi, on the night of the 23d 
December, 1814, seven miles below New Orleans. 

Killed— left on the field of battle— 100 

Mounded— left on the field of battle— 230 

58 



45S 



Prisoners taken—One major, 2 lieutenants, 1 midshipman, 
66 non-commissioned officers and privates, making a grand total 
of 400. & & 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

A. P. HAYNE, Itispct. Gen. 
Major general Andrew Jackson. 



HEAD QUARTERS, CAMP, 4 MILES BELOW NEW ORLEANS, 

January 13th, 1815. 

SIR, 

At such a crisis, I conceive it my duty to keep you con- 
stantly advised of my situation. 

On the 1 Oth instant I forwarded you an account of the bold at- 
tempt made by the enemy, on the morning of the 8th, to take 
possession of my works by storm, and of the severe repulse which 
lie met with. That report having been sent by the mail which 
crosses the lake, may possibly have miscarried ; for which reason, 
I think it the more necessary briefly to repeat the substance of it. 
Early on the morning of the 8th, the enemy having been ac- 
tively employed the two preceding davs in making preparations 
for a storm, advanced in two strong columns on my right and left. 
They were received, however, with a firmness which it seems they 
little expected, and which defeated all their hopes. My men, 
undisturbed by their approach, which indeed they long anxiously 
wished for, opened upon them a fire so deliberate and certain, as 
rendered their scaling ladders and fascines, as well as their more 
direct implements of warfare, perfectly useless. For upwards of 
an hour, it was continued with a briskness of which there have 
been but few instances, perhaps in any country. In justice to 
the enemy, it must be said, they withstood it as long as could be 
expected from the most determined bravery. At length, however, 
when all prospect of success became hopeless, they fled in con- 
fusion from the field, leaving it covered with their dead and 
wounded. Their loss was immense. I had at first computed it 
at 1500; but it is since ascertained to have been much greater. 
Upon information, which is believed to be correct, colonel Haynes, 
the inspector general, reports it to be in total 2600. His report 
I enclose you. My loss was inconsiderable, being only seven 
killed and six wounded. Such a disproportion in loss, when we 
consider the number and kind of troops engaged, must, I know, 
excite astonishment, and may not every where be fully credited ; 
yet I am perfectly satisfied that the account is not exaggerated on 
the one part, nor underrated on the other. 

The enemy having hastily quitted a post which they had gained 
possession of on the other side of the river, and we having im- 
mediately returned to it, both armies at present occupy their for- 
mer positions. "Whether, after the severe losses he has sustained, 
he is preparing to return to his shipping, or to make still mightier 



459 

efforts to attain his first object, I do not pretend to determine. 
It becomes me to act as though the latter were his intention. One 
thing, however, seems certain, that if he still calculates on effect- 
ing what he has hitherto been unable to accomplish, he must ex- 
pect considerable reinforcements ; as the force with which he 
janded must undoubtedly be diminished by at least 3000. Be- 
sides the loss which he sustained on the night of the 23d ultimo, 
which is estimated at 400, he cannot have suffered less between that 
period and the morning of the 18th instant than 3000 — having, 
within that time, been repulsed in two general attempts to drive 
us from our position, and there having been continual cannonad- 
ing and skirmishing, during the whole of it. Yet he is still able 
to show a very formidable force. 

There is little doubt that the commanding general, sir Edward 
Packenham, was killed in the action of the 8th, and that major 
generals Keane and Gibbs were badly wounded. 

Whenever a more leisure moment shall occur, I will take the 
liberty to make and forward you a more circumstantial account 
of the several actions, and particularly that of the 8th ; in doing 
which my ehief motive will be to render justice to those brave 
men I have the honour to command, and who have so remarkably 
distinguished themselves. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

ANDREW JACKSON. 
Hon. Secretary of War. 

CAMP BELOW NEW ORLEANS, January 13th, 1815. 

feIR, , 1 Ml J 

I have the honour to make the following report of the killed, 
wounded and prisoners, taken at the battle of Mac Prardie's 
plantation, on the left bank of the Mississippi, on the morning of 
the 8th of January, 1815, and five miles below the city of New 
Orleans. 

Killed, . ™0 

Wounded, 1 » 400 

Prisoners taken— 1 major, 4 captains, 11 lieutenants, 1 en- 
sign, 483 camp officers and privates, making a grand total of 

I have the honour to be, &c. 
A. P. HAYNE, Inspector General 
Major General Andrew Jackson. 

CAMP BELOW NEW ORLEANS, January 19th, 1815. 

SIR 

Last night at 12 o'clock, the enemy precipitately decamped 
and returned to their boats, leaving behind him, under medical 
attendance, eighty of his wounded including two oftcers, 14 
pieces of his heavv artillery, and a quantity of shot, having de- 



460 

stroyed much of hi9 powder. Such was the situation of the 
ground he abandoned, and of that through which he retired, pro- 
tected by canals, redoubts, entrenchments and swamps on his 
right, and the river on his left, that £ could not, without encoun- 
tering a risk which true policy did not seem to require, or to 
authorize, attempt to annoy him much on his retreat. We took 
only eight prisoners. 

"Whether it is the purpose of the enemy to abandon the expe • 
dition altogether, or renew his efforts at some other point, I do 
not pretend to determine with positiveness. In my own mind, how 
ever, there is but little doubt, that his last exertions have been 
made in this quarter, at any rate for the present season, and by 
the next I hope we shall be fully prepared for him. In this belief 
I am strengthened not only by the prodigious loss he has sustained 
at the position he has just quitted, but by the failure of his fleet 
to pass fort St. Philip. 

His loss on this ground, since the debarkation of his troops, as 
stated by the last prisoners and deserters, and as confirmed by 
many additional circumstances, must have exceeded four thou- 
sand ; and was greater in the action of the 8th than was estimated, 
from the most correct data then in his possession, by the inspec- 
tor general, whose report has been forwarded to you. We suc- 
ceeded, on the 8th, in getting from the enemy about 1000 stand 
of arms of various descriptions. 

Since the action of the 8th, the enemy have been allowed very 
little respite — my artillery from both sides of the riverj|being con- 
stantly employed, till the night, and indeed until the hour of their 
retreat, in annoying them. No doubt they thought it quite time 
to quit a position in which so little rest could be found. 

I am advised by major Overton, who commands at fort St. 
Philip, in a letter of the 18th, that the enemy having bombarded his 
fort for 8 or 9 days from 13 inch mortars without effect, had, on 
the morning of that day, retired. I have little doubt that he 
would have been able to have sunk their vessels had they attempt- 
ed to run by. 

Giving the proper weight to all these considerations, I believe 
you will not think me too sanguine in the belief that Louisiana is 
now clear of its enemy. I hope, however, I need not assure you, 
that wherever I command, such a belief shall never occasion any 
relaxation in the measures for resistance. I am but too sensible 
that the moment when the enemy is opposing us, is not the most 
proper to provide for them. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

ANDREW JACKSON. 

'J he Secretary of War. 

P. S. On the 18th our prisoners on shore were delivered us, an 
exchange having been previously agreed to. Those who are on 
board the fleet will be delivered at Petit Coquille— -after which I 
shall still have in my hands an excess of several hundred. 



461 

20th— Mr- Shields, purser in the navy, has to-day taken 54 
oiisoners; among them are four officers. 

A. J. 

ft <' port of the American loss in the several actions below New 

Orleans. 

December 23d, — killed 24 ; wounded 115; missing 74.— Total 
:13. 

December 28th, — killed 7 ; wounded 8; missing none.— ^Total 15. 

January 1st, — killed 11; wounded 23 ; missing none. — Total 34.- * 
do. 8th,— do. 13; do. 30; do. 19.— Total 62. 

Recapitulation — killed 55 ; wounded 176; missing 93 — Grand 
total, 324. 



NEW ORLEANS, January 27th, 1815. 
SIR, 

TUe enemy having retreated, as I had the honour to inform 
) ou by my letter of the 2Cth instant, I have the pleasing duty 
only of reporting to you, that during the late most eventful strug- 
gle for the preservation of this important portion of the United 
States, I have received from all the officers whom I have the hon- 
our to command, every aid and support which could possibly be 
rendered ; they have been exposed to extraordinary hardships, 
both by day and night, to all the changes of this unstable clime, 
in this inclement season of the year, performing the most ardu- 
ous duties on shore, out of the line of their profession, indepen- 
dent of their ordinary duties ; and all has been borne and execu- 
ted with a cheerfulness and alacrity that reflects upon them the 
highest credit ; and that the unwearied exertions of the small 
naval force on this station, from the first appearance of the ene- 
my, has contributed, in a great degree, to his expulsion, is freely 
acknowledged by the gallant general commanding the land for- 
ces, and will be, I trust, by all who have witnessed their endea- 
vours to effect the end, which has so happily and with so little 
loss, been accomplished. It affords me great pleasure to have in 
all cases co-operated with the army, to the entire satisfaction of 
their commander. 

Captain Henley merits my acknowledgments for his unremit- 
ted attention to the execution of the various duties committed to 
him, particularly the superintendance of the erection of two bat- 
teries on the bayou St. John, and one opposite the city. His gal- 
lant conduct on the night of the 23d ultimo, as already detailed, 
(the fire from the Caroline proving, as I have since learned, truly 
destructive to the enemy, and producing disorder, and confusion 
In their troops, giving to our army a manifest advantage) and tor 
the able assistance I received from him when serving at the ma 
rine battery erected by me on the right bank of the river, where 
;.- remained till the departure of the enemy. 



462 

To lieutenant Lewis Alexis, commanding the naval arsenal at 
this place, I am greatly indebted for his indefatigable exertions 
to furnish the various munitions, &c. which were constantly re- 
quired tor the navy, army, and militia, and which were furnished 
with a promptitude and correctness that reflect upon him and 
those under his immediate command, as named in the accompany- 
ing copy of a letter from him, the greatest credit — his services 
and merit entitle him to the notice of the department. 

Great credit is also due to lieutenant Charles C. B. Thompson, 
for his great exertions in fitting his ship for service, with a crew 
obtained by coercion from the streets of the city, composed of all 
nations, (English excepted) two-thirds of whom could not speak 
or understand English, for the spirited fire supported by his ship 
on the 28th ultimo, and his continued endeavours to annoy the 
enemy when they approached within the range of his guns, his 
prompt execution 01 my orders, particularly in landing the guns 
from his ship, transporting them to my battery, and his attention 
in supplying the battery with ammunition from his ship, in whose 
magazine it was deposited. To the accompanying letter from 
him, I beg leave to refer for a detailed account of the merits of 
his officers, all of whom merit the encomiums passed on them. 

Lieutenant Otho Norris, acting lieutenant Crawley, Messrs. 
E. Watkins, and J. Pelott, midshipmen, and William Livings- 
ton, master's mate, who were stationed at the heavy cannon in 
general Jackson's lines, and named in the letter which accom- 
panies this, have, by their gallant conduct, reflected upon the na- 
vy great credit, and warranted my highest approbation. 

Acting lieutenant Thomas S. Cunningham, commanding gun 
vessel No. 65, stationed at fort Saint Philip, solicited and obtain- 
ed the command of two 32 pounders, which are mounted in the 
most exposed situation at that fort, being outside the walls, which 
he manned with his crew and rendered great service to the officer 
commanding at that post, during the heavy bombardment by the 
enemy from the 8th to the 17th instant. 

Mr. Thomas Shields, purser of the station, and doctor Robert 
Morrell, attached to the marine corps, (who volunteered his ser- 
vices in any way they could be useful) and who were sent by me 
with a flag of truce to the enemy on the 15th ultimo, supported 
with becoming dignity their stations, and commanded from the 
enemy that respect which was due to them and their mission, 
during their detention by the enemy, prolonged beyond what I could 
have possibly expected, and have merited, in a special manner, my 
approbation. Of those officers, and Mr. Richard Dealey, sailin 
master, whose gallant conduct during their subsequent successfu 
expedition, (a detailed account of which you will herewith re- 
ceive) reflects upon them the greatest credit, and merits the par- 
ticular notice of the department. 

Doctor Lewis Heerman, hospital surgeon, who, with my sanc- 
tion, volunteered his services to aid the hospital surgeon of the 



463 

army in the various duties devolving upon him, from the number of 
our own sick, and the wounded of the enemy, is thereby, and from 
his uniform attention to his professional duties, entitled to my 
acknowledgments, as are all the officers of the medical department. 
For the particulars of his services, I refer you to the letter to him 
which you will herewith receive. 

Mr. John K. Smith, navy agent, has, by his unremitted attention 
to his department, the promptitude with which he has furnished 
articles for both the navy and the army, and procuring me the 
funds that were necessary during this period of alarm and confu- 
sion, enabled me to carry on my operations in conjunction with 
the army against the enemy, and contributed to that success with 
which the arms of the United States have been crowned, and will 
receive my warmest thanks. His services rendered in camp will 
be seen by the enclosed copy of a letter from the commanding 
general, of the 19th instant. 

To major Carmick, commanding the marine corps on this sta- 
tion, I am indebted for the promptness with which my requisitions 
on him have been complied with, and the strong desire he has 
always manifested to turther, as far as was in his power, my 
views. 

Mr. R. D. Shepherd, who very handsomely volunteered his ser- 
vices to me, and acted as my aid -de-camp, and rendered me very 
essential assistance by the uniform promptitude with which he 
bore and executed my various orders, merits my warmest ac- 
knowledgments. 

Mr. J. B. Nevitt, of Natchez, formerly a lieutenant in the 
navy, who left his home and proffered to me his services, has ren- 
dered me important assistance from his practical knowledge, and 
which I acknowledge with much pleasure. 

My petty officers, seamen and marines, performed their duties 
to my entire satisfaction. 

I beg leave, sir, to solicit a confirmation of their present rank, 
for the different officers named herein and in the accompanying 
letters, acting by appointment, as also for acting lieutenants Spee- 
den and M'Keever, and to recommend them all as meriting, in a 
special manner, the notice of the department. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

DANIEL T. PATTERSON. 

Hon. Secretary of the Navy. 

Extract of a letter from general Jackson to the Secretary of War. 

"HEAD QUARTERS 7th MILITARY DISTRICT, 

"New Orleans, February 17th, 1815. 

«*I have the honour to enclose you major Overton's report of 
the attack of Fort St. Philip, and of the manner in which it wa^ 
defended. 



4M 

** The conduct of that officer and of those ay ho acted under him - 
merits, I think, great praise. They nailed their own colors to 
the standard, and placed those of the enemy underneath them 
determined never to surrender the fort." 



FORT St. PHILir, January 19th, 1815. 

SIR, 

On the 1st of the present month, I received the information 
that the enemy intended passing this fort, to co-operate with then 
land forces, in the subjugation of Louisiana, and the destruction 
of New Orleans. To effect this with more facility, they were 
first with their heavy bomb vessels to bombard this place into com- 
pliance. On the grounds of this information, I turned my atten- 
tion to the security of my command. I erected small magazines 
in different parts of the garrison, that if one blew up I could re- 
sort to another ; built covers for my men to secure them from the 
explosion of the shells, and removed the combustible matter with- 
out the works. Early in the day of the 8th instant, I was advised 
of their approach, and on the 9th, at a quarter past 10 A. M. hove 
in sight two bomb vessels, one sloop, one brig and one schooner : 
they anchored two and one quarter miles below. At half past 1 } 
and at half past 12, they advanced two barges apparently for the 
purpose of sounding within one and a half miles of the fort; at 
this moment, I ordered my water battery, under the command of 
lieutenant Cunningham, of the navy, to open upon them : its well 
directed shot caused a precipitate retreat. At half past 3 o'clock 
P. M. the enemy's bomb vessels opened their fire from four sea 
mortars, two of 13 inches, two of 10, and to my great mortifica- 
tion I found they were without the effective range of my shot, as 
many subsequent experiments proved; they continued their fire 
with little intermission, during the 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 
15th, 16th and 17th. I occasionally opened my batteries on them 
with great vivacity, particularly when they showed a disposition 
to change their position. 

On the 17th, in the evening, our heavy mortar was said to be- 
in readiness. I ordered that excellent officer, captain Wolston- 
craft, of the artillerists, who previously had charge of it, to open 
a fire, which was done with great effect, as the enemy from that 
motion became disordered, and at day light, on the 18th, com- 
menced their retreat, after having thrown upwards of a thousand 
heavy shells, oesides shells from howitzers, round shot and grape, 
which he discharged from boats under cover of the night. 

Our loss in this affair has been uncommonly small, owing entire- 
ly to the great pains that were taken by the different officers to 
keep their men under cover; as the enemy left scarcely ten feet of 
this garrison untouched. 

The officers and soldiers through this whole affair, although 
nine days and night* under arms in the different batteries, the 



465 

consequent fatigue and loss of sleep, have manifested the great- 
est firmness and the most zealous warmth to be at the enemy. 
To distinguish individuals would be a delicate task, as merit was 
conspicuous every where. Lieutenant Cunningham, of the navy, 
who commanded my water battery, with his brave crew, evinced 
the most determined bravery and uncommon activity throughout, 
and in fact, sir, the only thing to be regretted is that the enemy 
was too timid to give us an opportunity of destroying him. 
I herewith enclose you a list of the killed and wounded. 

I am, sir, very respectfully, 

W. H. OVERTON. 

Major general Jackson. 

Killed 2 and wounded 7 during the bombardment on fort 
St. Philip, commencing on the 9th and ending on the 18th Jan- 
uary, 1815. 



ADDRESS 

Of Major General Jackson on the 8th of January, 1815, to the 
troops on the right bank of the Mississippi. 

"While, by the blessing of heaven, one of the most brilliant- 
victories was obtained by the troops under my immediate com- 
mand, no words can express the mortification 1 felt, at witnessing 
the scene exhibited on the opposite bank.* I will spare your 
feelings and my own, nor enter into detail on the subject. To 
all who reflect, it must be a cource of eternal regret, that a few 
moments' exertion of that courage you certainly possess, was 
alone wanting, to have rendered your success more complete 
than that of your fellow citizens in this camp. To what cause 
was the abandonment of your lines owing ? To fear ? No ! You 
are the countrymen, the friends, the brothers of those who have 
secured to themselves, by their courage, the gratitude of their 
countrv ; who have been prodigal of their blood in its defence, 
and who are strangers to any other fear than disgrace. To disaf- 
fection to our glorious cause ? No! My countrymen, your general 
does justice to the pure sentiments by which you are inspired.. 
How then could brave men, firm in &e cause m which they are 
enrolled, neglect their first duty, and abandon the post committed 
to their care^ The want of discipline, the want of order, a total 
disregard to obedience, and a spirit of insubordination, not less de- 
structive than cowardice itself, are the causes that led to this dis- 
aster, and they must be eradicated, or I must cease to command. 
I desire to be distinctly understood, that every breach of orders, 

* Commodore Patterson and general Morgan at the moment attributed 
the disaster to the flight of the Kentucky militia, which proved on investiga- 
tion not to be the fact. Had all the circumstances, as they existed, been dre 
closed, they wooid not have been reproached by general Jackson, 
S9 



4G6 

all want of discipline, every inattention of duty, will be seriously 
and promptly punished ; that the attentive officers, and good sol- 
diers, may not be mentioned in the disgrace and danger, which 
the negligence of a few may produce. Soldiers ! you want only the 
will, in order to emulate the glory of your fellow citizens on this 
bank of the river. You have the same motives for action ; the same 
interest, the same country to protect ; and you have an addition- 
al interest, from past events, to wipe oft' reproach, and show that 
you will not be inferior, in the day of trial, to any of your coun- 

rymen. 

Kut remember ! without obedience, without order, without dis- 
cipline, all your efforts are vain. The brave man, 'inattentive to 
his duty, is worth little more to his country than the coward who 
deserts her in the hour of danger. Private opinions, as to the 
competency of officers, must not be indulged, and still less ex- 
pressed ; it is impossible that the measures of those who command 
should satisfy all who are bound to obey ; and one of the most 
dangerous faults in a soldier, is a disposition to criticise and blame 
the orders and characters of his superiors. Soldiers ! I know 
that many of you have done your duty ; and I trust, in future, I 
shall have no reason to make any exception. Officers ! I have the 
fullest confidence that you will enforce obedience to your com- 
mands ; but, above all, that by subordination in your different 
grades, you will set an example to your men ; and that, hereafter, 

he army of the right will yield to none, in the essential qualities 
which characterize good soldiers; — that they will earn their share 
of those honours and rewards, which their country will prepare 
for its deliverers. 

ANDREW JACKSON, 

Major General Commanding. 



ADDRESS 

Delivered to major general Jlndrew Jackson, by the reverend W. 
Dubourg, administrator apostolic of the diocese of Louisiana. 

NEW ORLEANS, January 23d, 1815. 
General, 

While the state of Louisiana, in the joyful transports of her 
gratitude, hails you as her deliverer, and the asserter of her me- 
naced liberties : while grateful America, so lately wrapped up in 
anxious suspense, on the fate of this important city, is re-echoing 
from shore to shore your splendid achievements, and preparing to 
inscribe your name on her immortal rolls, among those ot her 
Washingtons : while history, poetry, and the monumental arts, 
will vie in consigning to the latest posterity, a triumph perhaps 
unparalleled in their records : while thus raised, by universal ac- 
clamation, to the very pinnacle of fame, how easy had it been for 



467 



you, general, to forget the prime mover of your wonderful sue 
cesses, and to assume to yourself a praise, which must eventually 
return to that exalted source, whence every merit is derived. 
But better acquainted with the nature of true glory, and justly 
placing the summit of your ambition, in approving yourself the 
worthy instrument of Heaven's merciful designs, the nrst impulse 
of your religious heart was to acknowledge the signal interposi- 
tion of providence — your first step, a solemn display of your hum- 
ble sense of his favours. 

Still agitated at the remembrance of those dreadful agonies, 
from which we have been so miraculously rescued, it is our pride 
to acknowledge, that the Almighty has truly had the principal 
hand in our deliverance, and, to follow you, general, in attributing 
to his infinite goodness, the homage of our unfeigned gratitude. 
Let the infatuated votary of a blind chance deride our credulous 
simplicity; let the cold hearted atheist look for the explanation 
of important events, to the mere concatenation of human causes ; 
to us, the whole universe is loud in proclaiming a Supreme Ru- 
ler, who, as he holds the hearts of man in his hands, holds also the 
thread of all contingent occurrences. " Whatever be his inter- 
mediate agents," says an illustrious prelate, " still on the secret 
orders of his all-ruling providence, depend the rise, and prosper- 
ity /'as well as the decline and downfal of empires. From his 
lofty throne, he moves every scene below, now curbing, now let- 
ting loose, the passions of men ; now infusing his own wisdom 
into the leaders of nations ; now confounding their boasted pru- 
dence, and spreading upon their councils a spirit of intoxication ; 
and thus executing his uncontrollable judgments on the sons of 
men, according to the dictates of his own unerring justice." 

To him therefore, our most fervent thanks are due, for our un- 
expected late rescue. It is him we intend to praise, when consi- 
dering you, general, as the man of his right hand, whom he has 
takenpains to fit out for the important commission of our defence. 
We extol that fecundity of genius, by which, under the most , dis- 
couraging distress, vou created unforeseen resources, raised, as 
itwei^e, from the ground, hosts of intrepid warriors, and pro- 
vided every vulnerable point with ample means of defence, lo 
him we trace that instinctive superiority of mind, which at 
once rallied around your universal confidence; impressed one 
irresistible movement to all the jarring elements of which this 
political machine is composed; aroused their slumbering spirits, 
and diffused through every rank the noble ardour which glowed 
in your own bosom. To him, in fine, we address our acknowledg- 
ments for that consummate prudence, which defeated all the 
combinations of a sagacious enemy, entangled him in the very 
snares which he had spread for us, and succeeded in effecting his 
utter destruction, without exposing the lives ;of our citizens, im- 
mortal thanks be to his Supreme Majesty, for sending us such an 
instrument of his bountiful designs ! A gift of that value is the 



468 

best token of the continuance of his protection — the most solid 
encouragement to sue for new favours. The first which it em- 
boldens us humbly to supplicate, as nearest our throbbing hearts, 
is that you may long enjoy the honour of your grateful country; 
of which you will permit us to present you a pledge, in this wreath 
of laurel, the prize of victory, the symbol of immortality. The 
next is a speedy and honourable termination of the bloody con- 
test, in which we are engaged. No one has so efficaciously labour- 
ed as you, general, for the acceleration of that blissful period : 
may we soon reap that sweetest fruit of your splendid and unin- 
terrupted victories. 



GENERAL JACKSON'S REPLY. 

Reverend Sir, 

I receive, with gratitude and pleasure, the symbolical crown, 
which piety has prepared. I receive it in the name of the brave 
men who have so effectually seconded my exertions ; they will 
deserve the laurels which their country will bestow. For myself, 
to have been instrumental in the deliverance of such a country, 
is the greatest blessing that Heaven could confer. That it has 
been effected with so little loss — that so few should cloud the 
smiles of our triumph, and not a cypress leaf be interwoven in the 
wreath which you present, is a source of the most exquisite plea- 
sure. 

I thank you, reverend sir, most sincerely, for the prayers which 
you offer up for my happiness. May those your patriotism dic- 
tates, for our beloved country, be first heard; and may mine for 
your individual prosperity, as well as that of the congregation 
committed to your care, be favourably received — the prosperity, 
wealth, and happiness of this city, will then be commensurate 
with the courage and other qualities of its inhabitants. 



NEW ORLEANS, March 20th, 1815. 
SIR, 

I have the honour, agreeably to your request, to state to your 
excellency, in writing, the substance of a conversation that oc- 
curred between quarter master Perrie of the British army, and 
myself, on the 11th instant, on board his Britannic majesty's ship 
Herald. Quarter master Perrie observed, that the commanding 
officers of the British forces were daily in the receipt of every 
information from New Orleans, which they might require, in aid 
of their operations, for the completion of the objects of the ex- 
pedition ; that they were perfectly acquainted with the situation 
of every part of our forces, the manner in which the same was- 
situated, the number of our fortifications, their strength, position, 
&c. As to the battery on the left bank of the Mississippi, he 
described its situation, its distance from the main post, and 



4<59 

promptly offered me a plan of the works. He furthermore stated, 
that the above information was received from seven or eight per- 
*ons in the city of New Orleans, from whom he could, at any hour, 
procure every information necessary to promote his majesty's 
interest. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

CHARLES K. BLANC HARD. 
To Major General Jackson. 



GENERAL JACKSON'S Farewell address to his army. 

The major general is at length enabled to perform the pleasing 
task of restoring to Tennessee, Kentucky, Louisiana, and the 
territory of the Mississippi, the brave troops who have acted such 
a distinguished part in the war which has just terminated. In 
restoring these brave men to their homes, much exertion is expect- 
ed of, and great responsibility imposed on, the commanding officers 
©f the different corps. It is required of major generals Carroll 
and Thomas, and brigadier general Coffee, to march their com- 
mands, without unnecessary delay, to their respective states. The 
troops from the Mississippi territory and state of Louisiana, both 
militia and volunteers, will be immediately mustered out of service, 
paid, and discharged. 

The major general has the satisfaction of announcing the appro- 
bation of the President of the United States to the conduct of the 
troops under his command, expressed, in flattering terms, through 
the honourable the Secretary of War. 

In parting with those brave men, whose destinies have been so 
long united with his own, and in whose labors and glories it is his 
happiness and his boast to have participated, the commanding 
general can neither suppress his feelings, nor give utterance to 
them as he ought. In what terms can he bestow suitable praise 
on merit so extraordinary, so unparalleled? Let him, in one 
burst of joy, gratitude, and exultation, exclaim, " These are the 
saviours of their country ; these the patriot soldiers, who triumph- 
ed over the invincibles of Wellington, and conquered the con- 
querors of Europe !" With what patience did you submit to 
privations— with what fortitude did you endure fatigue— what 
valor did you display in the day of battle ! You have secured to 
America a proud name among the nations of the earth ; a glory 
which will never perish. . . 

Possessing those dispositions which equally adorn the citi7.cn 
and the soldier, the expectations of your country will be met in 
peace, as her wishes have been gratified in war. Go, then, my 
brave companions, to your homes; to those tender connexions, 
and blissful scenes, which render life so dear— full of honour, ami 
rrovvned with laurels that will never fade. When participating 



170 

in the bosoms of your families, the enjoyment of peaceful life, with 
what happiness will you not look back to the toils you have borne — 
to the dangers you have encountered ? How will all your past 
exposures be converted into sources of inexpressible delight i 
Who, that never experienced your sufferings, will be able to ap- 

Sreciate your joys ? The man who slumbered ingloriously at home, 
uring your painful marches, your nights of watchfulness, and 
your days of toil, will envy you the happiness which these recol- 
lections will afford ; still more will he envy the gratitude of that 
country, which you have so eminently contributed to save. 

Continue, fellow-soldiers, on your passage to your several des- 
tinations, to preserve that subordination, that dignified and manly 
deportment, which have so ennobled your character. 

While the commanding general is thus giving indulgence to his 
feelings, towards those brave companions, who accompanied him 
through difficulties and danger, he cannot permit the names of 
Blount, and Shelby, and Holmes, to pass unnoticed. With 
what generous ardour and patriotism have these distinguished go- 
vernors contributed all their exertions, to provide the means of 
victory ! The recollection of their exertions, and of the success 
which has resulted, will be to them a reward more grateful than 
any which the pomp of title, or the splendour of wealth, can 
bestow. 

What happiness it is to the commanding general, that, while 
danger was before him, he was, on no occasion, compelled to use, 
towards his companions in arms, either severity or rebuke. If, 
after the enemy had retired, improper passions began their empire 
in a few unworthy bosoms, and rendered a resort to energetic 
measures necessary for their suppression, he has not confounded 
the innocent with the guilty — the seduced with the seducers. 
Towards you, fellow-soldiers, the most cheering recollections exist, 
blended, alas! with regret, that disease and war should have ra- 
vished from us so many worthy companions. But the memory of 
the cause in which they perished, and of the virtues which anima- 
ted them while living, must occupy the place where sorrow would 
claim to dwell. 

Farewell, fellow-soldiers. The expression of your general's 
thanks is feeble ; but the gratitude of a country of freemen is 
yours — yours the applause of an admiring world. 

ANDREW JACKSON, 
Major General Commanding. 
Afea> Orleans, March, 1815. 



AFFAIR AT POINT PETRE. 

POINT PETRE, GEORGIA, January 10th, 1815. 
SIR, 

The collector having informed me he was about to despatch 
an express to Savannah immediately, I avail myself of a few mo 



471 

ments allowed me to apprize you of the movements of the enemy. 
It has just been reported that he has effected a landing on the north 
point of Cumberland. A frigate is at anchor off that point. As my 
order contemplate a retreat, I have thought it best to prepare in 
time, and to direct the assistant deputy quarter master general to 
remove the most of the provisions (of which we have a large sup- 
ply) together with all the ammunition except what shall be neces- 
sary for immediate defence of the battery, and troops under march- 
ing orders, to a safe point near St. MaryV But I hope to have 
it in my power to give the enemy a brush before I leave the 
ground. I have had an interview with colonel Scott of the Geor- 
gia militia. He promises, in the event of an attack of my post, 
to co-operate. I advised him to take post at Sweet Water branch, 
should the enemy attack me in my rear. This will place him 
between two fires. Colonel Scott thinks he can bring two hun- 
dred men with him ; if so, we shall do something. 

Very respectfully, &c. 
A. A. MASSIAS, Capt. U. S. Rifle Corps, 

comdg. U. S. forces near St. Mary's. 
Brigadier general Floyd. 



KING'S BAY, 12 O'CLOCK, January- 11th, 1815. 

SIR, 

I deem it expedient to apprize you of the movements of the 
enemy, by express. They effected a landing on the north point of 
Cumberland Island this morning. This moment two divisions, 
with nineteen barges, attended by two look-out boats in front, and 
flanked by two large boats mounting one gun each, are passing 
within my view. At first they discovered a disposition towards 
King's Bay ; but ascertaining we were prepared to receive them, 
they altered their course and took the Plumb Orchard passage, 
keeping Cumberland close aboard. The first division effected its 
landing at Plumb Orchard, the second at first shewed a disposition 
towards the point. The officer left in charge of the battery (at 
the point) was ordered to be on the look out and not to let him 
approach with impunity, which it appears he promptly obeyed. 
One of the enemy's barges went out of line in chase of a boat 
making its retreat towards St. Mary's, but on receiving a shot 
from along eighteen which came rather too near him, he gave up 
the chase. 

A. A. MASSIAS. 
Brigadier general Floyd. 



POINT PETRE, 3 O'CLOCK, P. M. January 11th, 1815 

We are now against the Point. Sixteen of the enemy's barges 
«f the largest size have passed to Dunginess and have landed. I 



472 

compute his force to be about fifteen hundred white and black. 
Their fleet is now beating off and on St. Andrew's bar, at which 
end they came in. 

It was my intention at first to receive them at Cabin Bluff with 
riflemen. This could have been done with much advantage, but 
it seems they were apprized of our intention, and altered their 
course for the other side and took the Plumb Orchard passage. 

We are now at the point, and on the alert, waiting an attack, 
which I expect momently. I shall do my best in the event of a 
retreat. The assistant deputy quarter master general has been 
ordered to place a supply of ammunition and provisions at a post 
in my rear (selected by myself.) The men have always four 
days' provisions in advance (cooked and in their havresacks) and 
ready to move to any point at a moment's warning. I have the 
pleasure to anticipate the best of conduct from the officers and 
men under my command* Though few, they are well chosen ; 
they discover great eagerness for battle. They behaved well this 
morning in preparing to receive the enemy at King's Bay. 

Very respectfullv, &c. 

A. A. MASSIAS, 
comdg. U. S. troops, St. Mary's station 
Brigadier general Floyd. 



SWEET WATER BRANCH, January 13th, 1815. 

SIR, 

The enemy moved against Point Petre this morning, at half 
p3st 7 o'clock, with his whole force (about fifteen hundred.) ?His 
operations were simultaneous. At an early hour this morning I 
received information of his approach on my picket, near major 
Johnson's, about four and a half miles from this point, with about 
eight hundred to a thousand men, a rocket machine, and two pieces 
of artillery: aware of his intentions to place himself in my rear, 
while he at the same moment was advancing in considerable force 
in front (about six hundred) to attack the battery at Point Petre 
(on the St. Mary's) with an evident view to cut oft* my retreat; I 
accordingly made the following disposition of my brave little force. 
I ordered captain Stallings to remain at the. point, with about 
thirty-six effectives, with order3 to defend it as long as possible, 
and if overpowered, to spike the guns, fire the train (already pre- 
pared at the magazine and works) and retreat to me, with the 
remainder, (about 80 men, riflemen and infantry.) I moved out 
against the main force in the rear, determined to oppose his pas- 
sage to the point, at a narrow defile near major King's, and make 
good our retreat (if it should be found necessary) at all hazards. 
At about 9 o'clock we came up with the defile, near major King's 
and Johnson's ; it is flanked by a deep marsh on each side, and has 
a complete cover for riflemen (in a thick live oak underwood) on 
the right and left ; the evening previous (at a late hour) I had 



473 



caused some large trees to be fallen and placed across the defile 
in several places, with a view to obstruct his passage as* much as 
possible. As we entered the defile at one end, the enemy did so 
at the other. It was my intention (if possible) to gain the cross 
roads near Major King's ; but finding myself stopped, I ordered 
1st lieutenant Holt, of the 43d infantry, with a detachment of 
riflemen, to advance and gain the thicket on the enemy's left ; at 
the same time 1st lieutenant Harlee, of the 1st rifle regiment, 
with another detachment of riflemen, was ordered to take post in 
the thicket on their right, and to be in readiness to pass the 
thicket in the enemy's rear : this order was promptly obeyed, 
Captain Tattnall, of the 43 infantry, who was with me with the re- 
mainder (infantry) was ordered to advance in close column and 
pass the defile. At this moment the enemy's bugle sounded, when 
a brisk fire commenced on both sides, the riflemen on the right and 
left keeping a deadly fire on the enemy, who was in close column ; 
we had already passed the defile some distance, and the enemy 
had given way twice, when captain Tatnall, who stood near me, 
received a severe wound which obliged him to retire. This pro- 
duced a momentary pause, when the enemy, being encouraged, 
pressed forward, but was received with unequalled firmness by 
the infantry and riflemen with me. By the absence of captain 
Tatnall, his platoon became in charge of a serjeant(BensonJ from 
•whom 1 received unexampled support. But alas ! our efforts were 
unavailing, the number of the enemy too imposing, a thousand to 
eighty was too much odds : and finding it impossible to maintain 
my position, and believing the battery to be in the hands of the 
enemy, (as three signal guns had been fired) it was with reluct- 
tauce I ordered a retreat, and which I am happy to state was 
effected in good order. 

We took the path to Mrs. Gordon's plantation on the North 
River, at which point I had (in the event of my not being able to 
maintain myself in my position or pass by major King's,) previ- 
ously secured a large boat ; but this was by some one taken away. 
I had then but one resource left to pass the North River (at mil- 
ler's Bluff) in a paddling canoe ; upon which orders were sent to 
captain Stallings to retreat to me, which he promptly obeyed ; the 
enemy following close in his rear. I have nevertheless the plea- 
sure to state we effected the retreat without the loss of a man. 
While I lament the necessity of informing you of the loss of the 
battery at Point Petre, I console myself with the consciousness ot 
having done my best for its preservation, and of being peculi- 
arly fortunate in making good a retreat by many considered im- 

The enemy's loss must have been considerable. The defile 
was covered with blood. It is reported an officer of distinction, 
wearing a pair of gold epaulets, was among their slain. Uur loss 
was very inconsiderable, as will appear by the report annexed to 



60 



474 

this ; and I have reason to hope that some of our men who were 
missing will yet join. 

I should not do justice to the gentlemen I had the honour to 
command, did I not say they all performed prodigies, beyond rea- 
sonable expectation ; they were equally brave. But if I may be 
allowed to discriminate and to recommend any to your particular 
notice and attention, it would be captain E. T.Tatnall, of the 43d 
infantry. He was conspicuous in every act, and gave me the 
utmost support. 

I cannot but consider my little band highly complimented by 
the number of the enemy thought necessary to bring against them. 

Very respectfully, &c. 
A. A. MASSIAS, Capt. 
Comdg. U. S. forces, near St. Mary's, Geo. 
Brig. Gen. Flcwd. 

In this affair there was 1 killed, 4 wounded, and 9 missing. 



GENERAL JACKSON'S ADDRESS, 

Read at the head of each of the corps composing the line below 
New Orleans, January 2lst, 1815. 

Citizens and Fellow Soldiers, 

The enemy has retreated, and your general has now leisure 
to proclaim to the world what he has noticed with admiration and 
pride — your undaunted courage, your patriotism, and patience 
under hardships and fatigues. Natives of different states, acting 
together for the first time in this camp, differing in habits and in 
language, instead of viewing in these circumstances the germ of 
distrust and division, you have made them a source of honourable 
emulation, and from the seeds of discord itself, have reaped the 
fruits of an honourable union. This day completes the fourth 
week since fifteen hundred of you attacked treble your number 
of men, who had boasted of their discipline, and their services 
under a celebrated leader in a long ami eventful war — attacked 
them in their camp the moment they had profaned the soil of 
freedom with their hostile tread, and inflicted a blow which was 
a prelude to the final result of their attempt to conquer, or their 
poor contrivances to divide us. A few hours was sufficient to 
unite the gallant band, though at the moment they received the 
welcome order to march, they were separated many leagues in 
different directions from the city. The gay rapidity of the march, 
the cheerful countenances of the officers and men, would have 
induced a belief that some festive entertainment, not the strife 
of battle, was the object to which they hastened with so much ea- 
gerness and hilarity. In the conflict that ensued, the same spirit 
was supported, and my communications to the executive of the 
United States have testified the sense L have entertained of the 



475 

merits of the corps and officers that were engaged. Resting on 
the field of battle, they retired in perfect order on the next morn- 
ing to these lines, destined to become the scene of future victo- 
ries, which they were to share with the rest of you, my brave 
companions in arms. Scarcely were your lines a protection against 
musket shot, when, on the 28th, a disposition was made to attack 
them with all the pomp and parade of military tactics, as improv- 
ed by those veterans cf the Spanish war. 

Their batteries of heavy cannon kept up an incessant fire ; 
their rockets illumined the air, and under their cover two strong 
columns threatened our flanks. The foe insolently thought that 
this spectacle was too imposing to be resisted, and in the intoxi- 
cation of his pride he already saw our lines abandoned without a 
contest — how were those menacing appearances met? By shouts 
of defiance, by a manly countenance not to be shaken by the roar 
of his cannon, by the glare of his fire work rockets ; by an artil- 
lery served with superior skill and with deadly effect. Never, 
my brave friends, can your general forget the testimonials of at- 
tachment to our glorious cause, of indignant hatred to our foe, 
of affectionate confidence in your chief, that resounded from every 
rank as he passed along your line. This animated and unexpected 
scene damped the courage of the enemy ; he dropped his scaling 
ladders and fascines, and the threatened attack dwindled into a 
demonstration, which served only to show the emptiness of his 
parade, and to inspire you with a just confidence in yourselves. 

The new year was ushered in with the most tremendous fire 
his whole artillery could produce; a few hours only, however, 
were necessary for the brave and skilful men who directed our 
own, to dismount his cannon, destroy his batteries, and effectively 
silence his fire. Hitherto, my brave friends, in the contests on 
our lines, your courage had been passive only ; you stood with 
coolness, a' fire that would have tried the firmness of a veteran, 
and you anticipated a nearer contest with an eagerness which was 
soon to be gratified. 

On the 8th of January, the final effort was made. At the dawn 
of day the batteries opened, and the columns advanced. Knowing 
that the volunteers from Tennessee and ihe militia from Kentucky 
were stationed on your left, it was there they directed their chiet 
attack. 

Reasoning always from false principles, they expected no oppo- 
sition from men whose officers even were not in uniform, who 
were ignorant of the rules and dress, and who had never been 
caned into discipline— fatal mistake ! a fire incessantly kept up, 
directed with calmness and with unerring aim, strewed the field 
w^ith the bravest officers and men of the column which slowly ad- 
vanced, according to the most approved rules of European tac- 
tics, and was cut down by the untutored courage of American 
militia. Unable to sustain this galling and unceasing fire, some 
hundreds nearest the entrenchments, called for quarter, which 



476 

was granted ; the rest retreating, were rallied at some distance, 
but only to make them a surer mark for the grape and canister 
shot of our artillery, which, without exaggeration, mowed down 
whole ranks at every discharge; and at length they precipitately 
retired from the field. 

Our right had only a short contest to sustain with a few rash 
men, who, fatally for themselves, forced their entrance into the 
unfinished redoubt on the river. They were quickly dispossessed, 
and this glorious day terminated with the loss to the enemy of 
their commander in chief and one major general killed, another 
major general wounded, the most experienced and bravest of their 
officers, and more than three thousand men, killed, wounded and 
missing ; while our ranks, my friends, were thinned only by the 
loss of six of our brave companions killed, and seven disabled by 
wounds — wonderful interposition of heaven! unexampled event 



i 



in the history of ica 

Let us be grateful to the God of battles who has directed the 
arrows of indignation against our invaders, while he covered with 
his protecting shield the brave defenders of their country. 

After this unsuccessful and disastrous attempt, their spirits 
were broken, their force was destroyed, and their whole attention 
was employed in providing the means of escape. This they have 
effected, leaving their heavy artillery in our power, and many of 
their wounded to our clemency. The consequences of this short 
but decisive campaign, are incalculably important. The pride of 
our arrogant enemy humbled, his forces broken, his leaders kil- 
led, his insolent hopes of our disunion frustrated, his expecta- 
tion of rioting in our spoils and wasting our country changed in- 
to ignominious defeat, shameful flight, and reluctant acknowledg- 
ment of the humanity and kindness of those whom he had doom- 
ed to all the horrors and humiliation of a conquered state. 

On the other side, unanimity established, disaffection crushed, 
confidence restored, your country saved from conquest, your 
property from pillage, your wives and daughters from insult and 
violation, the union preserved from dismemberment, and perhaps 
a period put by this decisive stroke to a bloody and savage war. 
These, my brave friends, are the consequences of the efforts you 
have made, and the success with which they have been crowned 
by heaven. 

These important results have been effected by the united cou- 
rage and perseverance of the army; which the different corps, 
as well as the individuals that compose it, have vied with each 
other in their exertions to produce. The share they have res- 
pectively had will be pointed out in the general order accompany- 
ing this address. But the gratitude, the admiration of their 
country, offers a fairer reward than that which any praise of the 
general can bestow, and the best is that of which they can never 
be deprived, the consciousness of having done their duty, and of 
meriting the applause they will receive. 



477 
GENERAL ORDERS. 

HEAD QUARTERS, 7th MILITARY DISTRICT, 

Camp before New Orleans, Adj. General's Office, January 21st, 1815. 

Before the camp at these memorable lines shall be broken up, 
the general thinks it a duty to the brave army which has defended 
them, publicly to notice the conduct of the different corps which 
compose it. The behaviour of the regular troops, consisting of 
parts of the 7th and 44th regiments of infantry, and the corps of 
marines, all commanded by colonel Ross, has been such as to 
merit his warm approbation. The 7th regiment was led by major 
Peyre, and the 44th by captain Baker, in the action of the 23d, 
in a manner that does those officers the highest honour. They 
have continued through the campaign to do their duty with the 
same zeal and ability with which it was commenced. On that 
occasion the country lost a valuable officer in the death of lieute- 
nant McClellan, of the 7th infantry, who fell while bravely lead- 
ing his company. Lieutenant Dupuy, of the 44th, although 
severely wounded in this action, returned in time to take a share 
in all the subsequent attacks. 

To the Tennessee mounted gun men, to their gallant leader, 
brigadier general Coffee, the general presents his warmest thanks, 
not only for their uniformly good conduct in action, but for the 
wonderful patience with which they have borne the fatigue, and 
the perseverance with which they surmounted the difficulties of a 
most painful march, in order to meet the enemy — a diligence and 
zeal to which we probably owe the salvation of the country. 
Ordinary activity would have brought them too late to act the 
brilliant part they have performed in the defeat ef our invaders. 
All the officers of that corps have distinguished themselves; but 
the general cannot avoid mentioning the name of lieutenant colo- 
nel Lauderdale, who fell on the night ef the 23d, and those of 
colonels Dyer, Gibson, and Elliott, who were wounded, but, 
disdaining personal considerations, remained firm to their duty. 
The cavalry from the Mississippi territory, under their enter- 
prising leader, major Hinds, was always ready to perforin every 
service, which the nature of the country enabled thein to execute. 
The daring manner in which they reconnoitred the enemy on his 
lines, excited the admiration of one army and the astonishment 
of the other. 

Major general Carroll, commanding the detachment of West 
Tennessee militia, has shown the greatest zeal for the service ; a 
strict attention to duty, and an ability and courage that will 
always recommend him to the gratitude of his country. His troops 
have, since the lines were formed, occupied and defended the 
weakest part of them, and borne, without a murmur, an encamp- 
ment on a marshy and unhealthy soil. In the memorable action 
of the 8th of January, the chief effort of the enemy was directed 
against them, but their valor, and that of the brave men who sup- 



478 

ported them (general Coffee's brigade on the left, and a part of 
the Kentucky troops on the right,) soon made it clear that a 
rampart of high-minded men is a better defence than the most 
regular fortification. 

General Adair, who, owing to the indisposition of general 
Thomas, brought up the Kentucky militia, has shown that troops 
will always be valiant when their leaders are so. No men ever 
displayed a more gallant spirit than they did under that most 
valuable officer. His country is under obligations to him. ■ 

The general would be ungrateful or insensible to merit if he 
xlid not particularly notice the conduct of the officers and men 
who so bravely supported, and so skilfully directed, his artillery. 
Colonel McUea, in the action of the 23d, showed as he always 
does, great conrage. Lieutenant Spotts, under whose immediate 
direction our artillery had been placed, led it to action with a 
daring courage worthy of admiration. Captain Humphreys com- 
manded the first battery on our right. The service is greatly 
indebted to that officer, not only for the able and gallant manner 
in which he directed his fire, but for the general activity he dis 
played in his department. 

Lieutenant Morris, of the navy, with Mr. Walkers Martin,"and 
a detachment of seamen, was stationed at the 2d battery, and 
lieutenant Crawley, with Mr. W. Livingston, master's mate, with 
» similar detachment, were stationed at a 32 pounder, which was 
remarkably well directed. They performed their duty with the 
zeal and bravery, which has always characterized the navy of the 
United States. Captains Dominique and Belluche, lately com- 
manding privateers at Barataria, with part of their former crew 
and many brave citizens of New Orleans, were stationed at num- 
bers S and 4. The general cannot avoid giving his warm appro- 
bation of the manner in which these gentlemen have uniformly 
conducted themselves while under his command, and of the gal- 
lantry with which they have redeemed the pledge they gave at the 
opening of the campaign to defend the country. The brothers 
Lalitfe have exhibited the same courage and fidelity, and the 
general promises that the government shall be duly apprized of 
their conduct. Colonel Perry, deputy quarter master general, 
volunteered his services at number 6. He >vas ably aided by 
lieutenant Kerr, of the artillery. His battery was well served, 
bravely supported, and greatly annoyed the enemy. Numbers 8 
and 9 were directed by lieutenant Spotts with his usual skirl and 
bravery, agisted by Mr. Cheaveau. 

The general takes the highest pleasure in noticing the conduct 
of general Garrique de Flaujac, commanding one of the brigades 
lit" militia of this state, and member of the Senate. His brigade 
not being in the field, as soon as the invasion was known he re- 
paired to the camp and ottered himself as a volunteer for the 
service of a* piece of artillery, which he directed with the skill 
which was to be expected from an experienced artillery officer. 



479 

Disdaining the exemption afforded by his seat in the Senate, he 
continued in this subordinate but honourable station ; and by his 
example as well as his exertion has rendered essential services to 
his country. Mr. Sebastian Hiriart, of the same body, set the 
same example, served a considerable time in the ranks of the 
volunteer battalion, and afterwards as adjutant of the colored 
troops. Major Planche's battalion of volunteers, though deprived 
of the valuable services of major Carmac, who commanded them, 
by a wound which that officer received in the attack of the 28th 
of December, have realized all the anticipations which the general 
had formed of their conduct. Major Planche and major St. Jame, 
of that corps, have distinguished themselves by their activity, 
their courage, and their zeal ; and the whole, corps have greatly 
contributed to enable the general to redeem the pledge he gave, 
when at the opening of the campaign he promised the country 
not only safety, but a splendid triumph over its insolent invaders. 
The two corps of colored volunteers, have not disappointed the 
hopes that were formed of their courage and perseverance in the 
performance of their duty. Majors Lacoste and Daquin, who 
commanded them, have deserved well of their country. Captain 
Savary's conduct has been noticed in the account rendered of the 
battle of the 23d; and that officer has since continued to merit 
the highest praise. Captain Beale's company of the city riflemen 
has sustained, by its subsequent conduct, the reputation it acquired 
in the action of the 23d. Colonel de la Ronde, of the Louisiana 
militia, has been extremely serviceable by his exertions, and has 
shown great courage, and an uniform attachment to the cause of 
the country. General Humbert, who offered his services as a 
volunteer, has continually exposed himself to the greatest dangers, 
with his characteristic bravery, as has also the Mexican field 
marshal don Juan de Anayer, who acted in the same capacity. 
The general acknowledges the important assistance he has receiv- 
ed from commodore Patterson, as well by his professional exer- 
tion, as the zealous co-operation of his department during the 
whole course of the campaign. Captain Henley, on board the Ca- 
roline, and afterwards in directing the erection of several batte- 
ries at the Bayou and on the right bank of the river, was of great 
utility to the army. Lieutenant Alexis, of the navy, stationed in 
the navy arsenal, was indefatigable in exertions to forward to the 
army every thing which could facilitate its operations — his zeal 
and activity deserve the notice of government. Major Nicks, 
who by an accidental wound was deprived of the pleasure of com- 
manding the 7th regiment during the campaign, was continually 
employed in the fort, and furnished the ammunition and the artil- 
lery that was wanted, with the greatest activity and promptitude. 
To the volunteers of the Mississippi territory, and to the militia 
of the remoter parts of this state, who have arrived since the de- 
cisive action ot the 8th, the general tenders his thanks, and i» 
convinced that nothing but opportunity was wanting to entitle 



4S0 

them to the praises that have been merited by the rest of the ai 
my. Captain Ogden's troop of horse was peculiarly useful by their 
local knowledge of the ground on which they acted ; and the small 
detachment of the Attacapas dragoons, stationed near head quar- 
ters, were indefatigable in performing all the duties which de- 
volved on them. t 

The general would not do justice to Ins staff, if he did not 
bestow deserved praise on the adjutant general, colonel Butler, 
and his assistant, major Chotard, for the zeal and activity in the 
important department of service confided to them, and for the 
bravery which led them wherever danger or duty required their 
presence. The vigilance, courage and attention to duty exhibited 
during the campaign, by colonel Haynes, and his two assistants, 
majors Davis and Hampton, have been appreciated as they de- 
served to be by their general. 

The general's aids-de-camp, Thomas L. Butler and captain 
John Reid, as well as his volunteer aids, Messrs. Livingston, 
Duncan, Grymes, Dupessis, and major Daverac de Castera, the 
judge advocate, have merited the thanks of the general by the 
calm and deliberate courage they have displayed on every occa- 
sion, and in every situation that called it forth. The topographi- 
cal engineer, major Tatum, exhibited all the ardor of youth in the 
hour of peril, united to the experience acquired by his long ser- 
vices. The chief engineer, major Lacarriere de la Tour, has 
been useful to the army by his talents and bravery. The same 
praises are due to his assistants, captain Lewis Livingston and 
Mr. Latrobe. The medical staff has merited well of the country, and 
the general would not do justice to his own feelings, were he to 
withhold from doctor Ker, hospital surgeon, who volunteered his 
services, and doctor Flood, the just tribute of applause deserved 
by them for their medical skill and personal bravery. The quar- 
ter lhaster's department, though deprived of the personal exer- 
tions of colonel Piatt, who was wounded in the night action of the 
23d, performed well all their duties. Major general Villere and 
brigadier general Morgan, have merited the approbation of the 
general by their unwearied attention since they took the field. 

The large mortar was ably directed by captain Lefebre and 
by Mr. Gilbert. Captain Blanehard was very useful as an engi- 
neer, and merits the general's praise for the celerity and skill 
with which he erected the battery which now commands the river, 
on the right of the camp. Mr. Busquet and Mr. Ducoin, of major 
St. Gene's company, displayed great knowledge and dexterity as 
artillerists. To the whole army, the general presents the assur- 
ance of his official apnrobation and of his individual regard. This 
splendid campaign wul be considered as entitling every man who 
has served in it to the salutation of his brother in arms. 

By command, 

ROBERT BUTLER, Mj. Gen. 



481 
CAPTURE OF THE FRIGATE PRESIDENT, 

H. B. M. SHIP ENDYMION, AT SEA, January 18th, 1815 

The painful duty of detailing td you the particular catase' 
which preceded and led to the capture of the late United States* 
frigate President, by a squadrori of his Britannic majesty's ships 
(as per margin) has devolved Upon me, In my communication of 
the 14th, I made known to you my intention of proceeding to 
sea on that evening. Owing to some 1 mistake of the pilots, the 
ship in going out grounded On the bar, where she continued to 
strike heavily for an hour and a half. Although she had broken 
several of her rudder-braces, and had received such other material 
injury as to render her return into port desirable, I Was unable to 
do so from the strong westerly wind which was then blowing. It 
being now high water, it became necessary to force her over the 
bar before the tide fell; in this we succeeded by 10 o'clock, when 
we shaped our courses along the shore of Long Island for 50 
miles, and then steered south-east by east. At 5 o'clock, three 
ships were discovered ahead ; we immediately hauled up the ship 
and passed two miles to the northward of them. At day light, 
we discovered four ships in chase, one on each quarter and two 
astern, the leading ship of the enemy a razee; she commenced 
a fire upon us, but without effect. At meridian, the wind became 
light and baffling, we had increased our distance from the razee, 
but the next ship astern, which was also a large ship, had gained 
and continued to gain upon us considerably ; we immediately oc- 
cupied all hands to lighten ship, by starting Water, cutting the an- 
chors, throwing overboard provisions, cables, spare spars, boats, 
and every article that could be got at, keeping the sails wet from 
the royals down. At three, we had the wind quite light ; the ene- 
my, who had now been joined by a brig, had a strong breeze and 
were coming up with us rapidly. The Endymion mounting 50 
guns, 24 pounders on the main deck, had now approached os 
within gun shot, and had commenced a fire with her bow gUns ? 
which we returned from our stern. At 5 o'clock, she had obtain- 
ed a position on our starboard quarter, within half point blank 
shot, on which neither our stern nor quarter guns would bear J 
we were now steering east by north, the wind north-west I re- 
mained with her in this position for half an hour, in the hope that 
she would close with us on our broadside, in which case I had 
prepared my crew to board, but from his continuing to yaw his 
ship to maintain his position, it became evident that to close was 
his intention. Every fire now cut some of our sails or rigging. 
To have continued our course under these circumstances, would 
have been placing it in his power to cripple us, without being sub- 
ject to injury himself, and to have hauled up more to the north- 
ward to bring our sterrt guns to bear, would have exposed us te> 
his raking fire. It was now dusk, when I determined to sAUr *»< 
61 



482 

course south, for the purpose of bringing the enemy abeam, and 
although their ships astern, were drawing up fast, I felt satisfied 
I should be enabled to throw him out of the combat before they 
could come up, and was not without hopes, if the night proved 
dark, (of which there was every appearance) that I might still be 
enabled to make my escape. Our opponent kept oft" at the same 
instant we did, and commenced at the same time. We continued 
engaged steering south with steering sails set two hours and a 
half, when we completely succeeded in dismantling her. Pre- 
viously to her dropping entirely out of the action, there were in- 
tervals of minutes, when the ships were broadside and broadside, 
in which she did not fire a gun. At this period (half past 8 
o'clock) although dark, the other ships of the squadron were in 
sight and almost within gun shot. We were of course compelled 
to abandon her. In resuming our former course for the purpose 
of avoiding the squadron, we were compelled to present our 
stern to our antagonist ; but such was his state, though we were 
thus exposed and within range of his guns for half an hour, that 
he did not avail himself of this favourable opportunity of raking 
us. We continued this course until 11 o'clock, when two fresh 
ships of the enemy (the Pomona and Tenedos) had come up. 
The Pomona had opened her fire on the larboard bow, within mus- 
ket shot ; the other about two cables' length astern, taking a raking 
position on our quarter ; and the rest, with the exception of the En- 
oymion, within gun shot. Thus situated, with about one-fifth of my 
crew killed and wounded, my ship crippled, and a more than four 
fold force opposed to me, without a chance of escape left, I 
deemed it my duty to surrender. 

It is with emotions of pride I bear testimony to the gallantry 
and steadiness of every officer and man I had the honour to com* 
mand on this occasion, and I feel satisfied that the fact of their 
beating a force equal to themselves, in the presence and almost 
under the guns of so vastly a superior force, when too, it was al- 
most self-evident, that whatever their exertions might be, they 
must ultimately be captured, will be taken as evidence of what 
they would have performed, hud the force opposed to them been in 
any degree equal. 

It is with extreme pain I have to inform you that lieutenants 
Babbit, Hamilton, and Howell, fell in the action. They have 
left no officers of superior merit behind them. 

If, sir, the issue ot this affair had been fortunate, I should have 
felt it my duty to have recommended to your attention, lieute- 
nants Shubrick and Gallagher. Thev maintained through the day 
the reputation they had acquired in former actions. 

Lieutenant Twiggs, of the marines, displayed great zeal ; his 
men were well supplied and their fire incomparable, so long as 
the enemy continued within musket range. 

Midshipman Randolph, who had charge of the forecastle divi- 
sion, managed it t<: n mti re satisfaction. 



433 

From Mr. Robinson, who was serving as a volunteer, 1 receiv- 
ed essential aid, particularly after I was deprived of the services 
of the master, and severe loss I had sustained in my officers on 
the quarter deck. 

Of our loss in killed and wounded, I am unable at present to 
give you a correct statement ; the attention of the surgeon being 
so entirely occupied with the wounded, that he was unable to make 
out a correct return when I left the President, nor shall I be able 
to make it until our arrival into port, we having parted company 
with the squadron yesterday. The enclosed list, with the excep- 
tion I fear of its being short of the number, will be found correct. 
For twenty-four hours after the action it was nearly calm, and 
the squadron were occupied in repairing the crippled ships. Such 
ot the crew of the President as were not badly wounded, were 
put on board the different ships ; myself and part of my crew 
were put on board this ship. On the 17th we had a gale from the 
eastward, when this ship lost her bowsprit, fore and main-mast, 
and mizen top-mast, all of which were badly wounded, and was, 
in consequence of her disabled condition, obliged to throw over- 
board all her upper deck guns. Her loss in killed and wounded, 
must have been very great I have not been able to ascertain the 
extent. Ten were buried after I came on board, (36 hours after 
the action;) the badly wounded, such as are obliged to keep their 
cots, occupy the starboard side of the gun deck from the cabin- 
bulk head to the main-mast. From the crippled state of the Pre- 
sident's spars, I feel satisfied she could not have saved her masts, 
and I feel serious apprehensions for the Safety of our wounded 
left on board. 

It is due to captain Hope to state, that every attention has been 

Said by him to myself and officers that have been placed on board 
is ship, that delicacy and humanity could dictate. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

STEPHEN DECATUR. 

Hon. B. W. Crowninshield, 

Secretary of the Navy. 

The correct account of the loss on board the President as af- 
terwards ascertained, was 25 killed, and 60 wounded. 

This vessel having been taken to Bermuda, was there repaired 
and sent to England. 



LOSS OF FORT BOWYER. 

MOBILE, February 17th, 1815. 

SIR, . L . 

It becomes my duty to communicate to you the very unplea- 
sant news of the loss of fort Bowyer. It was closely invested by 
and, as well as water, on the 8th instant. On the 10th and 11th, I 



484 

passed a detachment over the bay with a view to divert the enemy 
from his object ; but it arrived about 24 hours too late, though 
time enough to capture one of the enemy's barges with seventeen 
seamen, wTio say the garrison capitulated on the 12th; that the 
besiegers had advanced their works on the land side to within 
certain musket shot of the parapets of the fort ; that the loss 
in killed on either side is inconsiderable, I am in possession of 
no other account but that which comes from the prisoners. About 
50 of the enemy's vessels, besides boats and barges, are lay- 
ing within the bar and above Mobile Point, and several ships 
of the line on the south and west of Dauphin Island. The 
wind is fair, and I expect the honour of seeing them here every 
night ; if I do, I have great confidence my next will be on a more 
pleasant subject, 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

J. WINCHESTER, 

Brigadier General. 



Hon. Secretary of War. 



o 



P. S. The garrison consisted of about 360 men, including 
officers. Three small schooners in which the detachment was 
transported over the bay, were captured by the enemy's barges 
after the troops had landed. 

J. W, 



FORT BOWYER, February 12th, 1815. 

SIR, 

Imperious necessity has compelled me to enter into articles 
of capitulation with major general Lambert, commanding his 
Britannic majesty's forces in front of fort Bowyer, a copy of which 
I forward you for the purpose of effecting an immediate exchange 
of prisoners. Nothing but the want of provisions, and finding 
myself completely surrounded by thousands; batteries erected 
on the sand, mounds which completely commanded the fort — and 
the enemy having advanced, by regular approaches, within thirty 
yards of the ditches, and the utter impossibility of getting any 
assistance or supplies, would have induced me to adopt this mea- 
sure. Feeling confident, and it being the unanimous opinion of 
the officers, that we could not retain the post, and that the lives of 
many valuable officers and soldiers would have been uselessly sa- 
crificed, I thought it most desirable to adopt this plan. A full 
and correct statement will be furnished you as early as possible 
Captain Chamberlain, who bears this to E, Livingston, esquire, 
will relate to him every particular, which will I hope be satis- 
factory, 

I am, with respect, &c. 

W. LAWRENCE 
J/lgjor General Jackson 



485 

ARTICLES OF CAPITULATION 

Agreed upon between lieutenant colonel Lawrence and major 
general Lambert, for the surrender of fort Bowyer, on the Mo- 
bile Point, 11th of February, 1815. 

1. That the fort shall be surrendered to the arms of his Bri- 
tannic majesty in its existing state as to the works, ordnance, 
ammunition, and every species of military stores. 

2. That the garrison shall be considered as prisoners of war, 
the troops marching out with their colors flying and drums beat- 
ing, and ground their arms on the glacis — the officers retaining 
their swords, and the whole to embark in such ships as the British 
naval commander in chief shall appoint. 

3. All private property to be respected. 

4. That a communication shall be made immediately of the 
same to the commanding officer of the 7th military district of the 
Tinted States, and every endeavour made to effect an early ex- 
change of prisoners. 

5. That the garrison of the United States remain in the fort 
until 12 o'clock to-morrow, a British guard being put in posses- 
sion of the inner gate at 3 o'clock to-day, and the British flag be 
hoisted at the same time ; an officer of each service remaining at 
the head quarters of each commander until the fulfilment of these 
articles. 

H» G. SMITH, major and military secretary. 

Agreed on the part of the royal navy. 

T. H. RICKETS, captain H.M.ship Vengent. 

R. CHAMBERLAIN, 2d regt. U. S. infantry. 
W. LAWRENCF, Lt. col U infantry comdg. 

Approver, 

ALEXANDER COCHRANE, 

Commander in chief of his majesty's shipphig, 
JOHN LAMBERT, maj. gen, comdg . 

A. true copy — Test, 

JOHN REID, aid-de-camp, 



CAPTURE OF THE ARGUS. 

NORFOLK, March 2d, 1815. 

SIR, 

Circumstances during my residence in England, having here- 
tofore prevented my attention to the painful duty which devolved 
on me by the death of my gallant commander, captain Willian H. 
Allen, of the late United States' brig Argus, I have now the honour 
to state for your information, that, having landed the minister 
plenipotentiary (Mr. Crawford) and suit, at L'Orient, we proceed- 
ed on the cruize which had been directed by the department, and 



486 

after capturing 20 vessels (a list of the name* smd other particulars 
of which I have the honour to enclose) being in latitude 52 15 north, 
longitude 5 50 west, on the 14th August, 1813, we discovered at 4 
o'clock A. M. a large brig of war, standing down under a press of 
sail upon our weather quarter, the wind being at south, and the 
Argus close hauled on the starboard tack, we immediately prepar- 
ed to receive her ; and at 4 30, being unable to get the weather 
gage, we shortened sail and gave her an opportunity of closing. 
At 6, the brig having displayed English colours, we hoisted our 
ilag, wore round, and gave her the larboard broadside (being at 
this time within grape distance,) which was returned, and the ac- 
tion commenced within the range of musketry. At 6 4, captain 
Allen was wounded, and the enemy shot away our main braces, 
main spring stay, gaff, and trisail mast. At 6 8, captain Allen, 
being much exhausted by the loss of blood, was taken below. At 6 
12, lost our spritsail yard, and the principal part of the standing 
rigging on the larboard side of the foremast. At this time, I re- 
ceived a wound on the head from a grape-shot, which, for a time, 
rendered me incapable of attending to duty, and was carried be- 
low. I had, however, the satisfaction of recollecting on my reco- 
very, that nothing which the most gallant exertions could effect, 
would be left undone by lieutenant William H. Allen, junior, who 
succeeded to the command of the deck. Lieutenant Allen reports, 
at 6 14, the enemy, being on our weather quarter, edged off for 
'he purpose of getting under our stern; but the Argus luffed close 
to, with the maintopsuil aback, and giving him a raking broadside, 
frustrated his attempt. At 6 18, the enemy shot away our pre- 
venter, mainbraces, and maintopsail tye ; and the Argus having 
lost ihe use of her after sails, fell off before the wind, when the 
enemy succeeded in passing our stern, and ranged up on the star- 
board side. At 6 25, the wheel ropes and rigging of every des- 
cription being shot away, the Argus became unmanageable; and 
ihe enemy, not having sustained any apparent damage, had it 
completely in his power to choose a position, continued to play 
upon our starboard quarter, occasionally shifting his situation 
until G 30, when I returned to the deck ; the enemy being under 
our stern, within pistol shot, where he continued to rake us until 
6 38, when we prepared to board, but in consequence of our shat- 
tered condition, were unable to effect it. The enemy then passed 
our broadside, and took a position on our starboard bow. From 
iliis time until 6 47, we were exposed to a cross or raking fire, 
without being able to oppose but little more than musketry to the 
broadside of the enemy, ourguus being much disabled and seldom 
brought to bear. 

The Argus, having now suffered much in hull and rigging, as also 
in killed and wounded, among the former of whom (exclusive of 
our gallant captain,) we have to lament the loss of two meritorious 
vttung officers in midshipmen Delphy and Edwards; and being 
exposed to a galling fire, which, from the enemy's ability to man- 
age his vessel, we could not avoid, I deemed it necessary to fur- 



487 

render, and was taken possession of by his Britannic majesty's! 
sloop Pelican, of twenty-one carriage guns, viz : sixteen 32 pound 
carronades, four long sixes, and one 12 pound carronade. I hope 
this measure will meet your approbation, and that the result of 
this action, when the superior size and metal of our opponent, and 
the fatigue which the crew, &c. of the Argus underwent, from a 
very rapid succession of captures, is considered, will not be thought 
unworthy the flag under which we serve. 

I have the honour to inclose a list of killed and wounded, and 
feel great satisfaction in reporting the general good conduct of the 
men and officers engaged on this occasion, and particularly the 
zeal and activity displayed by lieutenant Allen, who, you will 
observe, for a time commanded on deck. 

I have the honour to be, Sec. 

W. H. WATSON, 
Late first Li. U.S. brig Argus, 
Hon. B. W. Crowninshield, &c. 

Killed, 6— died of their wounds, 5 — wounded, 12. 

NEW ORLEANS, March 17th, 1816* 
SIR, 

Inclosed I have the honour to transmit for your information a 
copy of a letter from lieutenant Thomas Ap Catesby Jones, giving a 
detailed account of the action between the gun vessels under his 
command and a flotilla of the enemy's launches and barges, on the 
14th December, 1814, which, after a most gallant resistance, ter- 
minated as stated in my letter of the 17th December, in the capture 
of our squadron. 

The courage and skill which was displayed in the defence of the 
gun-vessels and tender, for such a length of time, against such an 
overwhelming force as they had to contend with, reflects additional 
splendour on our naval glory ; and will, I trust, diminish the regret 
occasioned by their loss. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

DANIEL T. PATTERSON. 

Hon. B. W. Crowninshield, 

Secretary of the Navy. 

NEW ORLEANS, Maroh 12th, 18l£ 

SIR 

Having sufficiently recovered my strength, I do myself the 
honour of reporting to vou the particulars of the capture of the 
division of United States' gun-boats, late under my command. 

On the 12th December, 1814, the enemy's fleet oil Ship Island 
had increased to such a force as to render it no longer sate or 
prudent for me to continue in that part of the lake with the small 
Force which I commanded. I therefore determined to §ain a station 
near the Malhereux Islands «s eoofl as possible, which situaMWi 



488 

would better enable me to oppose a further penetration of the cm 
my up the lakes, aud at the same time afford me an opportunity of 
retreating to the Petite Coquilles if necessary. 

At 10 A. M. on the 13th, I discovered a large flotilla of barges 
had left the fleet, (shaping their course towards the Pass Christian) 
which I supposed to be a disembarkation of troops intending to 
land at that place. About 2 P. M. the enemy's flotilla having 
gained the Pass Christian, and continuing their course to the 
westward, convinced me that an attack on the gunboats was their 
design. At this time the water in the lakes was uncommonly 
low, owing to the westerly wind which had prevailed for a number 
of days previous, and which still continued from the same quar- 
ter. Nos. 156, 162, and 165, although in the best channel, were 
in 12 or 18 inches less water than their draught. Every effort 
was made to get them afloat by throwing overboard all the articles 
of weight that could be dispensed with. At 3 30, the flood tide 
had commenced ; got under weigh making the best of my way 
towards the Petite Coquille. At 3 45, the enemy despatched 
three boats to cut out the schooner Sea-Horse, which had been 
sent into the bay St. Louis that morning to assist in the removal 
of the public stores, which I had previously ordered. There find- 
ing a removal impracticable, I ordered preparations to be made 
for their destruction, lest they should fall into the enemy's hands. 
A few discharges of grape shot from the Sea-Horse compelled the 
three boats, which had attacked her, to retire out of the reach of 
her guns, until they were joined by four others, when the attack 
was recommenced by the seven boats. Mr. Johnson having cho- 
se!! an advantageous position near the two 6 pounders mounted on 
the bank, maintained a sharp action for near 30 minutes, when 
the enemy hauled oft", having one boat apparently much injured, 
and with the loss of several men killed and wounded. At 7 30, 
an explosion at the bay, and soon after a large fire, induced me to 
believe the Sea-Horse was blown up and the public store house 
set on fire, which has proved to be the fact. 

About I A. M. on the 14th, the wind having entirely died 
away, and our vessels become unmanageable, came to anchor in 
the west end of Malhcreux Island's passage. At daylight next 
morning, still a perfect calm, the enemy's flotilla was about nine 
miles fiom us at anchor, but soon got in motion and rapidly 
advanced towards us. The want of wind, and the strong ebb tide 
which was setting through the Pass, left me but one alternative, 
which was to put my vessels in the most advantageous position, 
to give the enemy as warm a reception as possible. The comman 
dors were all called on board and made acquainted with my inten- 
tions, and the position which each vessel was to take, the whole to 
form a close line abreast across the channel, anchored by the stern, 
with springs on the cables, &c. &c. Thus we remained anxiously 
awaiting an attack from the advancing foe, whose force I now 
clearly distinguished to be composed of forty-two heavy launches 



4«9 

and gun barges, with three light gigs, manned with upwards of 
hne thousand men and officers. About 9 30, the Alligator (tender) 
which was to the southward and eastward, and endeavouring to 
join the division, was captured by several of the enemy's barges, 
when the whole flotilla came to with their grapples, a little out 
of reach of our shot, apparently making arrangements for the at- 
tack. At 10 39, the enemy weighed, forming a line abreast in 
open order, and steering direct for our line, which was unfortu- 
nately in some degree broken by the force of the current, driving 
numbers 156 and 163 about one hundred yards in advance. A3 
soon as the enemy came within reach of our shot, a deliberate fire 
from our long guns was opened upon him, but without much ef- 
fect, the objects being of so small a size. At 10 minutes before 
11, the enemy opened a fire from the whole of his line, when the 
action became general and destructive on both sides. At 11 49, the 
advanced boats of the enemy, three in number, attempted to board 
No. 156, but were repulsed with the loss of nearly every officer 
killed or wounded, and two boats sunk. A second attempt to 
board was then made by four other boats, which shared almost a 
similar fate. At this moment I received a severe wound in my 
left shoulder, which compelled me to quit the deck, leaving it in 
charge of Mr. George Parker, master's mate, who gallantly de- 
fended the vessel until he was severely wounded, when the ene- 
my, by his superior numbers, succeeded in gaining possession of 
the deck, about 10 minutes past 12 o'clock. The enemy imme- 
diately turned the guns of his prize on our other gun-boats, and 
fired several shot previous to striking the American colours. The 
action continued with unabated severity, until 40 minutes past 12 
o'clock, when it terminated with the surrender of No. 23, all the 
other vessels having previously fallen into the hands of the ene- 
my. 

In this unequal contest, our loss in killed and wounded has 
been trifling, compared to that of the enemy, which amounts to 
nearly four hundred. 

Enclosed you will receive a list of the killed and wounded, and 
a correct statement of the force which I had the honour to com- 
mand at the commencement of the action, together with an esti- 
mate of the force I had to contend against, as acknowledged by 
the enemy, which will enable you to decide how far the honour 
of our country's flag has been supported in this conflict. 

With much respect, &c. 
THOMAS AP CATESBY JONES, 

Lieut. Com. U. 8. Mtvy. 

fnpt. Daniel T. Patterson, commanding. 
R2 



490 

Statement of the effective force of a division of the United Stated 
gun-boats, under the command of lieutenant commanding Tho- 
mas Jip Catesby Junes, at the commencement of the action, with 
a flotilla of English boats, on the 14th of December, 1814. 

Gun-boat, No. 5, 5 guns, 36 men, sailing master John D. Ferris; 
gun-boat, No. 156, 5 guns, 41 men, lieutenant commandant T. A. 
C. Jones; gun-boat, No. 162, 5 guns, 35 men, lieutenant Robert 
Speeden ; gun-boat, No. 163, 3 guns, 31 men, sailing master 
George Ulrick. — Total, 23 guns, 182 men. 

N. B. The schooner Sea Horse had one 6 pounder and 14 men, 
sailing master William Johnson, commander; none killed or 
wounded. 

The sloop Alligator (tender) had one 4 pounder and eight men, 
sailing master Richard S. Sheppard, commander. 

THOMAS AP CATESBY JONES, 

Lieut. Com. U. S. Navy. 

'Che following is a correct statement af the British forces which 
were engaged in the capture of the late United States' gun-boats, 
JVos. 2S, 156, 5, 162 and 163, near Malhereux islands, lake 
Borgne, \4th December, 1814. 

Forty launches and barges, mounting one carronade each, of 
12, 19, and 24 calibre. 

One launch, mounting one long brass 12 pounder. 

One do. do. do. do. 9 do. 

Three gigs, with small arms only. 

Total number of boats, ----- 45 
do. do. cannon, - - - - - 42 

The above flotilla was manned with 1200 men and officers, com- 
manded by captain Lockyer, who received three severe wounds 
in the action. The enemy, as usual, will not acknowledge his 
loss on this occasion, in boats or men ; but from the nature of the, 
action, and the observations made by our officers while prisoners 
in their fleet, his loss in killed and wounded may be justly esti- 
mated to exceed three hundred, among whom are an unusual 
proportion of officers. 



CAPTURE OF THE PENGUIN. 

U. S. SLOOP HORNET, OFF TRISTAN D'ACUNHA, 

March 25th, 1815 

SIR, 

I have the honour to inform you, that on the morning of the 
23d instant, at half past ten, when about to anchor, off the north 
end of the island of Tristan d'Acunha, a sail was seen to the 
sonthward and eastward, steering to the westward, the wind fresh 
from the S. S. W, In a few minutes she had passed on to the 
westward, so that we could not see her for the land. I immedi- 



491 

ately made sail for the westward, and shortly after getting in sight 
of her again, perceived her to bear up before the wind. I hove 
to for him to come down to us. When she had approached 
near, I filled the maintopsail, and continued to yaw the ship, 
while she continued to come down, wearing occasionally to pre- 
vent her passing under our stern. At 1 40 P. M. being within 
nearly musket shot distance, she hauled her wind on the starboard 
tack/hoisted English colours and fired a gun. We immediately 
luffed to, hoisted our ensign and gave the enemy a broadside. 
The action being thus commenced, a quick and well directed fire 
was kept up from this ship, the enemy gradually driving near to 
us,' when at 1 65 minutes he bore up apparently to run us on board. 
As soon as I perceived he would certainly fall on board, I called 
the boarders, so as to be ready to repel any attempt to board us. 
At the instant every officer and man repaired to the quarter deck, 
where the two vessels were coming in contact, and eagerly pressed 
me to permit them to board the enemy ; but this I would not per- 
mit, as it was evident, from the commencement of the action, 
that our fire was greatly superior both in quickness and in eftect. 
The enemy's bowsprit came in between our main and mizen rig- 
ging, on our starboard side, affording him an opportunity to board 
us, if such was his design, but no attempt was made. There was 
a considerable swell on, and as the sea lifted us ahead, the ene- 
my's boom carried away our mizen shrouds, stern davits and 
spanker boom, and he hung upon our larboard quarter. At this 
moment an officer, who was afterwards recognized to be Mr. 
M'Donald, the first lieutenant, and the then commanding officer, 
called out that they had surrendered. I directed the marines and 
musketry men to cease firing, and, while on the taffrail asking it 
thev had surrendered, I received a wound in the neck. The ene- 
my just then got clear of us, and his fore-mast and bowsprit be- 
in 0- both gone, and perceiving us wearing to give a fresh broad- 
side, he again called out that he had surrendered. It was with 
difficulty 1 could restrain my crew from firing into him again, as 
he had certainly fired into" us after having surrendered. From 
the firing of the first gun, to the last time the enemy cried out he 
had surrendered, was exactly 22 minutes by the watch. She 
proved to be his Britannic majesty's brig Penguin, mounting six 
32 pound carronades, two long 12's, a twelve pound carronade on 
the top-gallant forecastle, with swivels on the capstern in the 
tops. She had a spare port forward, so as to fight both her 
long guns of a side. She sailed from England in September last, 
She 5 was shorter upon deck than this ship, by two feet, but she had 
a greater length of keel, greater breadth of beam, thicker sides, 
and higher bulwarks than this ship, and was in all respects a re- 
markably fine vessel of her class. The enemy acknowledge a 
complement of 132, 12 of them supernumerary marines from the 
Med way 74, received on board in consequence of their being or- 
dered to cruize for the American privateer Young Wasp. The y 



492 

acknowledge, also, a loss of 14 killed and 28 wounded ; but Mr. 
Mayo, who was in charge of the prize, assures me that the number 
of killed was certainly greater. Among the killed is captain 
Dickenson, who fell at the close of the action, and the boatswain ; 
among the wounded, is the second lieutenant, purser, and two 
midshipmen. Each of the midshipmen lost a leg. We received 
on board, in all, 118 prisoners, four of whom have since died of 
their wounds. Having removed the prisoners, and taken on board 
such provisions and stores as would be useful to us, I scuttled the 
Penguin this morning, before day-light, and she went down. As 
she was completely riddled by our shot, her foremast and bow- 
sprit both gone, and her main-mast so crippled as to be incapable 
of being secured, it seemed unadvisable, at this distance from 
home, to attempt sending her to the United States. 

This ship did not receive a single round shot in her hull, nor 
any material wound in her spars ; the rigging and sails were very- 
much cut ; but having bent a new suit of sails and knotted and 
secured our rigging, we are now completely ready, in all respects, 
for any service. \Ve were eight men short of complement, and 
had nine upon the sick list the morning of the action. 

Enclosed is a list of killed and wounded. I lament to state 
that lieutenant Conner is wounded dangerously. I feel great so- 
licitude on his account, as he is an officer of much promise, and 
his loss would be a serious loss to the service. 

It is a most pleasing part of my duty to acquaint you, that the 
conduct of lieutenants Conner and Newton, Mr. Mayo, acting 
lieutenant Brownlow, of the marines, sailing master Romney, and 
the other officers, seamen and marines I have the honour to com- 
mand, was in the highest degree creditable to them, and calls for 
my warmest recommendation. I cannot, indeed, do justice to 
their merits. The satisfaction which was diffused throughout the 
ship when it was ascertained that the stranger was an enemy's 
sloop of war, and the alacrity with which every one repaired to 
quarters, fully assured me that their conduct in the action would 
be marked with coolness and intrepidity. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

J. BIDDLE. 

Hon. Secretary of the Navy. 

The loss on board the Hornet, was one killed and 11 wounded. 



CAPTURE OF THE CYANE AND LEVANT. 

U. S. FRIGATE CONSTITUTION, May , 1815. 

SIR, 

On the 20th of February last, the island of Madeira bearing 
about west south-west, distant 60 leagues, we fell in with his Bri- 
tannic majesty's two ships of war, the Cyane and Levant ; and 
brought them to action about 6 o'clock in the evening, both of 



493 



j 



which, after a spirited engagement of 40 minutes, surrendered to 
the ship under my command. 

Considering the advantages derived by the enemy, from a di- 
vided and more active force, as also their superiority in the weight 
and number of gun9, 1 deem the speedy and decisive result of this 
action the strongest assurance which can be given to the govern- 
ment, that all under my command did their duty, and gallantly 
supported the reputation of American seamen. 

Enclosed you will receive the minutes of the action, and a list 
of the killed and wounded on board this 6hip ; also enclosed you 
will receive for your information, a statement of the actual force 
of the enemy, and the number killed and wounded on board their 
ships, as near as could be ascertained. 

I have the honour d be, &c. 
CHARLES STEWART. 

Hon. Secretary of the Navy. 

American loss — 3 killed, VI wounded. 
British loss — 35 killed, 42 wounded. 
Prisoners taken, 313. 

Minutes of the action between the United States' frigate Consti- 
tution, and his Britannic majesty's ships Cyane and Levant, on 
the 20th February, 1815. 

Commences with lijjht breezes from the east, and cloudv wea- 
ther. At one, discovered a sail two points on the larboard bow — 
hauled up and made sail in chase. At $ past one, made the sail 
to be a ship; at $ past one, discovered another sail ahead ; made 
them out at two P. M. to be both ships, standing close hauled, with 
their stai board tacks on board ; at 4 P. M. the weather most ship 
made signals, and bore up to her consort, then about 10 miles to 
leeward ; we bore up after her, and set lower top-mast, top-gal- 
lant, and royal studding sails in chase ; at % past 4, carried away 
our main royal mast; took in the sails and got another prepared ; 
at 5 P. M. commenced firing on the chase from our two larboard 
bow guns ; our shot falling short, ceased firing ; at $ past five , 
finding it impossible to prevent their junction, cleared ship for ac- 
tion, then about four miles from the two ships ; at 40 minutes after 
5, they passed within hail of each other, and hauled by the wind 
on the starboard tack, hauled up their courses, and prepared to 
receive us ; at forty -five minutes past five, they made all sail close 
hauled by the wind, in hopes of getting to the windward of us ; at 
55 minutes past 5, finding themselves disappointed in their object, 
and we were closing with them fast, they shortened sail, and 
formed on a line of wind, about half a cable's length from each 
other. At 6 P. M. having them under command ot our battery, 
hoisted our colours, which was answered by both ships hoisting 
English ensigns. At 5 minutes past 6, ranged up on the starboard 
»ide of the stern most ship, about 300 yards distant, andcommenc- 



494 

ed the action by broadsides, both ships returning our fire with the 
greatest spirit for about 15 minutes, then the fire of the enemy 
beginning to slacken, and the great column of smoke collected 
under our lee, induced us to cease our fire to ascertain their posi- 
tions and conditions. In about three minutes the smoke clearing 
away, we found ourselves abreast of the headmost ship, the 
sternmost ship luffing up for our larboard quarter; we poured a 
broadside into the headmost ship, and then braced aback our main 
and mizen topsails, and backed astern under cover of the smoke, 
abreast the sternmost ship, when the action was continued with 
spirit and considerable effect, until 35 minutes past 6, when the 
enemy's fire again slackened, and we discovered the headmost 
bearing up; filled our topsails, shot ahead, and gave her two stern 
rakes. We then discovered the sternmost ship wearing also ; 
wore ship immediately after her, and gave her a stern rake, she 
luffing to on our starboard bow, and giving us her larboard broad- 
side. We ranged upon her larboard quarter, within hail, and 
was about to give her our starboard broadside, when she struck 
her colours, fired a lee gun and yielded. At 50 minutes past 6, 
took possession of his Britannic majesty's ship Cyane, captain 
Gordon Falcon, mounting 34 guns. At 8 P. M. filled away after 
her consort, which was still in sight to leeward. At half past 8, 
found her standing towards us, with her starboard tacks close 
hauled, with topgallant sails set and colours flying. At 50 minutes 
past 8, ranged close alongside to windward of her, on opposite 
tacks, and exchanged broadsides ; wore immediately under her 
stern and raked her with a broadside. She then crowded all sail 
and endeavoured to escape by running; ; hauled on board our 
tacks, set spanker and flying jib in chase. At half past 9, com- 
menced firing on her from our starboard bow chaser; gave her 
several shot, which cut her spars and rigging considerably. At 
10 P. M. finding they could not escape, fired a gun, struck her 
colours, and yielded. We immediately took possession of his 
Britannic majesty's ship Levant, hon. captain George Douglass, 
mounting 21 guns. At 1 A. M. the damages of our rigging were 
repaired, sails shifted, and the ship in fighting condition. 



CAPTAIN BIDDLE'S ESCAPE FROM A 74. 

I . S. SHIP HORNET, ST. SALVADORE, June 10th, 1815. 
SIR, 

1 have the honour to report, that the Peacock and this ship, 
having continued off Christian D'Acunha, the number of days 
directed by you, in your letter of instructions, proceeded in com- 
pany to the eastward on the 12th of April, bound to the second 
place ol rendezvous. Nothing of any importance occurred to us 
until the 27th of April, when at 7 A. M. in latitude 38 30 south 
and longitude 33 east, wc made a strange sail to the south east to 



495 

which we gave chase. The wind was from the north east by north 
and light throughout the day, and by sun-down we had neared 
the chase considerably. It "was calm during the night, and at 
day-light on the 28th he was still in sight. A breeze springing up 
from the north west, we crouded sail with steering sails on both 
sides ; the chase standing to the northward upon a wind. At 2 
45 F. M. the Peacock was about six miles ahead of this ship ; and 
observing that she appeared to be suspicious of the chase, I took 
in starboard steering sails, and hauled up for the Peacock. I was 
fctill, however, of opinion that the chase was an Indiaman, though 
indeed the atmosphere was quite smoky and indistinct, and I con- 
cluded, as she was very large, that captain Warrington was wait- 
ing for me to join him'that we might together go along side of her. 
At 3 22 P. M. the Peacock made the signal that the chase was a 
ship of the line and an enemy. I immediately took in all steering 
sails, and hauled upon a wind ; the enemy then upon our lee 
quarter, distant about eight miles. By sun-clown I had perceived 
the enemy sailed remarkably fast, and was very weatherly. At 
9 P.M. as the enemy was gaining upon us, and as there was every 
appearance that he would be enabled to keep sight of us during 
the night, I considered it necessary to lighten this ship. I there- 
fore threw overboard 12 tons of kentledge, part of our shot, some 
of our heavy spars, cut away the sheet anchor and cable, and 
started the "wedges of the masts. At 2 A. M. the enemy being 
rather before our lee-beam, I tacked to the westward ; the enemy 
also tacked and continued in chase of us. At day-light, on the 29th, 
he was within gun shot upon our lee quarter. At 7 A. M. having 
hoisted English colours, and a rear admiral's flag, he commenced 
firing from his bow guns. As his shot went over us, I cut away 
the remaining anchor and cable, threw overboard the launch, six 
of our guns, more of our shot, and every heavy article that was 
at hand ; the enemy fired about thirty shot, not one of which took 
effect, though most of them passed over us. While he was firing, 
1 had the satisfaction to perceive that we slowly dropt him, and 
at 9 A. M. he ceased his fire. 

At 11 A. M. the enemy was again coming up with us. I now 
therefore threw overboard all our remaining guns but one long 
gun, nearly all our shot, all our spare spars, cut away the top- 
gallant forecastle, and cleared every thing off" deck, as well as 
from below, to lighten us as much as possible. At noon the ene- 
my again commenced firing. He fired many shot, only three of 
which came on board ; two striking the hull and one passing 
through the. jib. It is, however, extraordinary, that every shot 
did not take effect, for the enemy, the second time he commenced 
firing, was certainly within three quarters of a mile of this ship, 
and the sea quite smooth. 

I perceived from his sails that the effect of his fire was to deaden 
his wind, and at 2 P. M. he again ceased firing. At 2 30 P. M. 
the wind which had previously, and greatly to our disadvantage, 
backed to the south east, hatded to rlie westward, and freshed up. 



496 

At sun-down the enemy was about four miles astern. The wind 
was fresh, and we went at the rate of nine knots throughout the 
night. We saw the enemy at intervals through the squalls dur- 
ing the night, and at day-light on the 30th he was about 12 miles 
astern, still in chase of us. At 9 30 A. M. he took in steering 
sails, reefed his top-sails and hauled to the eastward, and at 11 
A. M. he was entirely out of sight. During the chase the enemy 
appeared to be very crank, and I therefore conclude he must 
have lightened while in chase of us. I did not at any time fire 
our stern chasers, because it was manifest the enemy injured hip 
sailing by his firing. 

As we had now no anchor, no cable, no boat, and but one gun, 
there was of course an absolute necessity for relinquishing out 
intended cruize ; and as in our then condition, it would have been 
extremely hazardous on account otjthe enemy's cruizers, to ap- 
proach our own coast, I considered it most advantageous to pro- 
ceed for this port. I arrived here yesterday, and on my arrival 
received information of the peace between the United States and 
Great Britain. Permit me to state that it was with the most 
painful reluctance, and upon the fullest conviction that it was in- 
dispensable in order to prevent a greater misfortune, that I could 
bring my mind to consent to part with my guns; and I beg leave 
to request, that you will be pleased to move the honourable the 
Secretary of the Navy, to call a court of inquiry to investigate the 
loss of the armament of this ship. It will be very satisfactory to 
me to have such an investigation. 

I have the honour to be, &c, 
J. BIDDLE. 
Commodore Decatur. 



Extract from the, journal of one of the officers of the Hornet. 

"During this tedious and anxious chace, the wind was variable, 
so as to oblige us to make a perfect circle round the enemy. Be- 
tween 2 and 3 o'clock yesterday, not a person on board had the 
most distant idea that there was a possibility of escape. We all 
packed up our things, and waited until the enemy's shot would 
compel us to heave to and surrender, which appeared certain. 
Never has there been so evident an interposition of the goodness 
of a Divine Father ; my heart with gratitude acknowledges his 
supreme power and goodness. On the morning of the 28th it was 
very calm, and nothing but murmurs were heard throughout the 
ship, as it was feared we should lose' our anticipated prize; many 
plans had been formed bv us for the disposal ot our plunder. The 
seamen declared they would have the birth deck carpeted with 
East India silk, supposing her an Indiaman from India; while the 
officers, under the impression that she was from England, were 
making arrangements how we should dispose of the money, porter, 
cheese, Sfr. <5?c Nothing perplexed us more than the idea that 



497 

we should not be able to take out all the good things, before we 
sho.ild be obliged to destroy her- We were regretting our stop 
did not sail faster, as the Peacock would certainly capture her 
first, and would take out many of the best and most valuable arti^ 
cles before we should get up. (This very circumstance of our not 
sailing as fast as the Peacock, saved us in the first instance from 
inevitable capture; for when captain Warrington made the signal 
for the sail to be an enemy of superior force, we were four leagues 
to windward.) We all calculated our fortunes were made, but alas ! 
" we caught a Tartar." 

" During the latter part of the chace, when the shot and shells 
were whistling about our ears, it was an interesting sight to be- 
hold the varied countenances of our crew. They had kept the 
deck during all the preceding night, employed continually in 
lighting the ship, were excessively fatigued, and under momentary 
expectation of falling into the hands of a barbarous and enraged 
enemy. The shot that fell on the main deck, struck immediately 
over the head of one of our gallant fellows, who had been wounded 
in our glorious action with the Penguin, where he was lying in • 
his cot very ill with his wounds; the shot was near coming through 
the deck, and it threw innumerable splinters all around this poor 
fellow, and struck down a small paper American ensign, which he 
had hoisted over his bed. Destruction apparently stared us in the 
face, if we did not soon surrender, yet no oificer, no man, in the 
ship showed any disposition to let the enemy have the poor little 
Hornet. Many of our men had been impressed and imprisoned 
for years in their horrible service, and hated them and their nation 
with the most deadly animosity ; while the rest of the crew, horror 
struck by the relation of the sufferings of their ship-mates, who 
had been in the power of the English, and now equally flushed 
with rage, joined heartily in execrating the present authors of our 
misfortune. 

" Captain Biddle mustered the crew and told them he was pleased 
with their conduct during the chase, and hoped still to perceive 
that propriety of conduct which had always marked their character, 
and that of the American tar generally, that we might soon expect 
to be captured, &c. Not a dry eye was to be seen at the mention 
of capture. The rugged hearts of the sailors, like ice before the 
sun, warmed by the divine power of sympathy, wept in unison 
with their brave commander. About 2 o'clock, the wind which 
had crossed us, and put to the test all our nautical skill to steer 
clear of the enemy, now veered in our favour and we left him. 
This was truly a glorious victory over the horrors of banishment 
and the terrors of a British floating dungeon. Quick as thought 
every face was changed from the gloom of despair to the highest 
smile of delight, and we began once more to breathe the sheets ot 
liberty. The bitter sighs of regret were now chany*^ antl * P ut 
forth my expression of everlasting gratitude to J*'* 6 ' tne supreme 

94 



198 



Author of our being, who had thus signally delivered us from the 
power of a cruel and vindictive enemy." 



NEW YORK, August 24th, 1815. 

SIR, 

Conceiving it my duty to make known the treatment exhib- 
ited by British officers and men to those who are so unfortunate 
as to fall in their power, I am induced to acquaint you with the 
following circumstances. 

After the surrender of the Syren to the Medway, the officers and 
crew of the former were, removed to the latter, the crew not being 
allowed to take their clothing, &c. with them, so that the prize 
crew had a fair opportunity of plundering such articles as they 
thought proper, which opportunity they took care to profit by, as 
many of our men were pillaged of every article they possessed, 
excepting what they had on at the time ; and the officers in like 
manner were plundered on board the Medway ; the midshipmen, 
some of them, were completely stripped, others lost their watches, 
&c. 

For my own part, I came off with the loss of about half my 
clothing, and thought myself well off when compared with the 
losses ot my shipmates. The morning after our capture we were 
mustered on the quarter deck to undergo a search ; the men were 
there stript to the skin, and their clothing not returned, so that 
many ot them were left without any thing more than a shirt and 
trowsers; the next day Mr. Barton (the first lieutenant of the 
Medway) distributed the clothing he had taken from our men to 
his quarter masters and quarter gunners, in my presence. After 
being on board the Medway five weeks, we were landed at Simon's 
town, twenty- five miles to the eastward of the Cape of Good Hope, 
myself and brother officers paroled, and the men inarched to Cape 
town under an escort of dragoons, being, objiged to ford a lake 
on the march, where the boys were compelled to go over on the 
backs of the tall men ; this march of twenty-five miles was per- 
formed in one day, and without shoes or food, the latter article 
they were kept without four and twenty hours ; their shoes were 
stolen by the crew of the Medway while they were asleep. After 
remaining in this situation nearly eight months, without bed or 
bedding (they were not even furnished with straw, and their ham- 
mocks were taken on the plea of their being public property) we 
were all embarked in different men of war and lndiamen, for 
England; myself, with about sixty officers and men in the Cum- 
berland 74, captain Baker : we were all put in the low cr gun-deck 
without distinction, among their own crew, and ted on prisoners' 
aiioT.'.^Uce ; and on my remonstrating with the captain for receiv- 
ing such treatment, he ordered me off the quarter deck, with a 
threat at the s.^me time iftJjut me in irons. We remained in this 
situation eighteen u**f& Bftev VTiiich, lieutenants German, Gordon, 



499 

and myself, were removed to the Grampus, 50 guns, at St. Helena, 
admitted to the ward room mess, and treated with civility. 

I have the honour to be, &c 

N. D. NICHOLSON. 

Capt. Samuel Evans. 



The following documents were accidentally omitted to be' 

INSERTED IN THEIR PROPER PLACES ACCORDING TO THEIR 
DATES. 

Extract from Commodore Bainbridge^s Journal, containing mi- 
nutes of the action with the British frigate Java. 

"Wednesday, December 50th, 1812 (nautical time) in latitude 
13 degrees, 6 minutes south, and longitude 39 west, ten leagues from 
the coast of Brazil — commences with clear weather and mode- 
rate breezes from east north-east, hoisted our ensign and pendant. 
At 15 minutes past meridian, the ship hoisted her colours, an 
English ensign having a signal flying at her main, red, yellow aad 
red. At 1 26 P. M. being sufficiently from the land, and finding 
the ship to be an English frigate, took in the main-sail and royals, 
tacked ship and stood for the enemy. At 1 50 P. M. the enemy 
bore down with the intention of raking us, which we avoided by 
wearing. At 2 P. M. the enemy being within half a mile of us, 
and to windward, and having hauled down his colours, except an 
Union Jack at the mizen-mast head, induced me to give orders to 
the officers of the 3d division to fire one gun ahead of the ene- 
my to make him shortv his colours, which being done, brought on a 
fire from us of the whole broadside, on which the enemy hoisted 
his colours and immediately returned our fire. A general action 
with round and grape then commenced, the enemy keeping at a 
much greater distance than I wished, but could not bring him to 
closer action without exposing ourselves to several rakes. Con-? 
siderable manouvres were made by both vessels to rake and avoid 
being raked. The following minutes were taken during the ac- 
tion. 

" At 2 10 P. M. commenced the action within good grape and 
canister distance, the enemy to windward, but much further than 
I wished. At 2 30 our wheel was shot entirely away. Two 40, 
determined to close with the enemy, notwithstanding his raking, 
set the fore and main-sail and luffed up close to him. Two 50, 
the enemy's jib-boom got foul of our mizen-rigging, Three, 
the head of the enemy's bowsprit and jib-boom shot away by us. 
Three 5, shot away the enemy's foremast by the board. Three 
15, shot away his main topmast just above the cap. Three 40, 
shot away gaff and spanker boom. Three 55, shot away his 
mizen mast nearly by the board. Four 5, having silenced the 
fire of the enemy completely, and his colours in main rigging 
being down, supposed he had struck, then hauled aboard the 



500 

courses to shoot ahead to repair our rigging which was extremely 
cut, leaving the enemy a complete wreck. Soon after, discovered 
the enemy's flag was still flying ; hove to, to repair some of our 
damage. Four 20, the enemy's mainmast went nearly by the 
board. Four 50, wore ship and stood for the enemy. Five 25, 
got very close to the enemy in a very effectual raking position, 
athwart his bows, and was at the very instant of raking him, when 
he most prudently struck his flag, for had he suffered the broadside 
to have raked him, his additional loss must have been extremely 
great, as he laid an unmanageable wreck upon the water. 

'* After the enemy had struck, wore ship and reefed the topsails, 
then hoisted out one of the only two remaining boats we had 
left out of eight, and sent lieutenant Parker, 1st of the Constitu- 
tion, to take possession of the enemy, which proved to be his 
Britannic majesty's frigate Java, rated 38 but carried 49 guns, and 
manned with upwards of 400 men, commanded by captain Lam- 
bert a very distinguished officer, who was mortally wounded. 
The action continued from the commencement to the end of the 
fire, one hour and fifty-five minutes. The Constitution had 9 
killed and 25 wounded. The enemy had 60 killed and 101 cer- 
tainly wounded; but by a letter written onboard the Constitution, 
by one of the officers of the Java, and accidentally found, 
it is evident the enemy's wounded must have been considerably 
greater than as above stated, and who must have died of their 
wounds previously to their being removed. The letter states 60 
killed and 170 wounded. The Java had her own complement of 
men complete, and upwards of 100 supernumeraries, going to join 
the British ships of war in the East Indies ; also several officers, 
passengers, going out on promotion. The force of the enemy in 
number of men, at the commencement of the action, was no doubt 
considerably greater than we have been able to ascertain, which is 
upwards of 400 men. The officers were extremely cautious in 
discovering the number. By her quarter bill she had one man 
more stationed at each gun than we had. 

f< The Constitution was very much cut in her sails and rigging and 
many of her spars injured. At 7 P. M. the boat returned with 
lieutenant Chads, the first lieutenant of the enemy's frigate, and 
lieutenant general Hyslop, (appointed governor of Bombay) major 
Walker and captain Wood, belonging to his staff. Captain Lam- 
bert of the Java was too dangerously wounded to be removed im- 
mediately. The cutter returned on board the prize for the 
prisoners, and brought captain Marshall, master and commander 
of the British navy, who was passenger on board, as also several 
other naval officers, destined for ships in the East Indies. 

The Java was an important ship, fitted out in the completest 
manner, to carry lieutenant general Hyslop and staff' to Bombay, 
and several naval officers for different ships in the East Indies j 
and had despatches for St. Helena, Cape of Good Hope, and every 
British establishment in the India and China sca9. She had on 



501 

board copper for a 74 and two brigs building at Bombay, and I 
expect a great many other valuables ; but every thing was blown 
up in her except the officers' baggage, when we set her on fire at 3 
P. M. on the 1st of January, 1813, (nautical time.") 

Prisoner on board the American frig-ate Constitution, St. Salvador, 

January 1st, 1815, Brazils. 

My dear sir, 

I am sorry to inform you ot the unpleasant news of Mr. 
Gascoigne's death. Mr. Gascoigne and myself were shipmates in 
the Marlboro, and first came to sea together. He was shot in the 
early part of the action by a round shot in his right thigh, and 
died a few minutes after; four others of his messmates shared 
the same fate, together with 60 men killed and 170 wounded. 
The official account you no doubt heard of before this reaches 
you. I beg you will let all his friends and relations hear of his 
untimely fate. We were on board the Java frigate for a passage 
to India, when we fell in with this frigate. Two parcels I have 
sent you under good care — hope this will reach you safe. 

Yours truly, 
H. D. CORNECK. 

Ut. Peter V. Wood, 22d regiment of foot, 

Isle of France or Bourbon, East Indies. 
A true copy, 

WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE. 



CAPTURE OF THE BOXER. 

UNITED STATES' BRIG ENTERPR1ZE, PORTLAND, 

September 7th, 1813. 

SIR, 

In consequence of the unfortunate death of lieutenant com- 
mandant William Burrows, late commander of this vessel, it 
devolves on me to acquaint you with the result of our cruize. 
After sailing from Portsmouth on the 1st instant, we steered to 
the eastward : and on the morning of the 3d, off Wood Island, 
discovered a schooner, which we chased into this harbor, where 
we anchored. On the morning of the 4th weighed anchor and 
swept out, and continued our cruize to the eastward. Having 
received information of several privateers being off Manhagan, 
we stood for that place ; and on the following morning, in the 
bay near Penguin Point, discovered a brig getting under weigh, 
which appeared to be a vessel of war, and to which we immediately 
gave chase. She fired several guns and stood for us, having four 
ensigns hoisted. After reconnoitering and discovering her force, 
and the nation to which she belonged, we hauled upon a wind to 
stand out of the bay, and at 3 o'clock shortened sail, tacked and 
run down with an intention to bring her to close action. At 
20 minutes after 3 P. M. when within half pistol shot, the firing 
commenced from both, and after being warmly kept up, and with 



502 

some manouvring, the enemy hailed and said they had surrender- 
ed, about 4 P. Mi Their colours being nailed to the masts, could 
not be hauled down. She proved to be his Britannic majesty's 
brig BoXer, of 14 guns, Samuel Blythe, esquire, commander, who 
fell in the early part of the engagement, having received a cannon 
shot through the body. And I am sorry to add that lieutenant 
Burrows, who had gallantly led us to action, fell also about the 
same time by a musket ball, which terminated his existence in 8 
hours. 

The Enterprize suffered much in spars and rigging, and the 
Boxer both in spars, rigging and hull, having many shots between 
wind and water. It would be doing injustice to the merit of Mr. 
Tillinghast, 2d lieutenant, were I not to mention the able assist- 
ance I received from him during the remainder of the engagement, 
by his strict attention to his own division and other departments. 
And the officers and crew, generally, I am happy to add, from their 
cool and determined conduct have my warmest approbation 
and applause. 

As no muster roll that can be fully relied on came into my 
possession, I cannot exactlv state the number killed on board the 
Boxer ; but from information received from the officers ot that 
vessel, it appears there were between twenty and twenty-five 
killed, and fourteen wounded. Enclosed is a list of killed and 
wounded on board the Enterprize. 

I have the honour to be, &.c. 

EDWARD R, M' C ALL, senior officer. 

Isaac Hull, Esquire. 

Kim.ku, 1. Wounded, 13 — of whom lieutenant Burrows, com- 
mander, midshipman Kervan Waters, and carpenter's mateElisha 
Blossom, have since died. 



Officers killed and wounded in the battle of Niagara. 

Killed. Major M'Farland, 23d infantry. Captain Ritchie, 
corps of artillery. Captain Hull, 9th infantry. Captain M'Kin- 
nev, 25th do. Captain Goodrich, 11th do. 1st lieutenant Bige- 
low, 21st do. 1st lieutenant Turner, 9th do. 2d lieutenant 
Burghardt, 9th do. Ensign Hunter, 25th do. Captain Hooper, 
New York volunteers. Adjutant Poe, Pennsylvania volunteers. 

Wounded. Major general Brown, severely. Captain Spencer, 
his aid (since dead). Artillery, captain Biddle, slightly. 2d lieu 
tenant Campbell, badly. 2d lieutenant Schmuck, severely. 

First brigade. Brigadier general Scott, severely. Lieutenant 
J. D. Smith, 5th infantrv, brigade major, badly. Lieutenant 
Worth, 23d infantrv, A.'l). C. severely. Major Leavenworth, 
slightly. Captain VV. L. Foster, slightly. Lieutenant and pay- 
master Fowle, slightly. Lieutenant "and* quarter master Brown- 
iug, slightly. 2d lieutenant Fisher, severely. 3d lieutenant 



503 

Cushman, slightly. Ensign G. Jacobs, severely. Ensign J. P. 
Jacobs, slightly. Ensign Blake slightly. 1 lth * infantry— major 
M'Neil, severely. Captain Bliss, badly. 1st lieutenant Hail, 
slightly. 2d lieutenant Cooper, slightly. 3d lieutenant Stephenson, 
slightly. Ensign Bedford, slightly. Ensign Thompson (26th, doing 
duty in the 11th, severely. 22d infantry — colonel Brady, severely. 
Captain Pentlant, severely. Captain Faulk, severely. 1st lieu- 
tenant Culbertson, severely. 1st lieutenant Furguson, canister 
shot in the hand. 2d lieutenant Armstrong, dangerously. 3d lieu- 
tenant Bean, slightly. 25th infantry— Major Jessup, severely. 
Lieutenant and adjutant Shaylor, severely. Lieutenant and quar- 
ter master M'Glassi, badly. 3d lieutenant Giaftbrd seTerely- 

Second brigade. 1st infantry — 1st lieutenant Vasquiz, slightly. 
1st lieutenant Bissel, slightly. 21st infantry — Captain Burbank, 
severelv. 1st lieutenant Cilley, severely. 2d lieutenant Fisk 
(of the "l 9th attached) slightly. Ensign Jones, slightly. Ensign 
Camp (2d rifle regiment attached) slightly. Ensign Thomas, 
slightly. 23d infantry — Captain Odell, severely. 1st lieutenant 
H. Whiting, severely. 2d lieutenant Ingersoll. slightly. 2d 
lieutenant Tappan, slightly. 3d lieutenant Abeel, slightly. 3d 
lieutenant Deitereich, slightly. 3d lieutenant Lamb, severely. 

Brigadcer general porter's command. New York volun- 
teers — Lieutenant colonel Dobbin, slightly. Lieutenant O'Fling, 
slightly. Pennsylvania volunteers — major Wood, severely. Quar- 
ter master Maclay, severely. Lieutenant Dick, severely. Briga- 
dier general Porter was slightly wounded, but declined being re- 
ported. 

Officers missing. 1st lieutenant Perry, 9th infantry, a prisoner. 
3d lieutenant Webster, severely, shot in the head and taken pri- 
soner. Lieuteants Sturgis, Keps and Davidson, 2d infantry, sup- 
posed to be killed. Volunteers — Brigade major Stanton, of New 
York, taken prisoner. Captain Roberts, of Pennsylvania, taken 
prisoner. Lieutenant Hunt, of New York, supposed to be killed. 

BRITISH PRISONERS TAKEN. 

One major general, (Riall, severely wounded in the arm.) 1 aid- 
de-camp. 1 captain and 2 subalterns of the 103d regiment. 1 
captain 89th regiment. 1 captain provincial dragoons. 3 captains, 
2 subalterns. Militia. — 1 lieutenant royal engineers. 3 subalterns 
royal Scotts. 1 do. Glengary corps. Quarter master of 8th or 
King's regiment. Quarter master of 41st regiment, and 150 rank 
and file. Aggregate 169. 



5U4 



e 

is 



Treaty of peace and amity between his Britannic majesty and 
the United States of America. 

His Britannic majesty, and the United States of Vmerica 
desirous of terminating the war which lias unhappily subsisted be- 
tween the two countries, and of restoring, upon principles of per- 
fect reciprocity, peace, friendship, and good understanding be- 
tween them, have, for that purpose, appointed their respective 
plenipotentiaries, that is to say: His Britannic majesty, on his 
part, has appointed the right honourable James lord Gambier, lat 
admiral of the white, now admiral of the red squadron of hi^ 
majesty's fleet, Henry Goulburn, esquire, a member of the impe- 
rial parliament, and under secretary of state, and William Adams 
esquire, doctor of civil laws : And the president of the United 
States, by and with the advice and consent of the senate thereof, 
has appointed John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay' 
Jonathan Russell, and Albert Gallatin, citizens of the United 
States, who, after a reciprocal communication of their respective 
full powers, have agreed upon the following articles: 

Art. 1. There shall be a firm and universal peace between his 
Britannic majesty and the United States, and between their re- 
spective countries, territories, cities, towns, and people, of every 
degree, without exception of places or persons. All hostilities, 
both by sea and land, shall cease as soon as this treaty shall have 
been ratified by both parties, as hereinafter mentioned. All terri- 
tory, places, and possessions whatsoever, taken by either party 
from the other, during the war, or which may be taken after the 
signing of this treaty, excepting only the islands hereinafter 
mentioned, shall be restored without delay, and without causing 
any destruction, or carrying away any of the artillery or other 
public property originally captured in the said forts or places, and 
which shall remain therein upon the exchange of the ratifications 
of this treaty, or any slaves or other private property. And all 
archives, records, deeds, and papers, either of a public nature, or 
belonging to private persons, which, in the course of the war. 
may have fallen into the hands of the officers of either party j 
shall be, as far as may be practicable, forthwith restored and de- 
livered to the proper authorities and persons to whom they res- 
pectively belong. Such of the islands in the Bay of Passamaquoddy 
as arc claimed by both parties, shall remain in the possession of 
the party in whose occupation they may be at the time of the ex- 
change of the ratifications of this treaty, until the decision res- 
pecting the title to the said islands shall have been made in 
conformity with the fourth article of this treaty. No disposition 
made by this treaty, as to such possession of the islands and terri- 
tories claimed by both parties, shall, in any manner whatever, be 
construed to affect the right of either. 

Art. 2. Immediately after the ratifications of this treaty by 
both parties, as hereinafter mentioned, orders shall be sent to the 



V; 



505 

armies, squadrons, officers, subjects, and citizens, of the two pow- 
ers, to cease from all hostilities: and, to prevent all causes of 
complaint which might arise on account of the prizes which may 
be taken at se:i after the said ratifications of this treaty, it is re- 
ciprocally agreed, that all vessels and effects which may be taken 
after the space of twelve days from the said ratifications, upon 
all parts of the coast of North America, from the latitude of 
twenty-three degrees north, to the latitude of fifty degrees north, 
and as far eastward in the Atlantic ocean as the thirty-sixth de- 
gree of west longitude from the meridian of Greenwich, shall be 
restored on each side : That the time shall be thirty days in all 
other parts of the Atlantic ocean, north of the equinoctial line 01 
equator, and the same time for the British and Irish channels, for 
the Gulf of Mexico, and all parts of the West Indies: forty days 
for the North seas, forthe Baltic, and for all parts of the Mediter- 
ranean : sixty days for the Atlantic ocean south of the equator, 
as far as the latitude of the Cape of Good Hope: ninety days 
for every other part of the world south of the equator : and -one 
hundred and twenty days for all other parts of the world, with- 
out exception. 

Art. 3. All prisoners of war taken on either side, as well by 
land as by sea, shall be restored as soon as practicable after the 
ratifications of this treaty, as hereinafter mentioned, on their 
paying the debts which they may have contracted during their 
captivity. The two contracting parties respectively engage to 
discharge, in specie, the advances which may have been made by 
the other forthe sustenance and maintenance of such prisoners. 
, Art. 4. Whereas it was stipulated by die second article in the 
treaty of peace, of one thousand seven hundred and eighty three, 
between his Britannic majesty and the United States of America, 
that the boundary of the United States should comprehend all 
islands within twenty leagues of anv p*t of the shores of the 
United States, and lying between lines to J be drawn due east from 
the points where the aforesaid boundaries, between Nova Sco 
tia, on the one part, and East Florida, on the other, shall respec- 
tively touch the Bay of Fundy, and the Atlantic ocean, excepting 
such islands as now are, or heretofore have been, within the limits 
of Nova Scotia; and whereas the several islands in the Bav of 
Passamaquoddy, which is part of the Bay of Fundy, and the 
island of Grand Menan, in the said Bay of Fundy, are claimed 
by the United States, as being comprehended within their afore- 
said boundaries, which said islands are claimed as belonirin<r to 
his Britannic majesty, as having been at the time of, and pre- 
vious to, the aforesaid treaty of one thousand seven hundred and 
eighty-three, within the limits of the province of Nova Scotia : 
in order, therefore, finally to decide upon these claims, it is 
agreed that they shall be referred to two commisioners to be ap- 
pointed in the following manner, viz,: one commissioner shall be 
appointed by his Britannic majesty, and one bv the president of 
64 



506 

the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the 
senate thereof, and the said two commissioners so appointed, shall 
be sworn impartially to examine and decide upon the said claims, 
according to such evidence as shall be laid before them on the part 
of his Britannic majesty and of the United States, respectively. 
The said commissioners shall meet at St. Andrews, in the pro- 
vince of New Brunswick, and shall have power to adjourn to such 
Dther place or places as they shall think fit. The said commiss- 
ioners shall, by a declaration or report, under their hands and 
ieals, decide to which of the two contracting parties the several 
islands aforesaid do respectively belong, in conformity with the 
true intent of the said treaty of peace of one thousand seven 
hundred and eighty-three. And if the said commissioners shall 
agree in their decision, both parties shall consider such decision 
as final and conclusive. It is further agreed, that in the event 
of the two commissioners differing upon all or any of the matters 
so referred to them, or in the event of both or either of the said 
commissioners refusing, or declining, or wilfully omitting, to act as 
such, they shall make, jointly or separately, a report or repots, as 
well to the government of his Britannic majesty as to that of the 
United States, stating, in detail, the points on which they differ, 
and the grounds upon which their respective opinions have been for- 
med or the grounds upon which they, or either of them, have so re ! 
fused, declined, or omitted to act. And his Britannic majesty, 
and the government of the United States, hereby agree to refer 
the report or reports of the said commissioners, to some friend- 
ly sovereign or state, to be then named for that purpose, and who 
shall be requested to decide on the differences which may be sta- 
ted in the said report or reports, or upon the report of one com- 
missioner, together with the grounds upon which the other 
commissioner shall h^ve refused, declined, or omitted to act, as . 
the case may be. And if the commissioner so refusing, declin- 
ing, or omitting to act, shall also wilfully omit to state the grounds 
upon which he has so done, in such manner that the said statement 
may be referred to such friendly sovereign or state, together with 
the report of such other commissioner, then such sovereign or 
state shall decide, ex parte, upon the said report alone. And his 
Britannic majesty and the government of the United States en- 
gage to consider the decision of such friendly sovereign or state 
to be final and conclusive on all the matters so referred. 

Art. 5. Whereas neither that point of the highlands lying due 
north from the source of the river St. Croix, and designated, in 
the former treaty of peace between the two powers, as the north- 
west angle of > ova Scotia, nor the northwesternmost head of 
Connecticut river, has yet been ascertained ; and whereas that 
part of the boundary line between the dominions of the two 
powers which extends from the source of the river St. Croix 
directly north to" the above mentioned northwest angle of Nova 
sYotia, thence along the said highlands which divide those rivers 



507 

« 

that empty themselves into the river St. Lawrence, from tkosie 
Which fall into the Atlantic ocean, to the northwesternmost head 
of Connecticut river; thence, down along the middle of that 
river, to the forty-fifth degree of north latitude ; thence, by a line 
due west on said latitude, until it strikes the river Iroquois or 
Cataraguy, has not yet been surveyed ; it is agreed, that for these 
several purposes, two commissioners shall be appointed, sworn, 
and authorized, to act exactly in the mannei directed with respect 
to those mentioned in the next preceding article* Unless other- 
wise specified in the present article. The said commissioners 
shall meet at St. Andrews, in the province of New Brunswick, 
and shall have power to adjourn to such other place or places as 
they shall think fit. The said commissioners shall have power to 
ascertain and determine the points abovementioned, in conformity 
with the provisions of the said treaty of peace of one thousand 
•even hundred and eighty-three, and shall cause the boundary 
aforesaid, from the source of the river St. Croix to the river 
Iroquois or Cataraguy, to be surveyed and marked according to 
the said provisions. The said commissioners shall make a map 
of the said boundary, and annex to it a declaration under their 
hands and seals, certifying it to be the true map of the said boun- 
dary, and particularizing the latitude and longitude of the north- 
west angle of Nova Scotia, of the north-Weiternmost head of 
Connecticut river, and of such other points of the said boundary 
as they may deem proper. And both parties agree to consider 
such map and declaration as finally and conclusively fixing the 
said boundary. And, in the event of the said two commissioners 
differing, or both, or either of them* refusing, or declining, or 
wilfully omitting to act, such reports, declarations, or statements, 
shall be made by them, or either of them, and such reference to 
a friendly sovereign or state shall be made, in all respects, as in 
the latter part of the fourth article is contained, and in as full a 
manner as if the same was herein repeated. 

Art. 6. Whereas, by the former treatv of peace, that por- 
tion of the boundary of the United States, from the point where 
the forty-fifth degree of north latitude strikes the river Iroquois 
or Cataraguy to the lake Superior, was declared to be " along the 
middle of said river into lake Ontario, through the middle of 
said lake until it strikes the communication by water between 
that lake and lake Erie, thence along the middle of said commu- 
nication into lake Erie, through the middle of said lake, until it 
arrives at the water communication into the lake Huron, thence 
through the middle of said lake to the wafer communication be- 
tween that lake and lake Superior," And whereas doubts have 
arisen what was the middle of the said river, lakes, and water 
communications, and whether certain islands lying in the same 
were within the dominions of his Britannic majesty or of the 
United States : in order, therefore, finally to decide these doubts 
they shall be referred to two commissioners, to be appointed. 



508 

sworn, and authorized to act, exactly in the. manner directed 
With respect to those mentioned in the next preceding article 
Unless otherwise specified in this present article. The said com- 
missioners shall meet, in the first instance, at Albany, in the 
state of New York, and shall have power to adjourn to such 
other place or places as they shall think fit: the said commis- 
sioners shall, by a report or declaration, under their hands and 
seals, designate the boundary through the said river, lakes, and 
water communications, and decide to which of the two contract- 
ing parties the several islands lying within the said river, lakes, 
and water communications, do respectively belong, in conformity 
with the true intent of the said treaty of one thousand seven hun- 
dred and eighty -three. And both parties agree to consider such 
designation and decision as final and conclusive. And, in the 
event of the said two commissioners differing, or both, or either 
of them, refusing, declining or wilfully omitting to act, such re- 
ports, declarations, or statements, shall be made by them, or 
either of them, and such reference to a friendly sovereign or state 
shall be made, in all respects, as in the latter part of the fourth 
article is contained, and in as full a manner as if the same was 
herein repeated. 

Art. T. It is further agreed, that the said two last mentioned 
commissioners, after they shall have executed the duties assigned 
to them in the preceding article, shall be, and they are hereby au- 
thorized, upon their oaths, impartially to fix and determine, ac- 
cording to the true intent of the said treaty of peace of one 
thousand seven hundred and eighty-three, that part of the boun- 
dary between the dominions of the two powers, which extendi 
from the water communication between lake Huron and lake Su- 
perior, to the most northwestern joint of the lake of the Woods, 
to decide to which of the two parlies the several islands lying in 
the lakes, water communications, and rivers, forming the sjdd 
boundarv, do respectively belong, in conformity with the true in- 
tent, of the raid treaty of peace of one thousand seven hundred 
and eighty-three ; and to cause such parts of the said boundary 
as require if, to be surveyed and marked. The said commission- 
er^ shall, by a report or declaration under their hands and seals, 
designate the boundary aforesaid, state their decision on the 
joints thus referred to them* and particularize the latitude and 
ongitude of the most northwestern point of the lake of the 
Woods, and of such other parts of the said boundary as they may 
deem proper. And both parties agree to consider such designa- 
tion and decision as final and conclusive. And, in the event ot 
the said two commissioners differing, or both, or either of them, 
refusing, declining, or wilfully omitting to act, such reports, 
declarations, or statements, shall be made by them, or either ot 
them, and such reference to a friendly sovereign or state, shall be 
made, in all respects, as in the latter part of the fourth article is 



! 



509 

contained, and in as full a manner as if the same was herein 
repeated. 

Art. 8. The several boards of two commissioners mentioned 
in the four preceding articles, shall, respectively, have power to 
appoint a secretary, and to employ such surveyors or other per- 
sons as they shall judge necessary. Duplicates of all their res- 
pective reports, declarations, statements, and decisions, and of 
their accounts, and of the journal of their proceedings, shall be 
delivered by them to the agents of his Britannic majesty, and to 
the agents of the United States, who may be respectively appoint- 
ed and authorized to manage the business on behalf of their re j 
spective governments. The said commissioners shall be, respec- 
tively, paid in such manner as shall be agreed between the two 
contracting parties, such agreement being to be settled at the time 
of the exchange of the ratifications of this treaty. And all other 
expenses attending the said commission shall be defrayed equal- 
ly, by the two parties. And in the case of death, sickness, re- 
signation, or necessary absence, the place of every such commis- 
sioner, respectively, shall be supplied in the same manner as such 
commissioner was first appointed, and the new commissioner shall 
take the same oath or affirmation, and do the same duties. It is 
further agreed between the two contracting parties, that in case 
any of the islands mentioned in any of the preceding articles, 
which were in the possession of one ofthe parties prior to the com- 
mencement of the present war between the two countries, should, 
by the decision of any of the boards of commissioners aforesaid, 
or of the sovereign or state so referred to, as in the four next pre- 
ceding articles contained, fill within the dominions ofthe other 
party, all grants of land made previous to the commencement of 
the war by the partv having had such possession, shall be as valid 
as if such island or islands had, by such decision or decisions, 
been adjudged to be within the dominions of the party having had 
such possession. 

Art. 9. The United States of America engage to put an end, 
immediately after the ratification of the present treaty, to hostili- 
ties with all the tribes or nations of Indians, with whom they may 
be at war at the time of such ratification ; and forthwith to restore 
to such tribes or nations, respectively, all the possessions, rights, 
and privileges, which they may have'enjoyed or been entitled to 
in one thousand eight hundred and eleven, previous to such hosti 
lities: provided always, that such tribes or nations shall agree to 
desist from all hostilities against the United States pi America. 
their citizens and subjects, upon the ratification ot the present 
treaty being notified to such tribes or nations, and shall so desisl 
according. And his Britannic majesty engages, on hia part, t.) 
put an end, immediately after the ratification of the present tr< 
to hostilities with all the tnbes or nations of Indians y.iUi jM.o^ 
he may be at war at the time of such ratification, and toithwitu 
to restore to such tribes or nations re?nectr sly. ' r uw " 



510 

aions, rights, and privileges, which they may have enjoyed of 
been entitled to, in one thousand eight hundred and eleven, 
previous to such hostilities : provided always, that such tribes or 
nations shall agree to desist from all hostilities against his Bri- 
tannic majesty, and his subjects, upon the ratification of the pre- 
sent treaty being notified to such tribes or nations, and shall so 
desist according!}'. 

Art. 10. Whereas the traffic in slaves is irreconcileable with 
the principles of humanity and justice, and whereas both his ma- 
jesty and the United States are desirous of continuing their efforts 
to promote its entire abolition, it is hereby agreed, that both the 
contracting parties shall use their best endeavors to accomplish 
so desirable an object. 

Art. 1 1 . This treaty, when the same shall have been ratified on 
both sides, without alteration by either of the contracting parties, 
and the ratifications mutually exchanged, shall be binding on both 
parties ; and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Washington, 
in the space of four months from this day, or sooner, if practica- 
ble. 

In faith whereof, we, the respective plenipotentiaries, have signed 
this treaty, and have hereunto affixed our seals. 

Done, in triplicate, at Ghent, the twenty-fourth day of Decem- 
ber, one thousand eight hundred and fourteen. 

ft. s.] GAMBIER, 

l. s.1 HENRY GOULBURN, 

l. s.j WILLIAM ADAMS, 

3 l. s.j JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, 

"l. s.J J. A. BAYARD, 

3 l. s.1 H. CLAY, 

[l. s.1 JONA. RUSSELL, 

[l.s.] ALBERT GALLATIN. 



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